Кримінальна відповідальність за втручання у діяльність судових органів за законодавством України та Республіки Польща

Ключові слова: правосуддя, злочин проти правосуддя, втручання в діяльність, судові органи, суддя, перешкоджання, незаконний вплив, кримінальна відповідальність, кримінальне законодавство, порівняльна характеристика, порівняльне кримінальне право.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Кархут Р.В. Уголовная ответственность за вмешательство в деятельность судебных органов по законодательству Украины и Республики Польша. - На правах рукописи

Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.08 - уголовное право и криминология; уголовно-исполнительное право. - Институт государства и права им. В.М. Корецкого Национальной академии наук України, Киев, 2018.

Диссертация посвящена комплексной сравнительно-правовой характеристике ответственности за вмешательство в деятельность судебных органов по законодательству Украины и Республики Польша и разработке теоретических основ совершенствования уголовного законодательства Украины и практики применения соответствующих норм. Исследованы общетеоретические вопросы относительно вмешательства в деятельность судебных органов, предоставлено уголовно-правовую характеристику, определены правила квалификации и осуществлен анализ санкций статьи 376 УК Украины и артикула 232 УК РП. Проанализированы проблемные вопросы практики применения закона Украины об уголовной ответственности в этой сфере и определён актуальный для заимствования в Украине опыт уголовного законодательства Республики Польша. Определены как субъективные, так и объективные причины неэффективности статьи 376 УК Украины. Сформулированы теоретические положения и практические рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства Украины об уголовной ответственности и правоприменению. Ключевые слова: правосудие, преступление против правосудия, вмешательство в деятельность, судебные органы, судья, препятствование, незаконное влияние, уголовная ответственность, уголовное законодательство, сравнительная характеристика, сравнительное уголовное право.

SUMMARY

R.V. Karkhut. Criminal Liability for Interference with the Activity of Judicial Authorities of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland. - On the right of manuscript.

Thesis for the Candidate Degree in Law in speciality 12.00.08 - Criminal Law and Criminology; Criminal and Penal Law. - V.M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2018.

The thesis deals with a comprehensive comparative and legal characterization of liability for interference with the activity of judicial authorities under the legislation of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland and the development of the theoretical basis for the improvement of criminal legislation and the practice of application of the relevant regulations. The thesis studies the general theoretical issues concerning interference with the activity of judicial authorities, provides a criminal law analysis, defines qualification rules and analyses the penalties under Article 376 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and Article 232 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland. It also analyses problem issues of the practice of application of the law of Ukraine on criminal liability in this field and identifies the relevant experience of the criminal law of the Republic of Poland worth adopting in Ukraine.

The general (underlying) principles of the issues of liability for interference with the activity of judicial authorities in Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are determined. In particular, the current status of scientific development of these issues in both countries is examined. It is stated that the research in the Ukrainian legal science was primarily focused on general issues (social preconditions, history, grounds for criminalization, international experience and standards, etc.), as well as special issues (qualification, punishment, etc.) concerning interference with the activity of judicial authorities. It is noted that the comparative analysis of the issue of interference with the activity of judicial authorities has been carried out for the first time in Ukraine.

It is established that the term “interference” is used in the Criminal Code of Ukraine not only in respect of the activity of judicial authorities, but also in respect of other special aggrieved parties.

The criminal law analysis of subjective and objective elements of interference with the activity of judicial authorities in both states is carried out. It is proved that the legislator, criminal law science and law enforcement practice in the Republic of Poland actually also use the structure of components of the crime, at least those elements that constitute it, without recognizing it directly. Taking into account the above aspects, a comparative criminal law analysis of features of liability for interference with the activity of judicial authorities under the criminal legislation of Ukraine (Article 376 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and the Republic of Poland (Article 232 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland) is carried out in accordance with approaches to the analysis of components of the crime generally accepted in the Ukrainian legal science.

Separate consideration is given to qualifying features of elements of interference with the activity of judicial authorities under the Criminal Codes of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland. Thus, according to the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Part 2 of Article 376 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), they include causing hindrances to the prevention of a crime; causing hindrances to the arrest of a person who has committed a crime; commitment by a person using his/her official position. Instead, the crime provided for by Paragraph 2 of Article 232 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland may be called qualified only conditionally. Although it differs from the components provided for by Paragraph 1 of Article 232 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland: a special aggrieved party (an international criminal court or its body acting in accordance with an international treaty to which the Republic of Poland is a party, or an international organization established on the basis of an agreement ratified by the Republic of Poland); socially dangerous consequence (causing damage in contrast to influence provided for by Paragraph 1 of Article 232 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland), the punishable nature of the actions provided for in both Paragraphs of Article 232 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Poland is identical.

The issues of penalties provided for by the Articles establishing liability for interference with the activity of judicial authorities under the Criminal Codes of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland and the tendencies of applying the punishment for such crimes are analysed. The inefficient penalties under Article 376 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the unacceptable situation regarding the practice of applying the punishment for interference with the activity of judicial authorities are proved. A significant gap (hundreds of times!) is identified between the number of judges' claims on interference with their activity and the number of sentences in such cases. The reasons for this situation may be as follows: a) subjective - sabotage or incompetence of law enforcement officers investigating such proceedings; incompetence of judges or abuse of the law in making such claims public; difficulty of investigating and proving in proceedings on such crimes; b) objective - absence of an actual need for such criminal regulation (Article 376 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine).

According to the results of the research, amendments to Article 376 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are proposed.

Key words: justice, crime against justice, interference with activity, judicial authorities, judge, hindrance, illegal influence, criminal liability, criminal law, comparative analysis, comparative criminal law.

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