Шляхи оптимізації міжнародно-правового регулювання делімітації морських просторів

Кулик М.З. Пути оптимизации международно-правового регулирования делимитации морских пространств. - Рукопись.

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.11 - международное право. - Институт государства и права им. В. М. Корецкого НАН Украины. - Киев, 2007.

Работа посвящена исследованию проблем усовершенствования правовой базы и повышения эффективности методов делимитации основных типов морских пространств.

На основе анализа международно-правовых документов, решений соответствующих международных судебных и арбитражных органов, а также договорной практики предложено авторский подход и вариант построения делимитационной модели с соответствующим теоретическим и математическим обоснованием, а также внесены предложения в отношении направлений возможного дополнения международно-правовых регуляторов определения запросных и присуждаемых площадей морских пространств.

Критерии справедливости делимитации морских пространств целесообразно рассматривать как меру равенства полученных прав (предоставленных правом шансов) на реализацию исходных возможностей сторон; в свою очередь эти возможности необязательно должны быть равными. Справедливость фигурирует в предложенной модели на том уровне, где представляется возможной нормативизация. Тогда как особые методы делимитации - это диспозитивные критерии, для которых устанавливаются принципы их релевантного применения в конкретных ситуациях с учетом типологии особых обстоятельств.

Содержание понятия пропорциональности неправомерно сводить (как это часто наблюдается в современной литературе и международной практике) к равенству соотношений между длинами береговых линий и площадями измеряемых от них делимитованых морских пространств в спорном районе, поскольку между этими параметрами не существует взаимнооднозначной зависимости. Однако такой однозначности можно достичь при соотношении площадей обоснованно запросных (безотносительно запросов другой стороны) и “законно” принадлежащих морских пространств с учетом таких запросов другой стороны; при этом берутся во внимание не абсолютные величины, а лишь те их части, которые пересекаются в спорном участке морских пространств, подлежащих делимитации (релевантная зона).

Этот подход открывает новые возможности для кодификации методов и правил размежевания морских пространств, сужая диапазон субъективизма судебно-арбитражных решений, обеспечивает критериальние основы оценки исторической и современной международной практики по этим вопросам, а также позволяет обосновать возможный практический вариант решения существующих делимитационных проблем Украины в северо-западной части Черного моря.

Ключевые слова: делимитация, континентальный шельф, исключительная экономическая зона, территориальное море, критерии справедливого размежевания морских пространств, усовершенствование делимитационных процедур.

Kulyk M. Z. Ways of optimization of international law on maritime delimitation. - Manuscript.

Thesis for obtaining a scientific degree of the candidate of sciences (Law) on the specialty 12.00.11. - International law. - V. M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. - Kyiv, 2007.

The dissertation is examining problems of improving the legal basis and of strengthening the effectiveness of methods of maritime delimitation. The issue of maritime delimitation has certainly become an important element of the international legal studies and practice in the field of the law of the sea. While a substantive number of maritime boundary delimitation agreements have already been concluded, it is estimated that today there are over a hundred delimitation cases pending their solution. Very often they comprise both the political sensitiveness of the relevant processes and the direct interests of States with respect to navigation and national security, fishing and maritime living resources, mineral and hydrocarbon deposits and other uses of the sea.

The establishment of maritime zones such as the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, in conformity with the rules of international law, including that reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, may create problems of overlapping claims requiring maritime boundary delimitation. The latter (delimitation) shall be reached by agreement negotiated in accordance with the international law and on the basis of the principles of cooperation among the States.

The body of law which governs the delimitation process has been evolved through codification and progressive development of the relevant international practice and treaty provisions with substantial contributions from the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice and some ad hoc arbitral tribunals. The overall analysis of the available State practices and major decisions of the relevant international jurisdictional bodies proves the insufficient degree of consistent interpretation and application of the relevant rules of international law on maritime delimitation. Hence, known delimitation models lack appropriate comprehensive recognition to become part of the customary international law or to be reflected in the provisions of relevant universal legal instruments.

Through the theoretical and modeling approach and on the basis of provided analyses of international legal instruments, orders of international courts and decisions of arbitrary tribunals as well as of the available treaty practice the author suggested his approach to the establishment of delimitation model, followed with appropriate legal and mathematic explanations, and submitted proposals on possible development of international legal rules governing extension of claimed and delimited maritime zones.

Ever since the aim of achieving an equitable solution has become the principle of customary international law applicable to all maritime delimitation and reflected in the provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea the question remained against what parameters or criteria to assess the equity of particular delimitation line. In view of the author, equity of delimitation should be considered as reflection of equal rights of parties (granted by law chances) to realize their basic opportunities, which in itself are not automatically equal. Equity in the suggested delimitation model is believed to be subject of possible normativisation, whereas special methods of delimitation - dispositive criteria that have established principles of their relevant application in particular situations taking into account special circumstances.

The role of proportionality should be elevated beyond a mere test to evaluate the equitableness of a result obtained after other methods of delimitation have been applied. But it is incorrectly to understand proportionality as ratio between lengths of relevant coast lines or baselines of two or more States in a disputed area whose maritime zones have to be delimited and the area of maritime space to be allocated to each of the parties by the delimitation (as it is often interpreted by the international law scholars and in the relevant contemporary practice) since there is no unambiguous mutual interdependence between these parameters. Principle of proportionality should be understood as the ratio between the sizes of overlapping claims in the relevant zone, measured on the basis of applicable rules of international maritime law, and parts of maritime spaces, which participating states acquire as the result of delimitation.

This approach opens new possibilities for codification of methods and rules of maritime delimitations, narrowing the room for subjective court or arbitrary decisions, and provides basic criteria for evaluation of previous and current international practice on these issues. Application of the above approach to the analyses of the decision of International Court of Justice in some delimitation cases, which had the most influence on the principles and norms in this sphere, in particular the North Sea continental shelf cases as well as cases of Tunisia - Libya and Greenland - Jan-Mayan delimitation, has evidently proven that despite of the fact that limits of the maritime spaces depend on numerous special circumstances, including pattern of the shore line or availability and position of islands, suggested principles of proportional delimitation of overlapping claims ensures cohesive results and therefore demonstrates their universal nature and ability to normativisation. They also could be used as a practical option for solution of current delimitation problems of Ukraine in north-western part of the Black Sea.

Key words: delimitation, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone, territorial sea, criteria of equal delimitation, improvement of delimitation procedures.

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