Cognitive-pragmatic analysis of inductive modality and means of its expression in a language

Исаков С. И., Ошский технологический университет

им. акад. М.М. Адышева, г. Ош, Кыргызстан

Туруева Б. С., Ошский государственный университет, г. Ош, Кыргызстан

Абдыкадырова У. А., Ошский государственный университет, г. Ош, Кыргызстан

Жамшит уулу Б., Ошский государственный университет, г. Ош, Кыргызстан

Аннотация. Модальность -- многоаспектная категория, имеющая различные способы выражения и функционирования в языке. В рамках коммуникативно-прагматического подхода модальность рассматривается в неразрывной связи с высказыванием, речевым актом и коммуникативной ситуацией в целом. Статья посвящена изучению категории побудительной модальности. Дано определение категории модальности и определяет основные средства выражения модальности.

Ключевые слова: категория, модальность, предложение, модальные слова, модальные глаголы, наклонение.

To understand the modern state of a language, its grammatical forms, its phonetic structure, the structure of its vocabulary, it is necessary to consider each phenomenon of a modern language as a known result of a long historical development, as a result of a number of changes and transformations that took place during more or less long periods of time. Of a long historical development, as the result of a number of changes and transformations that have taken place over a more or less long period of time. The problem of the evolution of modality in different languages is of particular importance at the present stage of linguistic development, since modality is a central linguistic category and has a universal character. Of particular interest is the diachronic and synchronic analysis of means of expressing modality, in particular modal words and modal verbs, since they express the modal meanings of possibility and necessity, which is of great importance in communicative terms. No less significant at the present stage of language development is the analysis of pragmatics and modality at different linguistic levels, namely at the lexical level and at the level of the text [1].

Linguistics has come a long way in the study of modality. The first definition of modality is found in the linguistic dictionary of O.S. Akhmanova, who considers modality as a conceptual category with the meaning of the speaker's attitude to the content of an utterance and the attitude of the content of the utterance to reality, expressed by various lexical and grammatical means, such as form and inclination, modal verbs, modal words, etc. Zainullin M.V in his book "Modality as a functional-semantic category" calls the following types of modality: modality of necessity and oughtness (debilitative modality); modality of possibility and impossibility (potential modality); presumptive (hypothetical) modality; inductive (imperative) modality; modality of intention (intensional modality); desirable (optative) modality [2].

The validity modality means that the content is expressed from the speaker's point of view, corresponds to objective reality: the subject perceives the reported as a real and reliable fact.

The modality of invalidity, on the contrary, means that the content of the reported does not correspond to objective reality, the subject perceives the reported as not real, i.e. as possible, desirable, presumptive, doubtful, etc.

The pragmatic component of a sentence reveals the communicative purpose of an utterance, introducing certain facts of extra-linguistic reality, fixed by propositional modality, into the speaker's consciousness. The inductive modality, uniting the circle of certain linguistic phenomena having the meaning of inducement, is included in the pragmatic (in other terminology, epistemological, communicative) modality. These linguistic phenomena must have common differential features which, on the one hand, organize them into a certain modal system and, on the other hand, distinguish this system from similar modal systems. Semantic features characterize the inducement modality from the point of view of semantic analysis, in which the semes necessary for the existence of inducement meanings are determined.

Motivational modality, representing a fragment of epistemological modality and characterizing the pragmatic (communicative) aspect of a sentence, does not appear in isolation, but, "combining in specific utterances with propositional modality, qualifying their nominative aspect. At the nominative level, the construction captures phenomena, processes of non-linguistic reality and expresses the meanings of objective modality, which forms a kind of "semantic x" complicating and at the same time deciphering objective modality" [3].

According to Sh. Bally, "modality is the soul of a sentence; like thought, it is formed mainly as a result of the active operation of the speaking subject". Based on this statement, we can conclude that any thought is modal to a greater or lesser extent [4].

In Western European linguistics, the most widespread concept of modality is that of Bally. In his opinion, in any utterance one can distinguish the main content (dictum) and its modal part (modus), which expresses the intellectual, emotional or volitional judgment of the speaker. Bally considered modality, first of all, a syntactic category, in the expression of which modal verbs plays a primary role.

A special priority in the study of the category of modality belongs to V. V. Vinogradov. It is he who is considered the founder of the theory of the category of modality. He defines the category of modality as a category of sentence: "Each sentence includes as a known constructive feature modal meaning, i.e. it contains an indication of the attitude to reality. Any integral expression of thought, feeling, impulse is clothed in one of the existing intonational schemes of the sentence and expresses one of those syntactic meanings which in their totality form the category of modality" [5].

Appealing to modality, scholars distinguish logical modality, conceptual modality and linguistic (functional-semantic) modality. Logical modality stems from judgment as a form of thinking. Within the framework of logical modality, the relationship between the content of the statement and objective reality is studied". Logical modality is a philosophical category. It constructs the facts of objective reality through thought operations, determining the conditions of their existentiality (necessity, possibility, validity, predetermination), axiological value, falsity/truthfulness. The conceptual category of modality is an integral element of the conceptual picture of the human world. It represents "the category of evaluation in the broad sense of the word, interpreted as the participation of the subject of cognition in the evaluation of perceived events and phenomena".

Linguistic, or functional-semantic, modality affects primarily the elements of a sentence in spoken or written discourse.

Linguistic modality can be objective or subjective. Objective modality is "the expression of the attitude of a judgment to reality from the point of view of the speaker or writer".

Subjective modality is "the attitude of the author of an utterance to the meaning of the message".

There is an opinion that the main content of modality is assigned to the objective modality, which "establishes the nature of the relationship between the content of sentences and extra- linguistic reality: whether the event is real under given conditions (was, is, will be) or unreal (hypothetical, expedient, etc.)". In other words, objective modality exists in two forms: modality is either real or irreal.

Real modality is the correspondence of the content of an utterance to a fact of reality. For example, It is raining, Sherlock Holmes was a famous English detective.

Irreal modality functions in utterances in which supposed events are presented rather than those that have actually occurred. For example, He might come. I wish it were Sunday today.

Three types of irreal modality can be distinguished: inducement modality, invalidity modality, and presupposition modality.

Statements in which we find an inducement to action (direct or indirect) are characterized by the inductive modality. For example, Come and see! You must be here tomorrow at six. In statements where events are interpreted not as real, but only as assumed or desired, the modality of invalidity is present. For example, If it were raining, I wouldn't leave home.

In statements with the modality of supposition events are presented as possible or probable from the speaker's point of view. For example, Perhaps I shall help you tomorrow.

As we can see, in all these three types of statements, reality is represented as a non-fact.

So, objective modality is a reality-unreality opposition, with reality being semantically intensive and unreality being semantically extensive and including invalidity, inducement and presupposition. Traditionally, the modality of an utterance is directly connected with the category of inclination. In all (at least European) languages, three inclinations are distinguished: the indicative, the imperative and the subjunctive, although A.I. Smirnitsky adds to them the presumptive and conditional inclinations, these two types, in our opinion, are varieties of the subjunctive inclination [6].

The inclinations as a morphological means of expressing the meaning of modality are usually distinguished on the basis of contrasting such labeled meanings of imaginary events as inducement (imperative inclination) and hypotheticality (subjunctive inclination) with the unlabeled meaning of the indicative inclination. The main lexical means of expressing modal meaning, first of all, include modal words -- lexemes used either in the structure of the sentence itself or outside it, but semantically related to the sentence, which correlate the content of the statement with real reality.

So, modality is a universal category. It expresses different types of attitude of an utterance to reality, as well as different types of subjective evaluation of the reported. The category of modality expresses the speaker's attitude to the relation that is established by him/her between the content of the given statement and reality. Therefore, it is closely is closely related to pragmatics, studying issues related to the speaker and listener, their interaction in various situations of communication.

References:

1. Gal'perin, I. R. (1981). Tekst kak ob"ekt lingvisticheskogo issledovaniya. Moscow. (in Russian).

2. Zainullin, M. V. (1986). Modal'nost' kak funktsional'no-semanticheskaya kategoriya. Saratov. (in Russian).

3. Agaeva, F. A. (1990). Modal'nost' kak yazykovaya kategoriya (na materiale turkmenskogo i angliiskogo yazykov). Ashkhabad. (in Russian).

4. Balli, Sh. (1955). Obshchee yazykoznanie i voprosy frantsuzskogo yazyka. Moscow. (in Russian).

5. Vinogradov, V. V. (1975). Izbrannye trudy. Issledovaniya po russkoi grammatike. Moscow, 55-57. (in Russian).

6. Brown, P., & Fraser, C. (1979). Speech as a marker of situation. In Social markers in speech (pp. 33-62). Cambridge University Press.

Список литературы:

1. Гальперин И. Р. Текст как объект лингвистического исследования. М.: Наука, 1981. 139 с.

2. Зайнуллин М. В. Модальность как функционально-семантическая категория. Саратов, 1986.

3. Агаева Ф. А. Модальность как языковая категория (на материале туркменского и английского языков). Ашхабад: Ылым, 1990. 384 с.

4. Балли Ш. Общее языкознание и вопросы французского языка. М., 1955. 416 с.

5. Виноградов В. В. Избранные труды. Исследования по русской грамматике. М.: Наука, 1975. С. 55-57.

6. Brown P., Fraser C. Speech as a marker of situation // Social markers in speech. Cambridge University Press, 1979. P. 33-62.

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