Coordination of the adverbial modifiers of manner with the predicate in a sentence in multi-system languages

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Coordination of the adverbial modifiers of manner with the predicate in a sentence in multi-system languages

Mirzayeva I.G.

Azerbaijan University of Languages

The article analyzes the coordination of the secondary part of the sentence with the main part in Azerbaijani and English. This article does not consider all types of the adverbial modifiers, but only the adverbial modifiers of manner. In modern English and Azerbaijani languages, the place of the adverbial modifiers in a sentence is different. Depending on their role in the expressed thought, the adverbial modifiers of the predicative group are not always the same. The analysis shows that the position of the adverbial modifiers of manner is stable in comparison with the adverbial modifiers of time and place in both languages. The adverbial modifiers are a secondary term that describes the execution of an action in different ways. The adverbial modifiers mostly belong to the verbs of the sentence and are related to them by the attitude of the approach. The adverbial modifiers expressed by parts of speech are simple, and the adverbial modifiers expressed by nominal phrases and verbal sentences are complex. It means the way of doing the work and the action: how? in what way? and answers one of the questions. The adverbial modifiers of manner are expressed by participles, adverbial phrases, postpositions and phrases. The adverbial modifiers of manner, expressing the essence of work and movement, can be expressed by adjectives, words understood as adverbs, and phraseological units.

The adverbial modifiers of manner expressing the comparison also indicate the way the work is done, the movement. However, there is imagery and analogy in their content. The adverbial modifiers of manner of comparison are expressed in words and phrases, to which the conjunctions “kimi, qadar, tak, taki ” are added. Part of the adverbial modifiers of manner not only expresses the way and performance of the work, but also reflects the position of the person doing the work.

To find the adverbial modifiers of manner, you need to focus on the action (verb) in the sentence. If signs such as the method, quantity and time of action are given, then these signs are the adverbial modifiers. In modern English, only the adverbial modifiers of manner have a degree category. The degree of comparison and superiority of the adverbial modifiers of manner are formed in the same way as the degree of comparison and superiority of an adjective.

Key words: adverbial modifiers, the secondary part of the sentence, the main part of the sentence, Azerbaijani language, English language, sentence.

Мірзаєва І.Г. УЗГОДЖЕННЯ ОБСТАВИНИ СПОСОБУ ДІЇ З ПРИСУДКОМ У РЕЧЕННІ У БАГАТОСИСТЕМНИХ МОВАХ

У статті аналізується узгодження другорядної частини речення з головною в азербайджанській та англійській мовах. У цій статті розглядаються не всі типи прислівникових модифікаторів, а лише прислівникові модифікатори способу дії. У сучасній англійській та азербайджанській мовах місце прислівникових сполучників у реченні різне. Залежно від ролі у висловлюваній думці прислівникові модифікатори предикативної групи не завжди однакові. Аналіз показує, що позиція прислівникових модифікаторів способу дії є стабільною порівняно з прислівниковими модифікаторами часу та місця в обох мовах. Прислівникові модифікатори є другорядним терміном, який описує виконання дії різними способами. Змінні дієприслівники здебільшого належать до дієслівречення і пов'язані з ними відношенням підходу. Прислівникові сполучники, виражені частинами мови, - прості, а дієприслівникові, виражені називними словосполученнями та дієслівними реченнями - складні. Це означає спосіб виконання роботи та дію: як? яким чином? і відповідає на одне із запитань. Прислівникові модифікатори способу виражаються дієприкметниками, прислівниковими зворотами, постпозиціями та словосполученнями. Прислівникові модифікатори способу, що виражають суть роботи і руху, можуть виражатися прикметниками, словами, що розуміються як прислівники, і фразеологізмами.

Прислівникові модифікатори способу дії, що виражають порівняння, також вказують на спосіб виконання роботи, рух. Проте в їх змісті є образність і аналогія. Прислівникові модифікатори способу порівняння виражаються словами та словосполученнями, до яких додаються сполучники «kimi, qdddr, tdk, tdki». Частина прислівникових модифікаторів способу не тільки виражає спосіб і виконання роботи, але й відображає позицію особи, яка виконує роботу.

Щоб знайти прислівникові модифікатори способу, вам потрібно зосередитися на дії (дієслові) у реченні. Якщо вказано такі ознаки, як спосіб, кількість і час дії, то ці ознаки є прислівниковими модифікаторами. У сучасній англійській мові лише прислівникові модифікатори способу мають категорію ступеня. Ступінь порівняння і переваги прислівникових модифікаторів способу утворюються так само, як і ступені порівняння і переваги прикметника.

Ключові слова: дієприслівники, другорядна частина речення, головна частина речення, азербайджанська мова, англійська мова, речення.

Introduction

adverbial modifiers predicate sentence

The sentence, which acts as the main decisive and basic syntactic unit in the formation of communication, is one of the universal features characteristic of modern languages. The researchers approached the proposal from different angles based on materials from different languages and obtained valuable scientific results in its individual areas (syntactic, phonetic and grammatical structure, etc.). Controversial problems related to this topic still exist in modern linguistics and need a scientific solution.

In English and Azerbaijani, a sentence is formed in live speech and in a specific situation. The act of speaking unites different areas of the language (phonetic, lexical, semantic, grammatical, etc.), while the transmission and reception of information between participants in communication occurs on the basis of syntactic units resulting from phonetically, semantically and grammatical connection of certain lexical units based on internal patterns of language. Syntactic units differ from each other in structure. Depending on the expressed thought, the linguistic competence of the speakers, their cognitive training, the context, the familiarity of the interlocutors with the language system and the degree of conformity of the expressed reality, the syntactic units used, or rather, sentences have a structure and semantic load. The language implemented in the communication process organizes the transmission and reception of information between the addressant and the addressee as a means of communication between people.

O. Musayev stressed that the importance of the sentence is the main condition for using language as a means of communication between people. To clarify the typological characteristics of the sentence in the compared English and Azerbaijani languages, first of all, it is necessary to consider the typology of the sentence members acting as constituent elements of these units.

This suggests that when studying a sentence as a syntactic unit in English and Azerbaijani, it is important to clarify the members of the sentence that are its constituent parts.

The purpose of the work is to show the difference in expression of the adverbial modifiers of manner in a sentence in different systems languages.

The main part

Each sentence part/member has its own characteristics within the sentence. These signs are expressed more clearly than the other components of the sentence. In both languages we compare, complete sentences with two components include not only the main terms, but also the secondary terms. The location of the secondary parts of a sentence within a simple sentence depends on the idea expressed in the sentence, the purpose of the speaker, and the speaker's cognitive preparation for the topic under discussion. For examle: We went there with pleasure. (Biz ora havasla getdik.) In this sentence, in addition to the main parts that make up the core of the sentence, the secondary parts (the object and the adverbial modifiers of manner) are also used. This sentence, given in both English and Azerbaijani, is divided into two groups (parts): main and secondary parts, depending on the grammatical structure. The subject and predicate are the main parts of the sentence. The object and adverbial modifiers of manner form the secondary parts. The secondary parts form the subject and predicate groups, uniting around the subject and predicate. Although only the attributes participate in the creation of subject groups, all secondary parts can participate in the formation of a predicate group, depending on the purpose. “dlagi talaba gatin suallara cavab verdi.” (The hardworking student asks to the difficult questions.)

From the grammatical structure of the sentence, it can be seen that the decisive role in the expressed thought is played by “talaba” (S) , “cavab verdi” (P). Other words serve to complete the idea expressed by these parts: “talaba cavab verdi” (P). For example: the adjective “ala^i” is used before the subject and denotes it. Other secondary parts define the predicate (answer it). A similar idea is reflected in the linguistic literature. In the English and Azerbaijani languages being compared, the main terms form the basis of the idea expressed in the sentence. The secondary parts (the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier) are auxiliary parts that serve to complete the main idea. Such a division of hierarchy is justified from a linguistic point of view [1, p. 35]. Thus, in both languages, not all parts of the sentence are functionally on the same level. There are those without which a sentence cannot be constructed and is not considered complete from a communicative point of view. Undoubtedly, these are the main parts of the proposal.

N. Chomsky suggested that speakers use sentences with different structural schemes to express the same idea. Depending on which part of the sentence it represents, the position of the word in the sentence changes.

The idea of determining the semantic load and functional properties of each word of a language within a sentence is not a new phenomenon. Each lexical unit included in the sentence structure serves to perform a specific function. This is typical for both languages compared, as evidenced by the results of the analysis of the language material. In any sentence, a word that serves to express a certain member of a sentence serves to express another member of a sentence in a different context, even in grammatical and thematic membership of a sentence, they are represented in different groups (subject or predicate) and different poles (rheme - theme). To do this, consider two sentences containing the same word (“beatifully - gozal”). In one of these sentences, the adjective “beautiful” performs the function of the adverbial modifiers of manner. Like other types of the adverbial modifiers, the adverbial modifiers of manner also indicate how the action expressed in the sentence is performed, occurs, and there is a situation. For example: John sings beautifully. (Con gozal oxuyur.) Here “beatifully” is the adverbial modifiers of manner and indicates the manner of the action expressed in the sentence. In this sentence, the word “beautiful” is a unit included in the group of adjectives of the lexical layer of the language. Within a sentence, depending on which part of speech this unit is in a semantic relationship (noun or verb), it performs a different syntactic function. If it is syntactically related to a noun and is used before it / She is a beautiful singer / O gozal mugannidir // The word “beautiful” refers to the noun “singer” in both languages and denotes it. So, in this case, it has a defining function as a member of the sentence. However, in the sentence “John sings beautifully”, the adjective “beautifully” has a syntactic connection with the verb in the actual and grammatical structure of the sentence, is part of the predicative group of the sentence and indicates the way in which the action is performed. In this sense, the adverbial modifiers of manner is approached from a functional point of view. The difference is that the determinant belongs to the noun and defines it, and the adverbial modifiers of manner defines the action expressed by the verb according to the manner.

The adverbial modifiers of degree and measure also belong to this type. They are used in a sentence not independently, but together with the word they define. Not all linguists agree on the definition of semantic types of adverbs. In addition, we can say that if there are 12 types of the adverbial modifiers in English, then there are 9 in Azerbaijani. So, unlike the Azerbaijani language, three additional types of the adverbial modifiers are mentioned in English. In English, the place of processing the adverbial modifiers inside a sentence is equally important. Depending on the type of the adverbial modifiers, its location is more variable than that of other secondary parts, or rather, there is freedom. The adverbial modifiers of time and place are placed in the final sentence after the verb and noun. For example, /I saw her sister in London last year//. In this sentence, the the adverbial modifier of place “in London” is used before the adverbial modifier of time “last year”. Thus, the adverbial modifier of time stands after the adverbial modifier of place. Such an arrangement can be considered as an invariant arrangement for the norm level.

The analysis shows that, depending on the purpose of the speaker of the Azerbaijani language, the adverbial modifiers can change their place in a sentence. This situation is more obvious in the adverbial modifiers of time and place. However, compared to the adverbial modifiers of time and place, the place of the adverbial modifiers of manner are fixed. For example, / Yayda kdnddd yaxgi dincdldim// = (I had a good rest in the village in summer //) In the Azerbaijani language, the word “yax§i” in this sentence is the adverbial modifiers of manner and its place is fixed. If it is possible to vary the position of other the adverbial modifiers used in the structure of a given syntactic unit, the same cannot be said about the the adverbial modifiers of manner “yax§i”. If you change it, this word will lose its the adverbial modifier and acquire a new function, i.e. it will act as attribute.

The adverbial modifiers, unlike the objects, communicating with the subject and predicate, can communicate with the subject without predicate. So, the the adverbial modifiers is connected with the subject both through predicate and without it. For example, in the sentence “The man worked in Baku” the adverbial Modifiers of place in Baku is connected not only with the predicate worked, but also with the subject the man. This connection we can give in this form: /the man - in Baku/and /worked- in Baku.

Of course, these relationships can be expanded at the object. In this case, the the adverbial modifiers may be related to the predicate, object and subject. The fact that the adverbial modifiers can refer to the predicate, object and subject can be learned from the linguistics opinion.

G.Kazimov in his book “Syntax of the modern Azerbaijani language” explaining his opinion about the adverbial modifiers, noted that the adverbial modifiers have a free place in the sentence. It is most often used at the end of a sentence during actualization and takes a position before the predicate.

The location of this type of the adverbial modifier varies depending on the purpose and context. In simple English sentences, the adverbial modifiers of manner are used primarily after the predicate they define. In the Azerbaijani language, the adverbial modifiers of manner appear inside a simple sentence, mainly before the predicate, but in some cases after it.

The question of the place of the adverbial modifiers of manner and its functional features in the process of actually connecting simple sentences was discussed. The actual composition of each sentence used as a communicative unit depends on its semantic structure. This membership manifests itself in the relationship between the speaker and the listener when collecting information. The difference between this grouping and grammatical and syntagmatic groupings is that here, along with the syntactic layer of the sentence, its logical layer is also crucial. [4, p. 90]. It is for this reason that this logic of belonging is a logical-syntactic division that takes into account psychological, functional communicative capabilities, that is, actual division. Thus, the theme forms the starting point of the sentence, and the rheme points to the main meaning expressed in the sentence and creates a communication center in the sentence.

During the experiment, the variable features that arise in the methodological component when pronouncing simple sentences with the adverbial modifiers of manner were determined. D. Kones noted that it is impossible to solve such a linguistic phenomenon in the usual way. This requires the necessary technical equipment [2, p. 169].

In the mentioned sentence, the speaker and the listener already know that the conversation is about him or her. In the process of communication, rheme becomes attached to the subject of conversation and tells something new. The sentence given as an example highlights his birth in Sheki. For this reason, the word /Sheki/ is considered new in the sentence in terms of informativeness. In the 2nd version of the present participle of this sentence /o/ in the 1st version is given not as a theme, but as a rheme, and the word /Sheki/ is given as a theme, not as a rheme. The same way of division is observed in the actual division of a simple sentence with the adverbial modifiers. A rheme is defined as a new piece of information processed after a topic in a sentence. More precisely, the participants in the communication do not have prior information about rheme. K.Abdullayev, who pays special attention to the processing of each sentence part as a rheme, notes that the rheme part should be at the end of the sentence when division. Actual division is a problem common to all languages in the communication process. For example: I have read this book withgreat interest - Man bu kitabi boyuk maraqla oxudum. In this sentence, the words “I read the book” represented the theme part, and “I read it with great interest” represented the rheme. In the Azerbaijani language, this sentence has the opportunity to be expressed in another form of composition. I have read this book with great interest. In this sentence, the expression of the theme and the rheme differs from the first case, because in the second case, part of the rheme is associated with “I read this book”. If in the first section - the adverbial modifier of manner (with great interest) forms part of the rheme, then in the second case the object performs this function (this book). Depending on the assessment, the first information center is associated with the phrase “I read with great interest”, and the second - “I read with great interest”.

Conclusions

Based on the analysis, it can be said that the actual division reflects the division of the sentence by information content. In an English sentence, the text part forms the final sentence in the structure - the adverbial modifiers of manner. The definition of the question of the place of the adverbial modifiers of manner in the actual division of a simple sentence is related to the position of the predicate group in the sentence structure. Comparing the variants in English and Azerbaijani languages shows that the place of the adverbial modifiers of manner in English is stable, unlike the Azerbaijani language. This is due to an event related to the place of the predicate in the sentence structure. Moving away from the analysis, we can say that in both languages, the adverbial modifiers of manner, depending on its place in the sentence, can act as a core function of information placement, forming part of the rheme. Undoubtedly, the observed differences between the two languages are regulated by the norms of both languages.

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3. Axundov A. Umumi dilgilik. Baki, Maarif, 1988, 222 s.

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