Structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic characteristics of expressions of admiration in modern English

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National technical university of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv polytechnic institute»

Structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic characteristics of expressions of admiration in modern English

Haieva Polina Oleksandrivna,

lecturer of the department of humanities

Abstract

The pragmatic status of speech acts of admiration lies in their focus on expressing a certain emotional attitude to the object of admiration and to the addressee to whom this admiration is directed. Such speech acts play an important role in the communicative process, as they help to create an atmosphere of trust, cooperation and understanding between interlocutors. The article considered the lexical and lexical-syntactic means of nomination of admiration in the modern English language. It was noted that the nominative aspect of admiration is revealed through the use of specific lexical units, such as «amazing», «fantastic», «incredible» and others, which give an evaluative color to the statement. Delight is an emotional state that can be expressed through words, gestures, or facial expressions. Expressing admiration has an important communicative function because it allows us to convey our feelings and emotions to other people. The communicative aspect of expressions of admiration is that they help establish positive relationships between people, strengthen shared interests, and stimulate action. The lexical and syntactic means of nomination of admiration were also considered, among which phrasal verbs can be singled out, in particular «to be blown away», «to be amazed», «to be impressed» and others. These verbs indicate a state of rapture that happens to a person.

In addition, it was noted that the syntactic characteristics of expressions of admiration are revealed through the use of emotional constructions, in particular, rhetorical questions, exclamatory sentences, exclamations, etc. Also, syntactic characteristics include changing the order of words, strengthening verbs and nouns, which gives the expression an emotional color. We established that the expression of admiration is an important element of communicative activity, which reflects a person's attitude to a certain phenomenon or event. The use of lexical, lexical-syntactic and syntactic means in this case is the key to accurately conveying the emotional color of the statement. In the context of the communicative-pragmatic characteristics, it was established that the expressions of intoxication can be victorious as a way of expressing feelings, so for reaching the singing communicative goals, for example, boosting the power of competence or creating a positive atmosphere.

Keywords:admiration, speech acts, structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic characteristics, emotional state, polysemy.

Анотація

Гаєва Поліна Олександрівна викладач кафедри гуманітарних дисциплін, Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського»

Структурно-семантичні та комунікативно-прагматичні характеристики висловлень захоплення у сучасній англійській мові

В статті розглянуто лексичні та лексико-синтаксичні засоби номінації захоплення в сучасній англійській мові. Відзначено, що номінативний аспект захоплення виявляється через вживання специфічних лексичних одиниць, таких як «amazing», «fantastic», «incredible» та інших, які надають оцінкового забарвлення висловлюванню.

Захоплення - це емоційний стан, який можна виразити словами, жестами або мімікою. Висловлення захоплення має важливу комунікативну функцію, оскільки дозволяє нам передати наші почуття та емоції іншим людям. Комунікативний аспект висловлень захоплення полягає в тому, що вони допомагають у встановленні позитивних взаємин між людьми, зміцнюють спільні інтереси та стимулюють дії.

Прагматичний статус мовленнєвих актів захоплення полягає в їхній спрямованості на вираження певного емоційного ставлення до об'єкту захоплення та до адресата, якому це захоплення спрямоване. Такі мовленнєві акти відіграють важливу роль в комунікативному процесі, о скільки допомагають створити атмосферу довіри, співпраці та розуміння між співрозмовниками.

Також було розглянуто лексико-синтаксичні засоби номінації захоплення, серед яких можна виділити фразові дієслова, зокрема «to be blown away», «to be amazed», «to be impressed» та інші.Ці дієслова вказують на стан захоплення, який відбувається з людиною.

Крім того, зазначено, що синтаксична характеристика висловлень захоплення виявляється через використання емоційних конструкцій, зокрема, риторичних питань, окличних речень, вигуків тощо. Також, синтаксична характеристика включає в себе зміну порядку слів, підсилення дієслів та іменників, що надає висловлюванню емоційного забарвлення.

Нами було встановлено, що висловлення захоплення є важливим елементом комунікативної діяльності, яке відображає ставлення людини до певного явища або події. Використання лексичних, лексико - синтаксичних та синтаксичних засобів у цьому випадку є ключовим для точного передавання емоційного забарвлення висловлювання. У контексті комунікативно-прагматичних характеристик було встановлено, що висловлення захоплення можуть використовуватися як засіб вираження почуттів, так і для досягнення певних комунікативних цілей, наприклад, підкреслення власної компетентності або створення позитивної атмосфери.

Ключові слова: захоплення, мовленнєві акти, структурно - семантичні та комунікативно-прагматичні характеристики, емоційний стан, полісемія.

Main part

Formulation of problem. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in the study of people's сommunicative behavior, particularly in the study of speech expressiveness. One of the most interesting aspects of this research is the analysis of the characteristics of expressions of excitement in modern English. Expressions of excitement are an important element of people's communicative behavior and are used in various spheres of life, such as art, sports, science, etc. Research into this phenomenon will help to better understand the specifics of verbal expression of emotions and explore its connection with communication methods.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the derivational field of expression of excitement in the English language is still insufficiently studied. A comprehensive study of the lexical composition of the English language, the identification and description of its systematic organization, is relevant. So far, the structure, semantics, and etymology of its components are interpreted ambiguously.

The study of structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic characteristics of expressions of excitement is important for understanding how people perceive and express emotions in language. Expressions of excitement are one of the most common emotional expressions used in everyday life, as well as in media, literature, music, and other cultural spheres. Research into these characteristics can help improve understanding of communication and interaction between people, as well as improve teaching and learning English language skills.

Analysis of the latest research and publications. Speech acts of emotional assessment are allocated to a separate class only in some classifications. Thus, J. Leach singles out an expressive in a separate class, which expresses a relationship to some object [8, p. 211-212]. In D. Wunderlich's classification, the researched speech units belong to the emotional and evaluative class of satisfiers, which includes expressions of apology, thanks, answers to questions, excuses, etc. [11, p. 85].

In B. Fraser's classification, acts of evaluation and acts expressing the attitude of the speaker are distinguished [6, p. 190-193]. T. Ballmer and V. Brennenstuhl offer a detailed classification of interaction models built on a hierarchical principle, in which, in particular, such evaluation models as action evaluation, person evaluation, self-evaluation, evaluation of things, situations are distinguished [4, p. 117-120].

Research in recent decades has significantly expanded the concept of expressiveness: the class of expressives includes all speech acts that express the speaker's emotional reaction.

The purpose of this research is to determine the structural - semantic and communicative-pragmatic characteristics of expressions of excitement, as well as their peculiarities in usage in the English language.

Presentation of the main material of the study. The syntactical characteristic of the slurry is distinguished by this, as the object of the slurry is introduced into the syntactic structure of the utterance.

Before the syntactic features of the nomination in the English language, it is also possible to include the selection of different types of speech. For example, living in a simple speech with words that express suffocation, gives the opportunity to focus on the most emotional state. It is also possible to concoct folded words, which have more information and details that reveal the essence of the hoax. In such speeches, one can sing different types of contract and supplementary speeches, as if to supplement the head thought and reveal the context of the speech.

Also, in the English language, there are often wiguks and phrases from the English language, as if they were choking. For example: «Wow!», «Oh my God!», «Fantastic!», «Amazing!», «Incredible!», «Awesome!» and others.

In general, syntactical proofs of nominations are engulfed in the English language, and are widely distinguished by language. The stench helps to convey the emotional state, and they exemplify the movement of the movement to the point that the wine is described.

Sounds like the words of the occupant get used in the role of the head part of the speech and often appear in the form of non-special constructions with a word in the form of a special word in the 3rd individual alone.

For example, «It's amazing!», «That's incredible!», «I'm impressed!» - in these statements, the main part is the pronoun «it» or «that», or the personal pronoun «I», and the verbs «amazing», «incredible», «impressed» are in the form of a personal verb in the 3rd person singular [10, p. 64].

Expressions of admiration can also be used in the form of complex sentences, where they usually occupy the subject or auxiliary position, e.g.: «The view from the top of the mountain is breathtaking, and I can't believe how lucky I am to experience it», де «the view» - підмет, a «is breathtaking» - the main part of the sentence in which the expression of admiration is expressed by the word «breathtaking» [1].

In some cases, expressions of admiration can be introduced into the sentence as examples or explanations of the main idea, for example: «I love travelling, especially when I get to see such beautiful sights as this one. It's truly amazing».

It is also worth noting that expressions of admiration can be used in an inverted form, where the order of words changes to the opposite of the usual for the language, which makes it possible to give a certain emotional color to the expression. Example: «Incredible, this view is!» або «Amazed, I am!».

The syntactic characteristics of expressions of admiration in the English language are quite diverse and depend on the context in which admiration is expressed. However, some common features can be noted.

Usually an expression of admiration takes the form of an exclamatory sentence or phrase that includes an exclamatory word or phrase. Example: «Wow, that's amazing!», «Oh my God, this is incredible!», «Fantastic, I can't believe it!». Such expressions can be quite short and contain the most important words that reflect the degree of admiration.

Different syntactic constructions can also be used to express admiration, such as different types of subordinate clauses or complex sentences. Example: «I'm so thrilled that I can't believe my eyes», «The view was so breathtaking that I was speechless», «When I heard the news, I was over the moon with excitement» [6, p. 35].

Expressions of admiration can also use various language devices that expand the syntactic structure of the statement, such as comparisons, metaphors, antitheses, rhetorical questions, etc. This allows you to increase the emotional impact on the addressee.

The use of polysemy in the expression of admiration in English can create an additional effect of feeling admiration, because a word can have several different meanings, and the context of use helps to understand what exactly the meaning of the word used is. [3, p. 226]

Example: «The view from the top of the mountain was breathtaking». - in this sentence, the word «breathtaking» is used in the sense of «incredible», «wonderful», «exciting».

«I was blown away by her performance» - in this sentence, the phrase «blown away» is used in the sense of «enthralled to the core», «struck to the core».

«The music was simply amazing» - in this sentence, the word «amazing» is used in the sense of «incredible», «fantastic», «exciting».

«The sunset was mesmerizing» - in this sentence the word «mesmerizing» is used in the sense of «hypnotic», «fascinating», «magical».

«I was enchanted by the beauty of the garden» - in this sentence, the word «enchanted» is used in the sense of «captivated», «in love», «magical».

In these examples, words are used in a polysemic sense, which helps to convey strong emotions and impressions of a certain situation.

One of the most frequent cases of using polysemy in expressions of admiration is the use of words with multiple meanings in a context that enhances their emotional color. For example, the word «amazing» can mean «amazing», «incredible» or «wonderful», and is used to express different levels of admiration [3p. 177]. Some examples:

1. «The view from the top of the mountain was absolutely amazing». (amazing)

2. «The concert last night was incredible - the singer's voice gave me chills. (incredible)».

3. «That cake you made is wonderful - I've never tasted anything so delicious. (wonderful)».

Collocation in English describes the combination of words that are often used together and have a certain contextual relationship between them. The use of collocations can help improve the level of language proficiency, as it allows the use of expressions that are more suitable for speech practice [3, p. 72].

For example, in the English language there are the following collocations used to express admiration:

- «blown away»: «I was completely blown away by the performance.»

- «breathtaking»: «The view from the top of the mountain was breathtaking».

- «out of this world»: «The food at that restaurant was out of this world».

- «speechless»: «I was left speechless after hearing her sing».

- «mind-blowing»: «The special effects in that movie were mindblowing» [1].

These words can be used to express admiration in different contexts and situations, and they often correlate with certain words. For example, the word «performance» is often used with the word «blown away», while «mountain» can be a combination of the word «breathtaking». Using such conjunctions can help improve your language skills and make your speech more precise and expressive.

In addition, collocation helps improve understanding of how words interact with each other in speech. For example, if you know what it is common to say «make a decision» or «ake a break», then you will be able to understand more easily when you hear these expressions in speech. In addition, the use of correct collocations helps to make speech more natural and indicates a higher level of language proficiency [5, p. 79].

For example, the collocations «strong coffee» and «sweet tea» are natural in the English language, so using such expressions helps to make speech more natural and easy to understand. Some other examples of the use of collocations in expressions of admiration: «Absolutely amazing», «Completely blown away», «Utterly impressed», «Totally mesmerized», «Truly fantastic» [1].

Therefore, the use of collocations is an important element of expressions of admiration in English, as it helps to make speech more natural, easy to understand and shows a higher level of language proficiency.

It is important to take into account that the syntactic characteristics of admiration expressions can change depending on the context, intonation and facial expressions of the speaker. Therefore, in order to fully understand the expression of admiration, it is necessary to take into account all the components that affect the communicative situation. So, the syntactic characteristics of expressions of capture are determined by how the object of capture is introduced into the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Expressions of admiration in English can be divided into several structural types, depending on exactly how admiration is expressed and what forms of grammatical constructions are used.

In this study, the functional classification of I.V. Arnold. This classification is built on the principle of matching each expression as a separate unit, although structurally it consists of different components of different parts of the language.

I.V. Arnold distinguishes the following groups of expressions: substantive, verb, adjectival, adverbial, conjunction, prepositional, and exclamatory. Verbal expressions are the most numerous group for expressing the emotion of admiration. Fixed verb expressions (DSV) are fixed expressions that are combined in the general meaning of the action. Most idioms belong to this group. We can cite the following examples:

1. Verb + Noun, e.g.: carry the torch; give the nod; adore art; admire the talent; appreciate dedication; cherish friendship; esteem achievements; respect knowledge; value kindness; idolize charisma.

2. Verb + Noun + Preposition, e.g.: carry a torch for; have an eye for; think the world of; take a shine to; pay tribute to; express admiration for; pay homage to; heap praise on.

3. Verb + Preposition, e.g.: to be gone on; look up to; defer to; marvel at; dote on; rave about.

4. Verb + Preposition + Noun, e.g.:fall in love; roll with punches; hold in high regard; put on a pedestal; pat on the back; hold in esteem; hold in high esteem; go into raptures. [52]

So, as a summary, we can present the percentage ratio of the abovementioned expressions of the verb group of expressions: 31.25% (V+N), 25% (V+N+Prp), 18.75% (V+Prp), 25% (V+Prp +N).

Next in number are substantive groups of expressions, or, in other words, nouns. These are those constant expressions that function as nouns and name objects, states, phenomena, qualities, actions, etc. Here are subgroups of this group of expressions and examples of them that convey admiration:

1. Noun + Noun, e.g.: beauty queen - «She is a true beauty queen with her stunning looks and grace»; time master «He is a time master, always punctual and organized»; music genius - «His compositions are innovative and demonstrate that he is a music genius; fashion icon - «With her unique sense of style, she has become a fashion icon»; art maestro; sports legend; tech guru.

Usually, this subgroup conveys admiration by emphasizing professional and personal achievements, as the best way to describe a person. We should also emphasize one more feature of this subgroup: it demonstrates a common phenomenon in the English language, namely the use of the first noun as an adjective.

2. Noun + Preposition + Noun, e.g.: a champion of justice, a pillar of strength, a source of inspiration, a symbol of resilience, an oasis of calm.

This subgroup is full of a large number of synonymous nouns. That is, having in mind admiration for the quality of a person, we can use any of the first nouns. Example, «a source of inspiration» will have a similar connotation as «a symbol of inspiration», «a fountain of inspiration», «a beacon of inspiration», etc.

3. Adjective + Noun, e.g.: brilliant mind; remarkable talent; outstanding leader; exceptional athlete; inspirational teacher; extraordinary entrepreneur; amazing storyteller; passionate leader [6].

Thus, this group is most often represented by these three subgroups and conveys admiration for outstanding human abilities, especially in the professional sphere.

Another group of expressions are adjectival, that is, those that function as an adjective. Among them we can include: Adjective + (Noun), e.g.: happy - go-lucky; buzzed; happy camper; holy cow; satisfied; glad; euphoric [6].

The next category is the adverbial group. Adverbial constant expressions (ASV) characterize an action or a state. Their structural analysis may look like this: Preposition + (adverb/adjective) + Noun, e.g.:to applaud her achievements; to have the utmost respect; a person of remarkable intellect; to hold him in high esteem; to deserve an immense praise; to be truly inspired by his profound wisdom. [9]

They are also represented by a multicomponent expression, namely: «Multicomponent, e.g.: Ome, the gods; There was a time… Heigh ho; Hey-ho, sing hey-ho».

Fixed conjunctive expressions (CSVs) are used as connecting phrases when a person wants to emphasize certain information about another person and his captivating qualities. Thus, this type of fixed expressions aims to reinforce the message emotionally. Example:

- «I am captivated by her beauty and impressed by her intelligence».

- «We were amazed by the magnificent scenery and overwhelmed with joy».

- «The exhibition was a true masterpiece, showcasing the artist's creativity and imagination».

- «His storytelling ability is both captivating and enchanting, drawing you into a world of wonder».

- «The team's performance was outstanding, with each member contributing their unique skills and expertise».

- «The film was a masterpiece of cinematography, combining stunning visuals with a gripping storyline».

One of the distinctive features of speech that expresses admiration is the use intensifiers - words that strengthen or emphasize the emotional color of the statement. Let's consider the morpheme analysis of several examples of expressions of admiration in the English language:

- «I'm absolutely thrilled with the results!» - in this statement, the root morpheme is «thrill», and the intensifier is «absolutely».

- «That concert was incredibly amazing!» - in this statement, the root morphemes are «concert» and «amaze», and the intensifier is «incredibly».

- «I'm over the moon about my new job!» - in this statement, the root morpheme is «moon», and the phrasal verb is «over the».

- «That movie was mind-blowing!» - in this statement, the root morphemes are «movie» and «blow», and the adjective is «mind-blowing».

As can be seen from these examples, the expression of admiration can contain various types of morphemes that emphasize the emotional coloring of the expression and help to convey the intensity of emotions [2, p. 56].

In some cases, expressions containing constituent morphemes conveying positive emotions are used to express admiration in the English language. Example:

- «I'm on cloud nine!» - this statement contains the phrasal verb «on cloud nine», which means to be very happy, and the numeral «nine».

- «I'm ecstatic about the news!» - in this statement, the root morpheme is «ecstasy» and the adjective is «ecstatic».

- «I'm overjoyed with the results!» - in this statement, the root morpheme is «joy» and the prefix is «over».

All these expressions convey a deep sense of satisfaction and happiness. Moreover, they can contain both root morphemes and intensifiers or phrasal verbs that emphasize the emotionality of the statement.

Conclusion. Thus, morpheme analysis helps to understand which words and their constituents are used to express admiration in English, and which morphemes convey positive emotions. This is important in order to properly convey emotions in speech and be understandable to the interlocutor. It was established that expressions of admiration have a rich structure and can consist of various lexical units, such as adjectives, verbs, nouns, conjunctions, prepositions. Semantic-structural analysis using demonstrated that the most numerous structural group is the verb, which in turn is divided into the relations «verb+noun», «verb+noun+preposition», «verb+preposition» and «verb+ preposition + noun». Less numerous, but quite common, is the substantive group of expressions that operate in the ratio «noun+noun», «noun+preposition+noun», «adjective+noun». The adjectival group of expressions, based on an adjective, is also actively functioning. In addition, it was found that expressions of admiration can contain presuppositions that increase the effect of expressiveness.

In the context of communicative-pragmatic characteristics, it was established that expressions of admiration can be used as a means of expressing feelings, and to achieve certain communicative goals, for example, emphasizing one's own competence or creating a positive atmosphere. It has also been found that the use of expressions of admiration can depend on cultural characteristics and social context.

References

english nomination lexical

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Література

1. Козак Л.В. Комунікативно-прагматичні аспекти вираження емоцій за допомогою лексеми delight в англомовному художньому тексті. Науковий вісник Миколаївського державного університету імені В.О. Сухомлинського. Філологічні науки. 2016. Вип. 2 (6). С. 44-47.

2. Кудлай О.С. Комунікативно-прагматичні особливості концепту захоплення в англійській мові. Наукові записки Національного університету «Острозька академія». Серія «Філологічна» 2018. Т. 2 (74). С. 71-73.

3. Мацько Л. До питання про лінгвокультурологічну компетенцію. Українська мова в освітньому просторі: [навчальний посібник для студентів-філологів освітньо - кваліфікаційного рівня «магістр»]. К.: Вид-во НПУ імені М.П. Драгоманова, 2009. С. 365-369.

4. Ballmer Th. Speech Act Classification. Berlin etc., 1981. 274 p.

5. Farlex Dictionary of Idioms. 2022.

6. Fraser B. Hedged Performatives. Syntax Semantics. Vol. 3: Speech Acts / ed. by P. Cole and J.L. Morgan. 1975. P. 187-210.

7. Ide S. Formal forms and discernment: Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua-Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 2011. №8 (2-3), pp. 223-248.

8. Leech G. Principles of Pragmatics. London; New York: Longman, 1983 250 р.

9. Power Thesaurus - https://www.powerthesaurus.org/admire/synonyms/phrase

10. Searle J.R. Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge University Press. 2010. 402 p.

11. Wunderlich D. Studien zur Sprechakttheorie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrcamp, 1976. 416 S.

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