Peculiarities of the enrichment of the english language

докторант

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗБАГАЧЕННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

Англійська мова була наповнена деякими дивовижними своєрідними та химерними прикладами мови та граматики. Поряд із цим зростанням словникового запасу, як і кількість виразів та граматичних правил, які, здається, не мають сенсу при фактичному дослідженні. Англійська може бути заплутаним методом спілкування навіть для носіїв мови. Історія англійського лексикону безпосередньо пов'язана з історією великих навал, оскільки кожна нова нація, що оселилася на острові, принесла свою мову і якось залишила певні елементи як спадщину. Кожна мова піддається змінам відповідно до новинок, що відбуваються у житті її носіїв. Моніторинг того, як створюються нові мовні одиниці такими методами, як запозичення, епоніми, абревіатури, змішування та відсікання, є переважно корисним для лінгвістики. Так само з погляду визначення когнітивної сфери мови було б корисно розглянути психологічні процеси, які потребують сприйняття новостворених мовних одиниць як нових слів. Наявність запозичень у будь-якій мові не слід розшифровувати як національну трагедію, навпаки, їх слід сприймати як умовні назви, що не відображають справжню природу одиниць реальності. Яскравий приклад еволюційного характеру мови - додавання нових слів до складу слів кожної мови. Роботу «Особливості збагачення англійської мови» присвячено різним особливостям збагачення англійської мови. Основна мета статті - підкреслити динамічний характер лексичної структури мови, розглянути запозичення, що збагачують англійську мову, та вивчити деякі конкретні методи, такі як епоніми, абревіатури, змішування та відсікання, як мовні, так і психологічні моменти, тобто з лінгво-психологічного аспекту. Аналізуючи цю мовну реальність, ми вважаємо за необхідне вивчити певні психологічні процеси, які гарантують її реалізацію та роблять її неминучою. Цей аналіз проводився з вивченням джерел, пов'язаних із темою, аналізом отриманих результатів, аналізом та синтезом аргументів, а також методом порівняльного аналізу.

Ключові слова: запозичення, однойменний, абревіатура, змішування, відсікання. vocabulary english psychological

Introduction

Evidently, for a word to emerge it is essential to comprehend the unit of reality it reflects, in other words, the abstract representation of this unit of reality should be stored in the basic memory as an element of reality. Moreover, there should be requirement to share information on that particular unit of reality. As is supported in the theory of linguopsycological unity, founded by Askerov Mayil, without these two requirements the formation of a word is out of question (Askerov, 2015:96).

Monitoring how new language units are created by methods such as borrowings, eponyms, acronyms, blendings and clipping is predominantly useful for linguistics. Similarly, in terms of defining cognitive sphere of language it would be useful to consider psychological processes that necessitate the acceptance of newly formed language units as new words.

Each language is exposed to the changes in accordance with the novelties occurring in the life of its speakers. It would be valuable to consider John Algeo's stance accepting these changes as a natural process: “Change is natural because a language system is culturally transmitted. Like other conventional matters- such as fashions in clothing, hairstyles, cooking, entertainment, and government-language is constantly being revised. Language evolves more slowly than do some other cultural activities, but its change is continuous and inevitable” (Algeo, 2010:10)

A striking example of the language's evolutionary nature is the addition of new words to the word-stock of each language. According to Global Language Monitor, around 5,400 new words are created every year (Bodly, 2016).

Discussion

There are many features of enriching the vocabulary with new words. One of the sources of enrichment of the English vocabulary is borrowing that is, words that enter the language from other languages. The history of the English lexicon is directly related to the history of great invasions, as each new nation settling in the island brought their own language and somehow left its certain elements as a legacy. One of the languages having undeniable effect on English is Latin. Many local objects and notions, half of which dealt with food, plants, household items, were newly named by the Roman army and merchants. The ancient English words like lenticular for lentil, laurus for laurel, ceder for cedar are vivid examples of those borrowings.

During the Anglo-Saxon period, the influence of Latin became even more apparent as hundreds of new words were introduced into English under the influence of Christian missionaries. The new vocabulary was predominantly related to the church, its theology and ceremonies, such as apostolus (apostle), daemon (demon), praedicare (preach).

In the 13^th century, French had a significant impact on English manuscripts. It is believed that around 10,000 French words used in law, administration, medicine, art and fashion, some of which entered French from other languages, were included in the English vocabulary during that period: chancelier (chancellor), atorne (attorney), corone (crown), soverain (sovereign), parlement (parliament), coler( collar), punissement (punishment), perle (pearl). “Almost all the Englsih words to do with the aristocracy and their servants are of French origin. The chief examples are baron, count(ess), courtier, duches, duke, marquis, noble, page, peer, prince, princess, squire, and viscount(ess)” (Lashkova, Talakhadze, Vrazhnova, 2014:14).

While mentioning the importance of borrowings in shaping English language, we can strengthen our position with that of Otto Jesperson: “ If the English boast that their language is richer than any other, and that their dictionaries contain a far greater number of words than German and French ones, the chief reason is, of course, the greater number of foreign and especially of French and Latin words adopted” (Jesperson, 1905:130).

Admittedly, there are several sound reasons why a word belonging to one language can be included in a word stock of another language as borrowings. The main underlying reason is that native speakers do not create a new form in their language that can replace this word that is caused by the necessity to protect international words, as well as stylistic peculiarities of certain words or indifference to native language. Whatever the causes are, borrowings enter the main lexicon of the language, thus acquiring the status of the full-fledged word of that language.

Some ultra-nationalists portray the use of foreign words as a national tragedy by stating that native speakers who consequently fail to use them in the speech do not conceive the great majority of borrowings.

It should not be forgotten that a word is combination of letters between two spaces, or combination of sounds between two pauses, as well as a conditional name given to the unit of reality (Akerov, 2015:96). Ancient philosophers Heraclitus, Democritus, Aristotle, Plato and others, who were considered as representatives of Greek linguistics, also noted that the name given to the subject sometimes corresponded to its essence, whereas sometimes being completely random and conditional. Therefore, the presence of borrowings in any language should not be deciphered as a national tragedy, on the contrary they should be perceived as conditional names failing to reflect true nature of the units of reality.

Eponyms- significant majority of new words are derived from proper names. This can be seen in the following examples: saxophone named after the Belgian musical instrument inventor Adolf Sax, silhouette formed in the reference to the French Minister of Finance Etienne de Silhouette, Kafkaesque referring to confusing, extremely unpleasant situations dominating in Franz Kafka's novels, Wellington inspired from the name of the British general and statesman and referring to long rubber boots. One of the impressive examples of the eponyms is a word- sandwich. “Sandwich is from the fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-92), said to have spent twenty-four hours at the gaming table with no other refreshment than slices of meat between slices of bread” (Algeo, 2010:243).

Similarly, many eponyms are created based on literature. “Benedick, the name of Shakespeare's bachelor par excellence who finally succumbed to the charms of Beatrice, has undergone only very slight modification in benedict (newly married man)”(Algeo, 2010:244). Likewise, Don Juan (George Byron); quixotic (Cervantes) meaning unrealistic; pollyanna (Eleanor Hodgman Porter) used to describe extremely optimistic people; frankenstein (Mary Shelley) used in the meaning of a monster destroying its creator; man Friday (Daniel Defoe) used for loyal assistants are remarkable examples of eponyms named after literary characters.

Not only had the literature furnished the language, but also mythology served as an undeniable inspiration for some English eponyms. Typically, odyssey used for exciting journeys, herculean used for requiring great effort, nemesis used for unavoidable punishment have mythological background.

Moreover, eponyms based on place names also made obvious contribution to the enrichment of English. They can be exemplified by oxford (leather shoef, denim (blue clothf, panama (hat), bourbon (American whisky), cheddar (cow's milk cheese), babel (confusing sound made by many people talking at the same time).

Emergence of acronyms, that is, the words created by combining initial letters of certain words is considered to be one of the fast-growing methods of word formation. While some of them like NATO standing for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, UNICEF standing for United Nation's Children's Emergency Fund, PIN (Personal Identity Number) are pronounced as one word, in certain acronyms such as WHO (World Health Organization), GMO (genetically Modified Organisms), ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) capital letters are pronounce separately.

Usage of acronyms in English has ancient historical roots. One of the most successful and widely used acronym of English is the word OK, which is used in the sense of agreement, consent. On no account can we mention the popularity of the above-mentioned acronym, without citing Allen Metcalf, the author of a 210-page book about this word: “It is said to be the most frequently spoken (or typed) word on the planet, bigger even than an infant's first word ma or the ubiquitous Coke. And it was the first word spoken on the Moon” (Metcalf, 2011:1). Accordingly, the intensity of this word, which is incredibly frequently used in our daily life, both in written and oral form, especially when communicating in social media, is a key indicator that we are not left behind this global trend.

In our modern era with the rapid popularity of social networks and online communication, a new form of acronyms, known as texting or internet acronyms, has emerged. Admittedly, the main reasons leading to creation and spread of them are acceleration of interaction and necessity to save our time and energy. Among the most successful examples of famous internet acronyms are: BTW used instead of by the way, TBC used for to be continued, TBT used for throwback Thursday, BFF shortening of best friend forever, ASAP used for as soon as possible, DIY used for do it yourself, MYOB for mind your own business.

Combining two or more independent words to form one word, known as compound word is also significant part of word formation. Compounds are written in three ways - together, separately or through hyphen: dishwasher, toothbrush, internet cafй, pop- under, pop-up.

Another method used for combining words is termed- blending. As a rule, the beginning of the first and the ending of the second words are combined to form a new word mainly carrying the feature of both words. Smog is a blend of smoke and fog, brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch, Eurovision is a blend of European and television, netiquette is a blend of network and etiquette, chocoholic is a blend of chocolate and alcoholic. Shortening of longer words to form a new word, known as clipping account for significant number of newly formed English words. Fax (facsimile), Zoo (zoological garden), ad (advertisement), bio (biography), auto (automobile) are among them.

Having mentioned the methods of forming new words within our study, we will proceed by analyzing psychological processes needed for their realization and providing their linguopsychological representation.

As is known, data on units of reality, the name and essence of which is perceived are stored in our main memory as a complete intelligence code consisting of 4 elements, namely (Erj + Oij + Er2 + Oi2 = Cf ). As is proved by Mayil Askerov any modifications occurring in one of this 4 elements, result in the changes either in the form of a word, or its meaning, or both of them simultaneously.

Provided that the element of reality of the first row (Erj) is altered, a new word being homonym of the previous one is created. To clarify, Erj of the word denoting the surname of the British general and statesman Arthur Wellington was transferred. In other words, this word has already begun to express a completely new meaning in parallel with its previous meaning since alongside with indicating personal name, now it stands for long rubber boots. Consequently, the word wellington is homonymous.

In the case second row reality element (Er2)) of the word is changed, a newly formed word is considered the synonym of the former word. This suggests that acronyms being analyzed in the article can conditionally be referred to this group of words although they are not pure synonyms of the previous words on the base of which they are created. As is accepted, synonym is a lexical unit that have the same meaning with another lexical unit. As for acronyms, in the initial phase they are created as abbreviations, which afterwards are used as independent words not only in their source language, but also in a number of foreign languages gaining the status of international words. Nowadays the words like NATO, UNICEF, and ATM are used in a range of foreign languages although the speakers are unaware of the sources of those words and accepts them as foreign words. It is for this reason that we consider it acceptable to include acronyms in the list of conditional synonyms.

Serving to meet the demands of occasional speech, lexical units such as BTW (by the way), TBC (to be continued), TBT (throwback Thursday) with great difficulty although, can be accepted as logical synonyms of the initial words they are derived from.

Lexical units termed as blendings in English are the words formed by changing second row element of reality (Er2). Thus, the words like smog, Eurovision, chocoholic in spite of being formed as combinations of smoke and fog, European and television, chocolate and alcoholic, correspondingly, are now perceived as independent lexical units of English.

Moreover, lexical units formed as a result of shortening the words to their monosyllabic levels, referred as clippings, also are formed by modifying second row element of reality (Er2). Fax (facsimile), Zoo (zoological garden), ad (advertisement) are vivid examples.

j. Updating Gej of the Cf consisting of 4 elements and formed by perceiving both the essence and the name of the unit of reality means that a new homonym of previously existing word has been created.