Categories and concepts of linguistics boundary to philosophy and logic

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Categories and concepts of linguistics boundary to philosophy and logic

Hamzayeva L.A.

Institute of Linguistics named after Nasimi of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan

Categories and concepts of linguistics boundary to philosophy and logic

It is known that at all stages of the development of linguistics, to the connection of this science with philosophy has been spoken a little. The nature of human cognition and its relation to reality have been in the focus ofphilosophy at various stages of development of this science. In the works of the ancient Greek philosophers, in addition to purely philosophical teachings, various sciences: linguistics, literary criticism, logic, history, psychology, pedagogy, physiology, etc, and theoretical information is also found. As a clear example of the close connection between these two sciences, we can show that logical categories are expressed in language as grammatical categories. Category is a Greek word that literally means "judgement". Category is a very broad concept that reflects the most common and most important features, signs, connections and relationships of events and objects of reality. The concept of category was first interpreted by Aristotle. Explaining the category as an incarnation and the highest generalization of objective reality, he groups it as follows: essence, quantity, quality, attitude, space, time, situation, state, action, and suffering. A new stage in the analysis of categories has begun on the basis to I. Kant's considerations. Kant explained categories as a priori forms of consciousness, and expressed that we expressed them using the means available in our language, given by God. Kant distinguished the following categories: quality (reality, denial, and limitation), quantity (loneliness, totality, integrity), attitude (essence and feature, cause and action, interaction), modality (possibility, impossibility, reality, unreality), necessity and coincidence). Hegel, on the other hand, considered categories to be absolute derivatives of the idea, interrelated and transient, and defined them as follows: existence (quality, quantity, and dimension), essence (basis, event, reality-subtension, cause, and interaction), and concept (subject, absolute idea, and object).

Key words: boundary terms, category, time, negation, abstraction.

Гамзаєва Л.А. КАТЕГОРІЇ ТА ПОНЯТТЯ ЛІНГВІСТИКИ, ПРИМЕЖНІ ФІЛОСОФІЇ ТА ЛОГІКИ

Відомо, що на всіх етапахрозвитку мовознавства питання зв'язку цієїнауки з філософієюрозроблялися мало. Природа людського пізнання та її ставлення до дійсності перебували у центрі уваги філософії різних етапах розвитку цієї науки. У працях давньогрецьких філософів, крім суто філософських навчань, зустрічаються і відомості, що стосуються різних наук: мовознавства, літературознавства, логіки, історії, психології, педагогіки, фізіології та ін., зокрема теоретичні відомості. Як наочний приклад тісного зв'язку між цими двома науками можна показати, що логічні категорії виражаються у мові як граматичні категорії. Категорія - це грецьке слово, яке буквально означає "судження". Категорія - дуже широке поняття, що відображає найбільш загальні та важливі ознаки, характеристики, зв'язки та відносини явищ та об'єктів дійсності. Вперше поняття категорії було розглянуто Арістотелем. Пояснюючи категорію як втілення та вище узагальнення об'єктивної дійсності, він характеризує її так: сутність, кількість, якість, ставлення, простір, час, ситуація, стан, дію, страждання. На основі висновків І. Канта розпочався новий етап у аналізі категорій. Кант пояснював категорії як апріорні форми свідомості та говорив, що ми висловлюємо їх за допомогою наявних у нашій мові засобів, наданих Богом. Кант виділяв такі категорії: якість (реальність, заперечення та обмеження), кількість (самотність, тотальність, цілісність), відношення (сутність та ознака, причина та дія, взаємодія), модальність (можливість, неможливість, реальність, нереальність, необхідність та збіг). Гегель, навпаки, вважав категорії абсолютними похідними від ідеї, взаємопов'язаними і минущими, і визначав їх таким чином: існування (якість, кількість та розмірність), сутність (основа, подія, дійсність-субтензія, причина, сутність, взаємодія) та поняття (суб'єкт), абсолютна ідея, об'єкт).

Ключові слова: граничні терміни, категорія, час, заперечення, абстракція. category quality quantity

Introduction to the problem. Each science has its own system of categories. At present, the main categories of the science of logic are: thinking, judgement, mental conclusion, understanding, definition, syllogism, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, hypothesis, etc. In mathematics, such categories include vectors, hyperbolas, logarithms, functions, and so on. includes. The concept of grammatical category itself is used in linguistics in two senses: In the first sense, a grammatical category is a system of grammatical forms with the same meaning facing each other. In this case, it is important to have several relevant meanings in one language. For example, the presence of 2 cases in English and 2 cases in French allows us to say that there is a grammatical category. In the second sense, it is a group of things, events, concepts, in other words, the classification of words according to classes, parts of speech. This definition of grammatical categories is broader, and most linguists tend to use the term "word classes" in this sense. The grouping of word forms by grammatical categories and parts of speech is one of the main methods of organizing the language system. A grammatical category is considered a linguistic fact only when it is expressed by a grammatical means, that is, when there is a form of material expression. For example, in Romance and German, there is a category of certainty and uncertainty, and it is materially defined by articles. In Russian, however, there is no such category, and the words of any part of speech, or more precisely, pronouns and adjectives, are used to express certainty or uncertainty.

Linguistics connects with the philosophical sciences most of all. Philosophy is the basis for the development of linguistics: the essence of language, the role of language, the development of language, the origin of language, the relationship between form and content in language, and others shows the principal solving methods of such problems. As the human mind is manifested through language, no philosophical system can ignore the process by which thought, in other words, man's perception of the objective reality that surrounds in language. Language performs functions such as regulation, generalization, differentiation and evaluation. No matter how rich, original and unique any language is, it is always secondary in the attitude to objective reality, because the lexicon of any language reflects the life experience of those who speak in that language. Words in the vocabulary of a language express both certain concepts and specific objects. In several words in the language, sometimes a concept, thing, event, sign is expressed or vice versa, different concepts in the same word. For example, when we say a house, we mean a building built for living, as well as children and a family. In English, the words house and home both mean "home".

"Every science has a union of primary, basic concepts (categories) ... Most of the categories reflect the different aspects and properties of objects and processes: quality, contrast, content, form, etc. In this case, the categories can determine and reflects the true state of things. The transition from one category to another occurs in all fields of knowledge" [9, p. 33]. There are general categories and terms that combine linguistics and philosophy, including time and space, singular and plural, general and specific, cause and effect, affirmation and denial, quantity, contradiction and so on. In philosophy, space is the size, interconnectedness, coexistence of material structures, and time is the length and pace of successive changes.

General scientific categories. it is necessary to note that there are some categories which are found not in one science, but in a number of sciences. One of the boundary categories is the tense category. In parallel with it, the category of tense is particular interest, both philosophically and linguistically.

In common the scholars have characterized the concept of tense as a philosophical concept. The categories which defined by Aristotle can always be the main and the central. Achievements in the study of philosophical issues related to linguistics have inevitably increased the urgency of the problem. The concept of tense is a complex and broad concept. Time, which is inseparable from it, is a form of existence of events, a general form of sequential change of events, in contrast to space. In other words, it is one of the basic forms of existence, which is expressed as the regular succession of a number of objects and events of matter from one object to another [7, p. 3]. In Physics, Aristotle confirmed that time itself was not motion, but did not exist and change without motion it clarifies that "time is a calculated number, not a means for us to take it into account" [7, p. 3].

Kant expresses his point of view by rejecting "every requirement of absolute reality" of tense, as follows:

a) Tense is not something that exists by itself or is inherent in things as an objective determinant.

b) The form of inner feelings over time or rather, is nothing more than the creation of ourselves and our inner state.

c) Time is generally an a priori formal condition of all events [7, p. 3].

The category of tense reflects the general aspects and connections of reality like the philosophical category. Tense is objective and one dimensional. Any object, thing or event moves from the present to the future in objective time and cannot return from the future to the past in any way.

The grammatical meanings in which words and sentences are expressed through grammatical forms in each individual language constitute the grammatical categories of that language. Some of the logical categories express themselves in language as a general grammatical category, while others as a special grammatical category.

Grammatical categories are closely related to the internal laws of development that exist in language, to real truths.

Thus, each grammatical category is a historical category that appears at a certain stage in the development of thinking and language. All existing events and processes take place within a certain real time in objective reality. Tense finds its expression in language. In other words, grammatical time is the expression in language of the manifestation of time in the objective world in the human mind. It should be noted that the tense category is directly related to the verb. "In verbs, the category of tense determines the time between two tasks. That is, it determines the time between the time when the work done, done, and to be done is reported" [5, p. 68]. Grammatical tense is a system of opposing forms that arises in relation to the moment of the action. The more abstract tense is in philosophy, the more concrete it is in grammar. Although each language has a different number of tense forms, the result does not change, time is specific for these languages. That is, while tense as a logical category is the same for all peoples, the grammatical tense category, which acts as a form of its manifestation in language, is different in one language or another. Sometimes there are cases of increase and decrease of grammatical tense forms. Professor A. Akhundov writes: "Tense is one-dimensional". This means that the category of objective tense and its logical tense, which is reflected in the human brain, covers three periods: past, present and future.

On the other side grammatical tense is a linguistic expression of the reflection of tense in the human brain, which exists independently of us. However, unlike the category of logical tense, it takes different forms in different languages [1, p. 82].

If we look at different languages, we see that objective tense is expressed in different forms. For example, grammatical tenses cover 5 tenses in Azerbaijani, 3 tenses in Russian, and 16 tenses in English.

Grammatical tense indicates the ratio of work and action to spoken time. It indicates whether the actual work or action, was performed at a specific time.

If philosophical tense exists independently of consciousness, grammatical tense is related to consciousness and its level of development. That is why the category of logical tense is expressed in different forms according to the different ways of thinking and thinking of different peoples.

The stylistic possibilities of grammatical tense are wide. Sometimes it can be expressed in a different stylistic form of time. In other words, the connection of the category of time in language with objective, physical time is sometimes negligible. For example, we can express an action of the present time as "I'm gone". As can be seen, the present tense is derived from the past tense form. It is also possible to use a grammatical action in the present tense: I am going to Turkey next week. In this case, the present tense can be used instead of the future tense, as the future is considered definite and uncertain.

The concepts of tense and space have different forms of expression in different languages. In the Azerbaijani language, tense is explained in 3 forms, with 6 suffixes: past (transport: -mish4, ib4; witness: -di4), present (-ir4) and future (definite: -acaq2; indefinite: -ar2). Each tense has its own grammatical features. The present has more opportunities to express the present than the past and the future. Thus, the suffixes denoting the tense form sometimes denote the past, sometimes the present, sometimes the future, and sometimes the general tense. For comparison, consider the following sentences:

I have known this since last year.

I'm eating now.

I'm going to the village tomorrow.

I live.

While we can express the first sentence in the form "I knew it last year", we can convey the same meaning to the listener by using the verb in the present tense. The same situation manifests itself in the third sentence. Giving a verb that needs to be developed in the future with the present tense suffix does not detract from the meaning. The verb, which is the means of expression in the message of sentence 4, refers to an action that has taken place in the past, is taking place now, and will continue in the future.

Along with the tense category of the verb, the tense verb conjunctions (-anda, -ar - -maz, -diqda, -diqca, -mami§, -kanda suffixes) time elements also serve to express the concept of time.

To express the concept of space, words and phrases formed with the suffixes of the spatial cases of the noun category (-a2, -da2, -dan2), place envelopes are used.

In addition to the unique, specific features of things, they have common features that unite them with other things. In this case, the first sign is considered special, and the second is considered general. In general, it also means the same thing and events. "In the process of comparing one thing with another, similarities and differences between them are revealed. The similarities are considered general and the differences are considered specific. So, alone always plays a special role, distinguishing an object and its manifestation from others in which it is compared " [5, p. 49].

In linguistics, too, "general and special" refers to the lexical categories of nouns. Names denoting the names of homogeneous objects are general, nouns denoting only the names of homogeneous objects belonging to them are called special nouns (anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms, hydronyms, zoonyms, phytonyms, cosmonyms, ctematonyms). For example, an apple is a round or elongated fruit of different varieties and colors. Regardless of color and shape, this is the common name for fruits of this variety. However, in order to distinguish the varieties of apples that differ in color, taste and shape, they are called Fakhima, Sari Belfler, Papirovka, Gizilahmadi, Cirhaci, Landsberg and others are given names such as.

There are qualitative and quantitative categories which exist among the categories in both philosophy and linguistics. Both qualitative and quantitative categories of cognition, as well as linguistic categories, have been studied by philosophers and linguists in various ways. These categories are interpreted as philosophical categories by Aristotle in Categories and Topics. Aristotle explained 4 possible context: the presence or absence of innate, initial abilities and characteristics; the presence of variable or fixed properties; features and conditions inherent in the process of existence of the object and event; the appearance of an object or event. Aristotle referred to "plurality" and "quantity" as more important than quantity. Quality defines in the dictionary of logic as follows: "Quality is the sum of the characteristics of an object. A change in quality causes a radical change in that product" [6, p. 242].

Quality is an important indicator of an item, a determinant of its organic properties and characters. These signs and characteristics determine that an object, event, or process itself no one else, and distinguish it from other objects and events. Everything in nature and society is in constant motion and development, and something is always created and destroyed.

However, this does not mean that things and events do not have a definite content, that is, they are unstable. It is the quality indicators that make them stable. The concept of quality has important theoretical significance. Scientific cognition must first determine the qualitative determinants of the events studied, in other words, the features that distinguish them from other events. Without this, it is impossible to reveal the laws of development of the object.

Quantitative category reflects the quantity of the item, the side that characterizes the level of development. "A certain thing, which can be divided into two or more components, each of which is one in nature, is called a quantity [2, p. 164].

One of the most abstract categories is quantity. It is one of the decisive steps in understanding the world, being in direct contact with the objective world. If we talk about the quantity of goods, we must not forget that quality also exists. In fact, it can be said that in the thinking of primitive man, these concepts were intertwined and inseparable. In other words, primitive people expressed their thoughts in a way that they could see with their eyes and hear with their ears clearly. There has been a gradual transition from quality to quantity. To explain our point in a concrete way, we can give an example of the degree categories of the face. Thus, the quantity and quality of a face, as well as its quantity, can only be measured quantitatively. Through this example, we also see that the concept of quality is applied in a field of linguistics. It is also a concept often encountered by linguists in phonetics. Thus, quality is a characteristic timbre for vowels and a denominator for consonants. In this branch of linguistics, we also come across the concept of quantity. In this case, the relative length and strength of the sound, the difference between the degrees of sound length, form the quantity of sound. Speaking of the category of quantity, it should be noted that this category, as a logical category, is also related to the science of mathematics. In mathematics, everything that can be measured and calculated is explained quantitatively. In general, the category of quantity is specific to all world languages and is expressed differently in these languages with the help of lexical and grammatical means. It should be noted that in some languages the expression of the quantitative category in numbers is not very well developed and remains in the top ten, while in other languages the number system is quite developed and perfectly expressed.

However, despite this difference, it is possible to conclude that quantity and quality, being the most general and important categories of human thought, have strongly influenced the language system.

One of the common categories of the two sciences is denial. The term denial was first coined by Hegel in philosophy. According to Hegel, the development of an idea is the basis of denial. Denial is based on the relationship between the old and the new - the relationship of inheritance. The old does not disappear, is not thrown away and does not disappear, it is simply removed by the new. Fresh contrast with the old.

In language, denial is opposed to affirmation. Denial is understood as rejecting, or denying any idea put forward. Various words and forms are used to express denial. Examples of these are the suffixes -ma / -mo in verbs (to go - not to go), the word not developed in all parts of speech and meaning denial.

An abstract word of Arabic origin, it refers to concepts that are intangible, have nothing to do with a concrete being, are imaginary, are perceived only by reason and logic, and have no outward sign or form. Sometimes this concept is expressed in both language and philosophy by an abstract term of Latin origin. Abstract manifests itself as one of the lexical categories of nouns, both philosophically and linguistically. Abstract nouns refer to imaginary beings that are invisible to the naked eye and cannot be grasped or touched. For example: history, joy, sorrow, mercy, oppression, beauty, goodness, evil, honesty, etc.

Examples of common terms in linguistics and philosophy include axiom, analysis, analogy, concept, argument, category, conclusion, hypothesis, deduction, definition, and probability. Formal logic is a science that studies forms of thought in relation to their structure. Dialectical logic, on the other hand, is a form of logical thinking that seeks to move forward from one concept to another by overcoming contradictions and contradictions. Both logics are closely related to scientific linguistics. Language and thought are in a dialectical unity: human thought is penetrated only through language, and conversely, thought finds its existence in language. Therefore, although the object of study of both linguistics and logic is language, each approaches it from a different point of view; logic deals with the form and structure of thought and seeks to reveal the laws of thought through language. Linguistics, on the other hand, studies the regularities of thought that affect only the structure of language. Units of language correspond to units of thought, words to concepts, and sentences to sentences.

Linguistics cannot determine the meaning of words and sentences without referring to logical categories - concepts and judgments. Logic, on the other hand, cannot study the structure of concepts or judgments without studying words and sentences. The facts of language are infinitely different, the number of languages in the world is about 6,000, and the laws of thought are the same for all mankind.

Clearly, the scope of a word and its meaning is not the same as that of a concept. To illustrate the point, let us consider a few examples. For example, a word can have several meanings:

root - rhizome, the part of plants remaining underground; root, type of fruit plant - carrot; nail, hair, part of the tooth inside the body; nobility; a new quantity obtained by raising it to a certain degree - the square root; the main, invariant part of the word; sewing type; fatter, fleshy-live.

A concept can be expressed in several words: big, large, large; linguist, linguist; to sit, to sit down; to say, speak, say, and so on.

Issues such as the monosemos and polysemos of the word, homonymy, metaphor, narrowing, expansion, transfer of meaning are the object of study of both linguistics and logic.

In logic, movable and immovable words correspond to words formed lexically and semantically in linguistics. Lexical word formation does not change the appearance and meaning of the word, it is simply used for another purpose. Such word formation takes place through the transition of dialects and dialects, speech from other languages, appellation units to onomastic units and vice versa. For example, words such as taraca (fruit-plate), qamshar (opposite, front of,), qalbi (upright, high), doqqaz (door, gate) have been used in different dialects, but their meaning has not changed.

Judgment, oppression, scholar, poetry, school from the Arabic language; fidelity, sweet, sugar, spring, fairy, young, passing through Persian; Words such as club, aria, team, tie, symphony, elevator, cinema, hair dryer, which pass through the Russian language, are used in the same sense in our language. Terms such as refrigerator, vacuum cleaner, computer, copier are used with literal translation by the kalka method. Diamond crystal is a transparent, precious stone. In the onomastic system of the Azerbaijani language, this word is used both as an anthroponym (person's name) and as a ktematonym ("Almaz" store). Or Champagne is the name of a province in France. For the first time, the type of alcohol obtained as a result of repeated fermentation of wine is called "Champagne" because it is made here. Here a new word was created with the transition of the onomastic unit to the appellate unit. Such groups of words are included in the category of words carried in the science of logic.

In semantic word-formation, new words are formed due to the expansion, narrowing, transfer, concretization, homonymy, ambiguity, and metaphor of meaning. Such semantic changes in words are studied in the category of immovable words in logic.

Words in the language are divided into 3 types, simple, derivative and complex. Simple words are derived from one root (grass, name, bow, work), derivative words are derived from a root and one or more lexical suffixes (here several derivative meanings arise from the original meaning: fat, title, work, seafaring, unfair), and complex words are two. And more are words formed from a combination of lexical words (words move away from their original meanings and combine into a compound word to acquire a new meaning: biceps, washcloth, and cover, sunflower). Logic takes two forms of the word: simple and complex. Simple words, in turn, are divided into 3 groups:

1. Not part of the meaning indicated. For example: sadness, joy, sweetness. The meaning of all three words is not divided into parts; they are felt only through the organs of thought, perception and emotion.

2. It is part of the meaning it signifies, but part of the word does not indicate part of the meaning it signifies. For example: human, computer. In fact, both words are divided into phonemes according to their phonetic structure: i-n-s-a-n, k-o-m-p-u-t-e-r. If we pay attention to the meanings of words, the meanings also consist of parts. For example, a person is made up of parts such as hands, arms, head, feet, and torso. As well as computer monitors, processors, mice, keyboards, power supplies, RAM, optical devices, etc. consists of parts. However, parts of speech have nothing to do with parts of meaning.

3. Words that indicate part of the meaning of the part. For example: cousin, niece. Words consist of two parts. At the same time, the meanings of both words are divided into two parts: uncle + son, aunt + daughter.

Conclusions

Compound words are logically divided into two types: complete (expressing a finished idea) and incomplete (not expressing a finished idea).

Incomplete compound words correspond to some kind of language combinations: big Green Island, genius writer Mammad Said Ordubadi, Honored Artist Natig Nadir oglu Farajullazade.

Full complex words match the sentences. There are two types of complete (full) sentences: news and non-news. The message is matched by the complex words of the sentence, which are taken as a judgment in logic. Completely uninformed words correspond to command and question sentences.

There are common terms like linguistics which studies the concept, word, simple word, compound word, meaning, metaphor, contrast, harmony, and so on. As the process of integration of sciences continues today, we will encounter more such common, borderline concepts.

Bibliography

1. Axundov A.A. Umumi dilgilik. Baki : Maarif, 1979. 254 s.

2. Аристотель, Категории. / Аристотель. М. : Соцэкгиз, 1939. 87 с.

3. Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. Изд. стереотип. / О.С. Ахманова. М. : Книжный дом "ЛИБРОКОМ", 2016. 576 с.

4. Булатов, М.А. Логические категории и понятия / М.А. Булатов. Киев: Наукова думка, 1981.123с.

5. Гузев В.Г. Очерки по теории тюркского словоизменения: глагол. Л. : 1990. 165 с

6. Кондаков, Н.И. Логический словарь справочник. 2е изд., испр. и доп. / Н.И. Кондаков. М. : Наука, 1975. 720 с.

7. Потаенко Н.А. Время в языке. ПГЛУ, Пятигорск: 1998. 238 с.

8. Rocobov Э.Э. Dil, §uur, comiyyot, tarix. Baki : Azorbaycan Dovlot No§riyyati, 1993. 157 s.

9. Rustomov Y. Folsofonin osaslari (muhaziro kursu) Baki : "NURLAR" No§riyyat-Poliqrafiya Morkozi, 2007. 504 s.

10. Sadiqova S. Azorbaycan dilinin terminologiyasi. Baki : "Elm", 2011. 378 s.

Размещено на Allbest.ru