Peripherical means of translation adaptation of modality in Ukrainian translations of english-based international legal texts

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Peripherical means of translation adaptation of modality in Ukrainian translations of english-based international legal texts

Периферійні засоби перекладацької адаптації модальності в українських перекладах англійськомовних міжнародно-правових текстів

Yu.R. Markova, PhD student, Faculty of Translation Studies,

Ю.Р. Маркова, аспірантка кафедри англійської філології і перекладу імені професора І.В. Корунця

Київський національний лінгвістичний університет, м. Київ, Україна Kiev National Linguistic University, Kyiv, Ukraine

Abstract

The research reached the following main results. The legal force of the international documents is primarily based on speech acts of directives and commissives differing in their illocutionary force, which conveys the deontic modality of orders / obligations, recommendations, and self-obligations. The adaptive tactics of mitigation are used in soft law target texts to implement the strategy of de-intensification of primarily directive and commissive illocutionary forces and their associating deontic modality. Adaptive tactics are implemented by peripheral adaptive techniques. The most common techniques include the transformations of adding the noun-mitigator "можливість" (possibility) as well as transformations of adding the hedges that are represented either in one-word or by expanded structure and transformations of adding semantically redundant phrases. The less frequent adaptive techniques, identified by the paper include the transformation of lexical-semantic generalization - with replacing the key verb-predicate to denote the actions to be performed by the parties, with a verb, characterized by semantic loss of the seme "obligation". Other adaptive techniques involve the marked theme, which distracts from the agent of action by placing the adverbial structure at the beginning of phrase as well as the syntactical transformations of transposition in combination with modulation.

Keywords: translation adaptation of modality, international legal discourse, peripheral adaptive techniques, mitigation tactics.

Анотація

Головні результати дослідження. Юридична сила міжнародних документів головним чином базується на мовленнєвих актах директивів та комісивів, які відрізняються своєю іллокутивною силою і виражають деонтичну модальність наказів /зобов'язань, рекомендацій та самозобов'язань. У перекладних цільових текстах м'якого права використовується адаптивна тактика мітігації задля реалізації стратегії деінтенсифікації ілокутивної сили деонтичної модальності директивів та комісивів. Адаптивні тактики впроваджуються за допомогою периферійних адаптивних технік. Серед технік, які найчастіше використовуються, виокремлені трансформація додавання іменника- мітігатора "можливість" (possibility), трансформація додавання хеджів, як однослівних, так і структурно складних, а також трансформація додавання семантично надлишкової фрази. Найменш поширеною адаптивною технікою, виявленою у нашій роботі, є трансформація лексико- семантичної генералізації, а саме заміна головного дієслова - присудку на позначення дій, що мають виконуватися сторонами, на дієслово, яке позбавлене семи «зобов'язання». Інші адаптивні техніки включають марковану тему, у якій дієприслівниковий зворот локалізується на початку фрази, у такий спосіб відволікаючи від агента-виконавця дії, а також синтаксичні трансформації транспозиції у поєднанні з модуляцією.

Ключові слова: перекладацька адаптація модальності, міжнародно-правовий дискурс, периферійні адаптивні техніки, тактика мітігації.

Introduction

The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the focus of modern research in various fields of linguistic knowledge on establishing the influence of discursive factors on translation processes. Recently, translation studies have used an activity or discursive approach to the translation process, in contrast to the substitutive-transformational one, which is a system of searching for appropriate replacements and transformations.

The importance of translation studies of soft law discourse, including the texts of international declarations, is determined by the specifics of their constitutive genre- creating features, which reproduce the complexity of the negotiation process on issues that require reconciliation of interests without imperative imposition of international conduct. As a result, the linguistic and pragmatic features of soft law iconically reproduce the pain points of harmonizing the text of a document, reaching consensus, and veiling controversy while taking into account the national interests of the Member States.

Approaches to institutional translation have become increasingly prominent and fruitful within Legal Translation Studies [19, p. 256]. At the international level, the significance of translation of legal instruments increases with the expansion of supranational and multilateral institutions. In this connection, the role of institutional translation services "in making international and supranational law accessible and reliable in multiple languages entails significant responsibilities and challenges, as well as a potential impact on national legal provisions and discourses" [20, p. 176].

One of the urgent problems of the present translation studies are features of rendering in translations of different types of deontic modality, which is a constitutive category of legal and international legal discourses. Accordingly, the specifics of translation and the applied translation tools can affect the legal force of the documents.

With that in mind, purpose of this article is to highlight the specifics of rendering in Ukrainian translations the peripheral means of deontic modality effecting the latter de-intensification.

The purpose is realized in a number of research tasks, including:

(1) to substantiate the peripheral means of adaptation of deontic modality into Ukrainian translations;

(2) to identify transformations involved in the translation of peripheral means of adaptation of deontic modality in target texts;

(3) to argue such transformations as the adaptive method of implementing the adaptive strategy of de-intensification of obligative modality.

Analysis of recent researches and publications

The theoretical basis of the article includes scientific studies that highlight the problem of deontic modality, inherent to legal discourse, the difficulties of legal and international-legal translation as well as the issues of translation adaptation, including one of the most controversial questions of pragmatic adaptation.

The paper is based on the legal translation studies, which “deals with the high variability of legal communicative conditions and conventions according to the legal orders, settings, branches, genres, and themes involved in translation. This multi-faceted legal dimension explains the marked interdisciplinarity of LTS, as it straddles TS, Law and Legal Linguistics” [20, p. 175; 21-23; 27].

Within the scope of the legal translation studies of paramount importance for our article are the investigations focused on the categorization of all international legal texts into genres based on criteria of their principal legal functions: law- and policymaking, monitoring, and adjudication [19; 10; 17]. Declarations that are under consideration in this paper belong to policy-making genres subdivided into soft law and other policy formulations [19, p. 257].

Despite their optional nature, the quasilegal documents of soft international law are important value guidelines for the

development of international cooperation in its most important aspects: environmental, economic, human rights, animal rights, space exploration, the sharing of related water resources, and so on.

The problem of modality [6;12; 18] including the legal texts is understudied in both linguistic and translation research. Some studies consider the deontic modality of the laws of domestic legal systems [7; 11], including in translation facet [25]. Under the deontic modality, researchers understand different modes of obligation, which correlate with illocutionary force of either explicit or implicit directives and encompass compulsives, commands, demands, permissions, prohibitions, requests, wishes, warnings, recommendations, etc. [18; 13].

At the same time, the problem of the modality adaptation in translations of international legal texts the problem was touched upon in the only study that proposed the original hypothesis of illocutionary pragmatic adaptation when translating English texts into Ukrainian. It is important to note that such a hypothesis, substantiated in an authoritative English-language journal, was put forward by Ukrainian scientists [13].

The notion of pragmatic adaptation was first defined by Canadian linguists J.-P. Vini and

J. Darbelne [28] as a modification of the source text in order to adapt it “to the needs of the audience of target language” [12, p. 34]. Among the techniques of local pragmatic adaptation, scientists identify the changes in illocutionary force of particular speech acts [13]. This paper conceptualizes such changes as the adaptive strategies of intensification or deintensification of deontic modality in the target text compared to the source text.

An important theoretical premise of this article also involves the studies, focused on modality- illocutionary force correlations, including in international legal discourses which has been addressed to some extent in a few papers [4; 5; 15; 16; 25], as well as the observation of individual scholars on the variation of the "strength” of modality. Some contributions in this aspect belong to F. Palmer [7, p. 57-58] and M. Halliday, who expressed the idea of a scaled paradigm of modal meanings in the framework of functional grammar [18, p. 148].

Our paper distinguishes between nuclear and peripheral means of adapting deontic modality in soft law documents. In their highlighting, the article has been based on the criteria of the importance of such tools to change, intensify or weaken the illocutionary force. The maximum illocutionary load, in this connection, falls on the markers of illocutionary force or performative verbs, which are located in the performative /

illocutionary part of the speech act. Accordingly, the translation transformations of such components should be allocated to the group of nuclear means of pragmatic adaptation of modality in the translated texts. However, nuclear modality adaptation devices have recently been the focus of a study on the modality adaptation of international legal discourse [13].

Given that the intensification or deintensification of modality may also be partially influenced by translation transformations in the propositional part of speech acts, the article hypothesizes the existence of, in addition to nuclear, peripheral means of adapting modality. Such transformations, however, do not affect the change of the type of act and the

corresponding type of modality and on this basis, they are referred in the work to the group of peripheral means of adaptation of modality.

Methods of research

As a research material, the article has used English-based texts of three international declarations: UN Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions, 1997 (hereinafter - UNDACBICT) [29], Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, 1992 (hereinafter - DRPBNERLM) and Declaration of Principles of Tolerance, 1995 (hereinafter - DPT) [8] as well as their translations into Ukrainian.

The article uses an integrative methodology that combines the methods of linguistic and translational analysis. In particular, the comparative translation analysis is applied as the main method - to compare peripheral methods of modality deintensification in the English-language output text and in the target text of the Ukrainian translation.

As an additional method the article has applied the method of componential analysis - to substantiate the translation transformations of lexical-semantic generalization, and the method of contextual- interpretive analysis - to determine the impact of mitigators, hedges, marked theme and other adaptive techniques on the weakening of the deontic modality in the target text compared to the original text. Besides, the paper applies some explanatory tools of speech acts theory aimed at identification of the type of speech act being adopted in Ukrainian translations [14; 24].

Results of the research and their discussion

One of the common methods of translation adaptation of deontic modality in Ukrainian-language translations of English- language soft law texts includes transformations with the addition of mitigating components - in particular, the noun «можливість».

Member States (...) commit themselves / Держави-члени (...) зобов'язуються:

4. To deny, in countries that do not already do so, the tax deductibility of bribes (par. 4, UNDACBICT) - не допускати у країнах, які ще не зробили цього, можливість відрахування з обкладених податком сум хабарів (4, ДООНБКХМКО).

7. To examine establishing illicit enrichment by public officials or elected representatives as an offence (par.7, UNDCBICT) - вивчати можливість визнання незаконного збагачення державних посадових осіб або обраних представників злочином (7, ДООНБКХМКО).

Comparing the text of the translation with the original text has shown that the translation of the commitment formulated in the propositional part of the normative statement involves the transformation of the addition of the noun-mitigator "можливість" (possibility), thus reducing the categoricalness of actions specified in the propositional part. Accordingly, the transformation of the addition of a lexeme- mitigator is viewed in the study as an adaptive technique of mitigation tactics, which, in turn, implements an adaptive strategy of de-identification of the commissive illocutionary force of the states-parties.

In addition to the mitigator «можливість», mitigation tactics is implemented by such an adaptive technique as transformation of the addition of hedge words that are not related to the semantic core of the utterance and which function is to make concepts more or less "vague". In this vein, hedging may be defined as a deliberate weakening of the illocutionary force of speech when the speaker / addressee "demonstrates" his detachment from the object in question or from the illocutionary force of his own utterance. The use of hedge markers can be both intentional and unintentional by speakers / addressees.

Consider, in this connection, another fragment of the English text and its Ukrainian translation.

No disadvantage shall result for any person belonging to a minority as the consequence of the exercise or non-exercise of the rights set forth in the present Declaration (3 (2), DRPBNERLM).

Використання або невикористання прав, викладених у цій Декларації, не производить до яких би там не було негативних наслідків для становища будь-якої особи, що належить до меншини (3 (2) ДПОНУРММ.

In the given fragment of the Ukrainian translation the paper has identified such peripheral adaptive techniques, as transformations of addition of hedges: No disadvantage (shall result for any person belonging to a minority) - (не призводить) до яких би там не було негативних наслідків для становища (будь-якої особи, що належить до меншини). Such additional lexical units contribute to the "blurring", reducing the categorical normative content of the statement. In addition, the semantic scope of the phrase "негативних наслідків" is more generalized in the target text compared to the lexeme disadvantage (harm) in the source text.

Consider other adaptive techniques based on the transformations of adding semantically redundant phrases:

States should consider appropriate measures so that persons belonging to minorities may participate fully in the economic progress and development in their country (4 (5), DRPBNERLM). - Держави розглядають питання про вжиття належних заходів для того, щоб особи, що належать до меншин, могли повною мірою брати участь у забезпеченні економічного прогресу та розвитку своєї країни (4 (5), ДПОНУРММ).

Peripheral adaptive techniques, which further mitigate the directive illocutionary force at the propositional level, are based on the transformation of the addition of the semantically redundant phrase "питання про вжиття" (without this transformation, the translation would look like this: Державам слід розглянути відповідні заходи) as well as the transformation of the addition of the verb noun "у забезпеченні". Moreover, the translation of the adverb could be done by an equivalent interlingual synonym «повноцінно» (брати участь) instead of reproducing it by adverbial phrase.

In addition to the tactics of mitigation, the peripheral means of pragmatic adaptation of the deontic modality of soft law texts include such adaptive tactics as generalization, which is usually provided by several adaptive techniques.

Tolerance at the State level requires just and impartial legislation, law enforcement and judicial and administrative process (article 2 (2.1), DPT) - На державному рівні реалізація принципу толерантності передбачає існування справедливого та неупередженого законодавства, дотримання правопорядку, судово- процесуальних та адміністративних норм (2 (2.1), ДПТ).

In particular, in the given fragment the tactics of reducing the categoricalness of requirements is realized in the Ukrainian translation by the lexical-semantic transformation of generalization - by replacing the English verb requires with the Ukrainian verb передбачає. If we compare the definition of these verbs in dictionaries, we can see that the meanings of such lexems differ in their denotative and connotative semantic components.

Thus, all lexical-semantic variants of the verb requires contains the seme of obligation: to need something, or to make something necessary; to order or demand something. At the same time, the meaning of the lexeme передбачає varies in its denotative semes, which are "to assume", "to mean" and “to plan”.

Thus, the lexical-semantic transformation carried out in the Ukrainian translation replaces the key verb-predicate to denote the actions to be performed by the parties to the document, with a verb, characterized not only by more generalized semantics, but also by semantic loss of the seme "obligation" that is associated with deontic modality of the legal text.

Since the denotative seme in the transformed word of the Ukrainian target text varies in comparison with the original text in its categoricalness and intensity of the envisaged action (towards reducing such characteristics), this lexical-semantic transformation can be considered, in our opinion, as an adaptive technique of deintensification of the commissive illocutionary force self-commitment (of the states-parties) and the corresponding weakening of deontic modality based on such illocutionary force.

In addition to the analyzed adaptive techniques, the level of deontic modality is slightly decreased due to such transformations as syntactic transformation of transposition (change of word order) in combination with modulation (tolerance is replaced by the phrase реалізація принципу толерантності, which is a certain logical and semantic development of the meaning of the source text)as well as the transformation of addition.

Due to such a set of transformations the lexeme tolerance to denote the main object of regulation loses the position of the phrasal subject, which is replaced by the verb noun реалізація: Tolerance at the State level requires - На державному рівні реалізація принципу толерантності передбачає.

It is identified that the transformation of transposition by moving the adverbial construction to the beginning of the phrase further reduces the degree of the norm categoricalness, as such the beginning becomes a marked theme (when the phrase subject denotes not an agent or even an object of action, but is replaced by a subordinate clause or adverbial phrase), which distracts from the action itself and increases the degree of declarativeness instead of obligation.

Thus, in addition to the transformation of lexical-semantic generalization, the paper has identified another adaptive technique that marks the tactics of reducing the categorical nature of obligations, namely, marked theme - syntactical transformation of changing the position of the phrase subject to denote the subject or object of action on the adverbial structure.

The function of adaptive techniques for implementing mitigation tactics can be illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1. Adaptive techniques for implementing mitigation tactics in international soft law texts

Transformation of addition of noun-mitigator "opportunity"; of a one-word and expanded hedges; of semantically redundant phrases; transformations of lexical-semantic generalization and marked theme

Conclusions and future

1. Декларація Організації Об'єднаних Націй про боротьбу з корупцією і хабарництвом у міжнародних комерційних операціях. Retrieved from: Декларація Організації Об'єднаних Націй | від 16.12.1996 (rada.gov.ua).

2. Декларація принципів толерантності. Retrieved from: Декларація принципів толерантності | all-ukrainian educational program (helsinki.org.ua)

3. Декларація про права осіб, що належать до національних або етнічних, релігійних та мовних меншин. Retrieved from: https://zakon. rada.gov. ua/laws/show/99 5_318#Text

4. Кравченко Н. Интерактивное, жанровое и концептуальное моделирование международно-правового дискурса. Монография. К.: Реферат, 2006. 320 с.

5. Юденко А.И. Перевод международно-правового текста: когнитивно прагматический и лингвистический аспекты. Вісник Київського національного лінгвістичного університету. Серія «Філологія». 2018. C. 135-143.

6. Aijmer K. Modality and Mood in Functional Linguistic Approaches. The Oxford Handbook of Mood and Modality. In Jan Nuyts and Johan van der Auwera (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. P. 495-513.

7. Christopher W. Legal English and the Modal Revolution. Modality in English: Theory and Description. Edited by Raphael Salkie, Pierre Busuttil, and Johan van der Auwera, Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 2009. P.199-210.

8. Declaration of Principles of Tolerance. Retrieved from: OHCHR | 13. Declaration of Principles on Tolerance (1995).

9. Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992. GuideMinoritiesDeclarationen.pdf (ohchr.org).

10. Gianluca P. Corpus Methods in Legal Translation Studies. Research Methods in Legal Translation and Interpreting: Crossing Methodological Boundaries. In tucja Biel, Jan Engberg, M. Rosario Martin Ruano, and Vilelmini Sosoni (eds.). Abingdon: Routledge, 2019. P.13-28.

11. Gong M. Y., Cheng W., Cheng Development of Deontic Modality in Chinese Civil Laws: A Corpus Study. Pragmatics and Society. Vol. 11, 2020. P. 337-362.

12. Halliday M. An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed.), London: Edward Arnold, 2004. 786 p.

13. Kravchenko, N., Prokopchuk, M., Pozhar, A., Rozhkov, Y., & Kozyarevych- Zozulya, L. Illocutionary Pragmatic Adaptation Challenge: Ukrainian Translations of English-language Soft Law Texts. Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 11(49), 2022. P. 267-276.

14. Kravchenko N. (2017). Illocution of direct speech acts via conventional implicature and semantic presupposition. Lege artis.Language yesterday, today, tomorrow. The Journal of University of SS Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open, Vol. II (1). P. 128-168.

15. Kravchenko N. K., Nikolska N. V. Discourse structure relationships (based on International legal "Soft Law” discourse). Міжнародний філологічний часопис. Vol. 11, 2020. P.101-107.

16. Kravchenko N., Pasternak T.,Davydova T. Institutional eco-pragmatics vs. anthropo-pragmatics: problems, challenges,

research perspectives. Cogito. Multidisciplinary research journal. Vol. XII (2), 2020. P. 24-39.

17. tucja B., Dariusz K. D. and Wasilewska, K. The Formulaicity of Translations across EU Institutional Genres: A Corpus-Driven Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Translated and Non-Translated Language. Corpus-Based Research in Legal and Institutional Translation. Translation Spaces. Vol. 8 (1), 2019. P. 67-92.

18. Palmer. F.R. Mood and Modality. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986. 243 p.

19. Ramos, F.P. and Guzman, D. Examining institutional translation through a legal lens. A comparative analysis of multilingual text production at international organizations. Legal and institutional translation: Functions, processes, competences. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies. Vol. 33 (2), 2021. P. 254-281.

20. Ramos, F.P. Legal and institutional translation: Functions, processes, competences. Introduction. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies. Vol. 33 (2), 2021. P. 175-182.

21. Ramos, P. F. Implications of Text Categorisation for Corpus-Based Legal Translation Research: The Case of

International Institutional Settings. Research Methods in Legal Translation and Interpreting: Crossing Methodological

Boundaries. In tucja Biel, Jan Engberg, M. Rosario Martin Ruano, and Vilelmini Sosoni (eds.). Abingdon: Routledge, 2020. P. 29-47.

22. Ramos, P. F. Facing Translation Errors at International Organizations: What Corrigenda Reveal about Correction Processes and their Implications for Translation Quality. Comparative Legilinguistics. Vol. 41 (1). P. 97-133, 2020a.

23. Ramos, P. F. Translation at International Organizations: The Legal and Linguistic Hierarchies of Multilingualism. The Oxford Handbook of Translation and Social Practices. Edited by Meng Ji and Sara Laviosa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020b. P. 455-477.

24. Sadock, J. Speech acts. In L. R. Horn & G. Ward (Eds.). The handbook of pragmatics. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. P. 53-73.

25. Satthachai, M., Kenny, D. Deontic modality in English-Thai legislative translation. A corpus-based study. Translation Spaces, Vol. 8 (1), 2019. P. 39 - 66.

26. Sbisa, M. Illocutionary force and degrees of strength in language use. Journal of Pragmatics. Vol. 33, 2001. P. 1791-1814.

27. Simonnжs I., Marita Kristiansen,

M. (eds.). Legal Translation: Current Issues and Challenges in Research, Methods and Applications. Berlin: Frank &

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29. UN Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions (1997). - UNDACBICT United Nations Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions

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