Present-day word-formation tendencies

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Present-day word-formation tendencies

Olena Peftieva



Present-day word-formation tendencies

Olena Peftieva

Department of Theory and Practice of Translation, Mariupol state university, Ukraine

Abstract

Background: The study focuses on the domain of word formation studies and posits that present-day word-formation tendencies differ slightly from one research to another but for all that there are no coinages of new roots in spite of the fact that there is a certain number of lacunae in a language. The topicality lies in the absence of papers devoted to the search of new roots and modern word-formation tendencies among the updates of OED.

Purpose: The research endeavours to analyse present-day tendencies in word-building and to detect the coinage of new roots among the new words and expressions, attested by the Oxford English Dictionary in March and June updates of 2019 which were not available in the previous editions.

Results: The data obtained testifies that analyzed new lexical meanings emerge with the help of semantic derivation, compounding, suffixation, borrowing, prefixation, shortening, spelling modification and conversion. Proceeding from this, it is assumed that the vocabulary of the English language continues to grow at the expense of the internal resources of the existing word stock and borrowings from other languages, but the coinage of new roots is not among the word formation types.

Discussion: The literature devoted to the current word-formation processes and neology, in particular, is diverse and numerous. In this work the neologism proper is understood as a lexical unit that combines the novelty of the written or phonetic plane of expression with the novelty of the plane of content, and which nominates certain linguistic lacuna. Borrowings are considered to be neologisms in the studied updates of OED. Few researchers mention new root coinages among which are occasionalisms, nonce-words, onomatopoeic words, but the roots which are coined `out of thin air' are not among them.

Keywords: new roots, new coinage, neologisms, word formation types, semantic derivation.



Анотація

english language linguist

У статті висвітлюються словотвірні тенденції в англійській мові на матеріалі нових слів та виразів, зафіксованих Оксфордським словником англійської мови у оновленнях за березень та червень 2019 року. Розглянуто класичні роботи лінгвістів, останні дослідження і публікації, які присвячено словотворенню та розв'язанню зазначеної проблеми. Емпіричні дані проаналізовано з точки зору їх структури та семантики. Визначено типи словотворення та їхня продуктивність.

Ключові слова: нові корені, нові словоутворення, неологізми, типи словотворення.



Introduction

Word-formation has a long scientific tradition that commenced in ancient Greece and passed in due course to Rome. Grammarians Dionysius Thrax and Terentius Varro laid the foundation in the domain of word-formation studies. Modern linguistics inherited and extended researches in word building by adding new narrower approaches among which is neology. The term neologism appeared in the English language in the eighteenth century and was borrowed from Greek language vso- (neo) `new' and Xoyo<; (logos) `word', `utterance'. The term has a set of synonyms which are `new lexis', `new lexical units', `coinages', `neonims', `novel creations' `lexical innovations', `neosemes'. The same is with the definitions, the most common one defines neologism as a relatively recent word in a language that is in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been fully accepted by the language. Neologism in this work is understood as a lexical unit that combines the novelty of the written or phonetic form with the novelty of the content, which nominates certain linguistic lacuna.

Having started two centuries ago and been in progress nowadays, the neologisms have been studied intensively in terms of numerous approaches. The number of works in linguistics devoted to various issues of neologisms and word-formation processes has increased markedly in recent decades. At the same time, there are no works dedicated to the word-formation processes and the detection of neologisms in the updates of the Oxford English Dictionary (hereinafter referred to as OED), which were issued in March and June 2019, and this is where the topicality of the given research lies.

The aim of the article is seen in bringing to light the recent word-formation processes that occurred among the new words and expressions attested by the Oxford English Dictionary in the first half of 2019. The object of the research is the new words and expressions in the OED updates and the subject is the up-to-date tendency of 2019 in word-formation domain.

Empiric data list 1390 lexical units attested by the Oxford English dictionary in the first half of 2019, namely, March and June updates. Among them are new words, new revisions, new senses, and new sub-entries. According to the OED, “usually `new' words and phrases are old words or elements put into previously unfamiliar formations and made to serve new functions. Many of the new words and phrases which are added to the OED Online are new to the OED, having been overlooked in the first edition” (OED).

To achieve the aim, the following research methods were employed: Immediate Constituents Analysis to decompose the word into morphemes; Componential Analysis to determine the semantics of the morphemes; Quantitative Analysis to clear up which type of word-formation is the most and the least productive in the given research.



1. Theoretical background

The literature devoted to the word-formation processes and neology, in particular, is diverse and numerous. Among them are the scientific papers devoted to the definition of neologism as, for instance, the work of Januseva, V. and Jurukovska, J. They analyze the conceptual formulation of neologisms in various dictionaries of the Macedonian language, other Slavic and non-Slavic languages, as well as in primary school Macedonian language textbooks, by putting special emphasis on the role of, both, time and lexicographic criteria. As a result, they come to the inference that all these definitions are too general, they lack precision, and it is difficult to determine what the term neologism should signify (Januseva et al. 2015).

As if to answer the previous work (disregarding the chronology), Maarten Janssen supposes that the two most commonly used ways of defining neologism are the lexicographic definition and the corpus-based definition, which hold that a word is a neologism if it does not occur in the dictionary, or was not previously used in reference corpora. He continues that the lexicographic definition does not properly define words to be new since words can be lacking from dictionaries for other reasons, and that the corpus-based definition does not provide the necessary control over which words appear in the reference corpus. As a result, the hybrid method, called the extended lexicographic diachronic definition, which depends both on lexicographic absence, and manual verification in reference corpora has been offered by the researcher. It seems feasible that the hybrid method will not only give a well-defined criterion for being a neologism but a criterion that seriously defines a notion of novelty. In accord with the linguist, neologisms form a highly relevant linguistic category because they are the elements that make a language living and dynamic (Janssen 2005).

According to Varvara Yeliseeva, the English vocabulary continues to be updated and replenished with new units, which appear in the language not only due to borrowing of various kinds but also at the expense of the `internal resources' of the language system (word-formation processes) and rethinking of already existing meanings (secon - dary nominations). The linguist traces the development of a new word and states that not every new word created by a speaker is anchored in the language. “Initially, this word is occasionalism, the meaning of which is rigidly connected with the context and is not perceived outside of it. Later the word can be lexicalized, at this stage, it is already a neologism, which can either finally enter the lexical system, or ceases to exist” (Елисеева 2003: 44).

Alexandre Rodriguez Guerra reviews English, Spanish, Catalan, Galician, French and Italian Dictionaries of Neologisms and concludes that the mainstream of the 21st century is neological lexicography (Guerra 2016).

In the findings of Elisa Ratih and Rosalin Ismayoeng Gusdian, who studied Word-formation Processes in English New Words of the Oxford English Dictionary online (2012-2016 years' updates), “there are some processes in creating English new words, such as a) affixation, b) folk etymology, c) compounding, d) abbreviation, e) acronyms, f) borrowing, g) blending, h) clipping, i) back-formation. Besides, there are also found the double word-formation processes, such as j) folk etymology + compounding, k) compounding + affixation, l) blending + affixation, m) clipping + blending. The result showed that the most productive process of creating English new words was affixation” (Ratih et al. 2018: 24).

Evgeniya Karpilovska studies neology (neologics), neography (neological lexicography) and, in particular, the typology of neological dictionaries in modern Ukrainian linguistics (Карпшовська 2004).

Liudmyla Chumak scrutinizes lexical innovations in the English media discourse of the early twenty-first century in terms of structural and linguo-pragmatic aspects (Chumak 2021).

Hans-Jцrg Schmid focuses on the processes taking place in language users' minds. He takes up ideas on concept-formation and hypostatization put forward in the philosophy of language, word-formation and lexical semantics and relates them to recent evidence on the processing and storage of nonce-formations and recently coined complex words collected by psycholinguists and neuro-linguists (Schmid 2008).

Vinczeova Barbora aims to explore the word-formation processes of colloquial neologisms relating to the audience of contemporary TV shows released after the year 2010. The researcher concludes that the word-formation processes of colloquial neologisms include mostly blending, affixation and shortenings (Barbora 2016).

The word-formation processes are described meticulously in the seminal books on lexicology by Galina Antrushina et al (Антрушина 2001: 78-128); Ekaterina Ivanova (Иванова 2011: 137-200); Andriy Nickolenko (Нжоленко 2007: 45-83); and other present-day authors. The analysis of these works shows that the coinage of new words mainly occurs owing to the processes of semantic and grammatical derivation, conversion, compounding, shortenings, creation of occasional or nonce-words.

Natalia Rayevska mentions new root coinage in her classification. Speaking about neologisms, she considers root-creation among other word-formation types: “Coinage of new lexical units in the system of a language may be traced along different lines: a) derivation b) composition c) word-combination d) root-creation e) new applications of existing words f) foreign borrowings. Neologisms are frequently coined out of elements (morphemes or words) that exist in a given language. Deliberate coinage is mostly the product of the creative impulse, where ingenuity and imitation seem to be blended in variable proportions. In deliberate coinage, there is often an analogy with some other word or words in the language” (Раевська 1979: 248).

The evidence, albeit a circumstantial one, of the possibility to find new roots in English vocabulary, is given in the research done by Becerra Zapata in the `Handbook of general and applied linguistics' mentions that the word coinage (or invention) is the process whereby new words are created outright, either deliberately or accidentally, to fit some purpose, namely, to express new ideas, processes, and products in the language. For example, brand names such as Xerox, Kodak, Exxon, Kleenex, 8 Nylon, Dacron, etc.; pooch, snob, nerd, blurb, googol, etc. At the same time, the researcher highlights that the invention of new words is sometimes based on existing words, such as Jello on a gel, Kleenex on clean. The linguist presupposes that the words are more often created out of thin air, i. e., without being based on any other pre-existing word (Zapata 2000).

On her university page Suzanne Kemmer mentions `novel creation' amid other types of word-formation processes. Following her opinion, “In novel creation, a speaker or writer forms a word without starting from other morphemes. It is as if the word is formed out of `whole cloth', without reusing any parts. Some examples of now - conventionalized words that were novel creations include blimp, googol (the mathematical term), bling, and possibly slang, which emerged in the last 200 years with no obvious etymology. Some novel creations seem to display `sound symbolism', in which a word's phonological form suggests its meaning in some way. For example, the sound of the word bling seems to evoke heavy jewellery making noise. Another novel creation whose sound seems to relate to its meaning is badonkadonk, `female rear end', a reduplicated word which can remind English speakers of the repetitive movement of the rear end while walking” (Kemmer 2020). So the s cholar regards onomatopoeic words as a `novel creation'.

Olena Peftieva reviews the literature in terms of new root coinage (ne^TieBa 2020).

Thus, the analyzed literature testifies the diversity of approaches to the modern word-formation processes.

2. Results and discussion

According to the obtained data, the empiric material is presented with 1 390 lexical units. The result of analyses shows that the most productive word-formation type among them is compounding (592 lexical units, 42.5 %). The semantic derivation with 450 words foots up to 32.4 % from the total number of empiric material. The suffixation takes third place with 162 words, that is 11.7 % and the borrowing, being the fourth in the list, makes up 111 words, respectively 8 %. The prefixal word-formation aggregates 21 words, respectively 1.5 % and the shortening puts together 19 abbreviated words, respectively 1.4 %. The group of words with spelling modifications has 17 lexical units, which makes up 1.2 %. The conversion is less productive and amounts to 13 words, respectively 0.9 %. The final group contains 5 words, which comes to 0.4 %, among which are three elliptical cases, and two archaic words.

The analysed word-formation types are given in the order of diminishing productivity in the table below (see table 1).

As is shown in Table 1, the empiric data are classified into nine groups, such as compounding, semantic derivation, suffixation, borrowing, prefixation, shortenings, words with spelling modifications, conversion, and the group of solitary instances. The words of each group are united by definite criteria.

Table 1. Quantitative Characteristics of Word-formation Types

#	Group	Quantity	%	Example
1	Compounding	592	42.5	golden apple, n., sense 1b: “figurative and in figurative contexts, with reference to a cause of strife, source of competition, or object of desire.” grasstop, n: “The tip of a blade of grass. Also occasionally as a mass noun: the grass of a field, pasture, etc.” brick-cold, adj.: “Of conditions or the weather: very cold, freezing.”
2	Semantic Derivation	450	32.4	doll, n.3: “A (large) piece or portion of something; a lump, a chunk.”
3	Suffixation	162	11.7	transitioner, n.: “An item of clothing intended to be worn during the changing of the seasons.”
4	Borrowing	111	8	hakarl, n.: “An Icelandic dish comprising the meat of a Greenland shark that has been allowed to ferment (traditionally by burial in sand _ for up to twelve weeks)...”
5	Prefixation	21	1.5	exomoon, n.: “A natural satellite orbiting an extrasolar planet.”
6	Shortening	19	1.4	dep, n.: “A person who stands in temporarily for another, esp. a musician in a band. Also: an instance of being such a temporary stand-in. Cf. dep v.”
7	Spelling modification	17	1.2	Latinx, n. and adj.: “A person of Latin American origin or descent. Cf. Latin@ n.”
8	Conversion	13	0.9	bastion, v.: “transitive. To furnish (something) with a bastion or bastions (bastion n. 2). Obsolete. rare ”
9	Others	5	0.4	sithre, adj. andn., sense A: “Later, subsequent”
Total	1 390	100 %

Compounding. The compound words are classified in this paper into open, closed, and hyphenated compounds. The group of open compounds (stable word combinations with spaces between their constituents, which are perceived as holistic, integral units) counts 416 lexical units, which are fixed collocations consisting of two or three words and non-hyphenated phrasal verbs. In terms of stylistics, open compounds are divided into colloquial, scientific, and neutral vocabulary respectively. For instance:

gym bunny, n.: “A person who spends a lot of time exercising at a gym, esp. to improve his or her appearance rather than for reasons of health or fitness ” (OED);

inverse square law, n.: “Any of several physical laws stating that the intensity of a particular force or phenomenon at a given point is inversely proportional to the square...” (OED);

coffee shop, n.: “a cafe or similar establishment where cannabis is sold, smoked, or consumed; = cannabis cafe n.” (OED).

The quantitative analysis of closed and hyphenated compounds results in 176 words. The spelling criterion is used to classify the compounds into solid words or closed compounds and hyphenated ones. Closed compounds contain two or more roots with solid spelling, as in the following examples:

grasscycling in grass, n. 1: “the practice of leaving grass cuttings on a lawn after mowing to act as a fertilizer ” (OED).

Hyphenated compounds may hold two or three words, for instance:

brick-brack, n.: “A brickbat. Also figurative: a criticism, an insult” (OED)

and three words in their structure, like in:

scholar-in-residence in scholar, n.: “(a title given to) a person employed, usually for a specified period, as a lecturer, researcher, etc., at a university, institute, or other...” (OED).

Hyphenated phrasal verbs, which acquire new meanings due to postfixes, are also placed into this group, for instance:

weed-out, n., sense 1: “That which has been weeded out (in various senses of to weed out at weed v. phrasal verbs)” (OED).

It is of interest to mention that the closed compounds in their turn are subdivided into the blendings and the derivatives. For example, blendings:

dorgi, n.: “A dog cross-bred from a dachshund and a corgi; such dogs considered collectively as a breed” (OED);

hir, adj.: “Used as a gender-neutral possessive adjective (determiner); cf. hir pron. In later use often corresponding to the subjective pronoun ze (see ze...)” (OED).

As is seen the new lexical unit hir is a blending of demonstrative pronouns his and her.

meeple, n.: “In some board games: a small figure, typically in stylized human form, used as a playing piece ” (OED).

Wiktionary gives the following comments: etymology of meeple: Blend of my + people. Coined in November of 2000 by Alison Hansel during a game of Carcassonne when she fused "my" and "people" to describe the wooden figures used by each player in that game.

Derivational compounds stand out among the abovementioned types:

weed-whacker in weed, n. 1: “a powered grass trimmer with a nylon cord (in place of a blade) that rotates at high speed on a central spindle; cf. Strimmer n. a. is an electric tool used for cutting long grass or grass at the edge of a lawn. It cuts the grass with a piece ofplastic cord which goes round very fast" (OED);

curtain-twitcher in curtain, n. 1: “a person who observes other people's activities from his or her window, esp. in a furtive and prying manner; a nosy neighbour ” (OED);

schlockbuster, n.: “A film or book which is highly popular or commercially successful but is regarded as having no artistic merit. Cf. schlocker n.” (OED).

Thus, the group of compound words (592 lexical units, 42.5 %) occupies the highest rank in the word-formation productivity owing to the fact that they have been given in three variants in the Oxford English Dictionary: open, closed, and hyphenated compounds.

Semantic Derivation. Semantic derivation (the second nomination) is based upon the metaphorical and metonymic transferences, which are known since ancient times. The semantic derivation is considered to be one of the economic means of a language and it helps to avoid quantitative growth of words. The results of the analysis show that the second place among the word-formation types belongs to semantic derivatives (one of the lexico-semantic variants of a word paradigm) which include 450 words, i. e. 32.4 % from the total number of empiric data. For instance, geggie, n. 2: “A person's mouth. Frequently in `shut your geggiej': `be quiet ', `shut up ' ” (OED).

invert, v., sense I.5c: “Music. transitive. To vary (a piece of counterpoint) by altering the relative placement of the parts or voices, so that the higher part or parts are...” (OED).

As the examples show, semantic derivation extends the paradigm of a word by adding a new lexico-semantic variant, which leads to the quantitative accumulation of new meanings of an existing word, that is to polysemy.

The selection criteria for the semantic derivation are based upon the entry markers such as additions, `sense 1b', `sense 2 ', `sense 3 ', n2, v3, etc., which, in the majority of cases, introduce a figurative lexico-semantic variant of a word, like in:

fever, n. 1, sense 3: “An intense enthusiasm for or interest in a person, pastime, event, etc., typically, widespread but short-lived; an obsession, a craze” (OED).

The semantic derivatives obtain the leading position because of the categorial metaphorical and metonymic shifts. For instance, the metonymic transference in the term halesia is rather transparent. According to etymological note, it designates the plant and originates from the proper name of Stephen Hales (1677-1761), English plant physiologist, like in:

halesia, n., sense 1: “Any of several species of velvet seed (genus Guettarda, family Rubiaceae). Also (in form Halesia): the (former) genus comprising such plants ” (OED).

brown, adj., Additions: “Designating energy produced by means considered environmentally harmful or hazardous, such as that obtained from fossil fuels or nuclear fission, as...” (OED).

As for the example 20, the semantic derivative is obtained due to the metaphorical transference of meaning from the colour `brown ' to a specific kind of energy `harmful or hazardous '.

Thus, the semantic derivation is another productive type of word-formation. It coincides with the research results of Olena Peftieva, who studied the figurativeness of lexical units and came to the conclusion that figurative nomination is the first and foremost means for the productivity of semantic derivation (ne^rieBa 2018).

Suffixation. In terms of morphological or grammatical derivation, the suffixal type is the most productive one according to the results of quantitative analysis. It numbers 162 lexical units (11.7 %) which acquire new tinges of grammatical meaning because of the suffixes, for example:

brickery, n.: “A place where bricks are made or kept ” (OED),

where the suffix -ery endows a word brickery with a new lexical meaning `denoting a place set aside for an activity' and, as a result, the status of a new word.

Should the suffix give a new lexical or grammatical meaning, the word belongs to the suffixal type.

Borrowing. The neological process is an inherent part of a language supplement with new lexical units. Neologisms are presented here in the form of the borrowings or loan words, which occupy the fourth place in the list of productivity with 111 loan words (8 %). One of the selection criteria is the reference to a certain country or language in the dictionary entries. The analysed lexical units belonging to this group have explicit and implicit references to other languages or geographical locations. For instance, boerekos, n.: “Traditional Afrikaans cooking” (OED) or ube, n.: “A variety of yam (species name, Dioscorea alata) producing tubers with purple or white flesh, esp. used in Filipino cookery” (OED).

As is shown the given examples comprise the markers in their definitions, which indicate the origin of a word, so the realia (words expressing culture-specific elements not found in other languages) `boerekos' or `ube' are loaned words from Afrikaans and Filipino languages.

Another selection criterion is the availability of the word in other dictionaries of ABBYY Lingvo*6. For instance, the word brammer, n.: “An excellent, remarkable, or very attractive person or thing; a superior example of its kind; a cracker, a beauty ” (OED) is found in Norwegian - Russian dictionary where the word `Brammer' means `to boast', `to turn up one's nose', `to give oneself airs, to put on airs', `to flaunt' (N orwe- gian - Russian ABBY Lingvo*6 dictionary).

Thus, borrowings may be referred to neologisms in the abovementioned updates.

Prefixation. It is the prefix that imparts a new meaning in this group of lexical units. The prefixal type contains 21 words, i. e. 1.5 % from the total number of analyzed data, for instance, dejunk, v.: “transitive. To remove junk from (a place); to clear (a room or other space) by disposing of clutter and unwanted possessions ” (OED).

In accord with the OED, the prefix de-, which originates from Latin dis- and means `off, from', forms the derivatives denoting removal or reversal.

As the analysis shows, prefixation is not a productive word-formation type in which prefixes are used to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech.

Shortening. Various kinds of shortenings include initial abbreviations, acronyms, clippings, back-formation, blending, and comprise 19 words (1.4 %), for instance, to name but a few, acronym:

BEE in B, n.: “(in or with reference to South Africa) = black economic empowerment n. at black adj. n. special uses 5a.” (OED);

clipping:

invert, n.3: “Chiefly in plural. An invertebrate ” (OED);

initialism:

BPA, n.: “Bisphenol A, a compound used in the manufacture of plastics, esp. epoxy resins and polycarbonates. Cf. bisphenol A n. at bisphenol n. compounds ” (OED).

Group of words with spelling modifications. Following the analysis results, the group of words with spelling modifications equals 17 lexical units (1.2 %) and occupies seventh place in the productivity list. For instance:

zir, pron.: “Used as a gender-neutral third person singular objective pronoun, corresponding to the subjective pronoun ze (see ze pron.). Cf. zir adj.” (OED).

Netherlandish `Ze' from zij `she, her, them' [ABBYY Lingvo*6]. Probably from archaic `thee' - you, `thou' - thyself [ABBYY Lingvo*6].

Latin@, n. and adj.: “A person of Latin American origin or descent. Cf. Latinx n.” (OED).

Example 30 demonstrates the specific usage of the sign @ which besides the symbol `commercial at' also known as the slang names dog or monkey, thus emphasizing the derogatory meaning of the word.

bae, n.: “A boyfriend or girlfriend; a romantic or sexual partner. Originally and chiefly as a term of endearment or affectionate form of address: sweetheart...” (OED).

As example 31 shows, the word `bae' is a spelling modification of a word `boy'.

yeesh, int.: “Expressing exasperation, annoyance, disapproval, etc.: `jeez!', `good grief! '. Cf. sheesh int.” (OED).

Very likely interjection `yeesh' comes from the word `yes', which acquired certain emotional colouring and specific sounding in the course of communication.

Hereby, OED takes into consideration the modern tendency to pronounce some words specifically and adds them as existing words with spelling modifications to the updates.

Conversion. Conversion is the least productive type among the word-formation with 13 words (0.9 %) from the updates of OED, for instance:

brick, adj. 2: “Of conditions or the weather: very cold, freezing. Also occasionally of a person.” (OED).

As the example shows, the noun brick is conversed into the adjective brick and is used figuratively.

sprog, v.: “transitive. Of a man: to get (a woman) pregnant. rare” (OED).

As it stands the verb `sprog ' is converted from the noun which OED interprets as:

Services' slang. A new recruit; a trainee; a novice. Also occas., one of inferior or ordinary rank. Freq. attrib. 2.2 slang (orig. Naut.). A youngster; a child, a baby. (OED). ABBYY Lingvo dictionary gives the following definition: sprog 1. noun 1) a child 2) a military recruit or trainee 2. verb (sprogs, sprogging, sprogged) [no obj.] have a baby 2. verb sprogs, sprogging, sprogged [no obj.]. Origin: 1940s (originally services' slang): perhaps from obsolete `sprag'- "lively young man", of unknown origin [ABBYY Lingvo*6].

Others. The given group consists of 5 words (0.4 %), three of them are of elliptical character and two lexical units are archaic words. Three collocations, which consisted of two words, lost one part with a time, so they were designated as elliptical, for instance:

Dickin, n.: “In full `Dickin Medal '. A medal awarded to an animal in recognition of an act of bravery, typically one performed during a time of military conflict by...” (OED). The Dickin Medal was instituted in 1943 in the United Kingdom by Maria Dickin to honour the work of animals in World War II. So, the stable collocations become words.

Two following words came back from Middle English:

sithre, adj. and n., sense A: “Later, subsequent” (OED). f 'sithre, adv. Obs. [f. OE. sipor, comp. of sip late.] With of: At a later time; subsequently (OED).

sithen, adv., conj., and prep., sense A.1b: “Next in sequence; as the thing which follows in an order of events or actions.” f 'sithen, OE. sippon, sippan, etc., for earlier *sidpon (pan) `subsequent to that' (cf. wfterpon, andG. seitdem), with shortening of the first vowel. ME. sipen, sithen, however, may also represent ON. sidan (Da. siden), of the same meaning (OED).

As is known, archaic words are mostly used in the style of official documents and in the belles-lettres style to create an atmosphere of real historical events. In all probability, these lexical units occurred in a certain present-day writing and accordingly, they were added to the updates.

Summing up the results, it should be underlined that the new words added to OED in 2019 are not new in therms of plane of content and plane of expression, i. e. they are existing words, which were never included in the dictionary yet. The replenishment of the dictionary word stock has been done with the regular word-formation processes.



Conclusion and Study Perspectives

Having analysed the corpus of 1 390 lexical units, attested by the Oxford English dictionary Updates in March and June of 2019, the following outcomes have been obtained: new words and expressions of the OED updates have emerged with the help of semantic derivation, compounding, suffixation, borrowing, prefixation, shortening, spelling modification and conversion. Spelling modification of existing words should be mentioned among the novelties of present- day word-formation processes. Neological lexical units are represented with borrowings. Proceeding from this, it is assumed that the vocabulary of the English language continues to grow at the expense of the borrowings from other languages and internal resources of the existing word stock. Hence the further study is seen in the research of the latest editions of neologism dictionaries.



References

1. Antrushina, G., Afanasyeva, O., Morozova, N. Lexicology of English Language. Moscow: Drofa, 2001. 100 p. Print.

2. Barbora, V. «On the formation of colloquial neologisms in the area of contemporary TV shows' audience» [In] The European Journal of Literature and Linguistics, Issue 1, 2016: 3-7. URL: http://ppublishing.org/journals/401/issue/670/artides/647/ 30 Aug. 2021.

3. Chumak, Liudmila M. «Linguopragmatic aspects of the process of constructing lexical innovations in modern English media discourse» URL: http://zfs-journal.uzhnu.uz.ua/archive/13/part_2/38.pdf.

4. Guerra, A.R. «Dictionaries of Neologisms: a review and proposals for its improvements». [In:] De Gruyter open 2016. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311499466_Dictionaries_of_Neologisms_a_Review_and_Proposals_for_its_Improvement 30 Aug. 2021.

5. Ivanova, E. Lexicology and Phraseology of Modern English. Moscow: Academia, 2011. Print.

6. Janssen, M. Orthographic Neologisms. Selection Criteria and Semi-Automatic Detection [In;] Instituto de Linguistica Teфrica e Computacional Rua Conde de Redondo. Lisbon, Portugal, 2005. URL: http://maarten.janssenweb.net/Papers/neologisms.pdf.30 Aug. 2020.

7. Januseva, V., & Jurukovska, J. «Conceptual formulation of neologisms in various dictionaries and primary school Macedonian language course textbooks». Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 11(2), 2015: 99-116. URL: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1105185.pdf 30 Aug. 2019.

8. Karpilovska, Y. «Modern Ukrainian Word-Building and its Reflection in Neological Dictionaries» [In:] VisnykLviv Univ. ser. Philology 1, 2004: 3-10. Print.

9. Kemmer, S. «Types of word-formation processes» 2020. URL: https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/wordtypes.html 30 Aug. 2020.

10. Nickolenko, A. Lexicology of English Language - Theory and Practice. Vinnytsya: Nova Knyga, 2007. Print.

11. Peftieva O.F. «Does the humanity coin new roots?» [In:] Abstract Digest of the IV International Scientific and Practical Internet Conference “Current Issues of Intercultural Communication, Translation and Comparative Studies” 2020: 30-134. (Preprint. Mariupol state university). URL: http://mdu.in.ua/Nauch/Konf/2020/mizhkulturna_komunykacija-2020.pdf 3 Jun. 2021

12. Peftieva, O.F. «Searching New Roots Among Lexical Units (attested by Oxford English Dictionary in the first half of 2019)» [In:] Current Problems Of Science And Education: Abstract digest of the XXII scientific conference of Mariupol State University staff 2020: 217-218. (Preprint. Mariupol). URL: http://mdu.in.ua/Nauch/Konf/2020/zbirka_aktualni_problemi_nauki_ta_osviti_2020.pdf 3 Jun. 2021.

13. Ratih, E. et al. «Word-formation Processes in English New Words of Oxford English Dictionary (OED) online» 2018 URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331870463_word_formation_processes_in_english_new_words_of_oxford_english_dictionary_oed_online 20 Jan. 2019.

14. Schmid, H. «New Words in the Mind: Concept-formation and Entrenchment of Neologisms» [In:] Anglia 126(1), 2008: 1-36. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270487792_New_Words_in_the_Mind_Concept-formation_and_Entrenchment_of_Neologisms 15 Sep. 2020.

15. Rayevska N.M. English Lexicology. Kyiv, Vyshcha shkola, 1979. Print.

16. Yeliseeva, V.V. Lexicology of English Language. St. Petersburg, 2003. 44 p. Print.

17. Zapata, Becerra, A.A. «Handbook of general and applied linguistics» [In:] Venezuela: Escuela de Idiomas Modernos, Universidad de Los Andes 2000. URL: http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/huma-nidades/azapata/materias/english_4/unit_1_types_of_words_and_word_formation_processes.pdf 03 Jun. 2019.

18. OED: Oxford English Dictionary online. https://public.oed.com/updates 30.08.2021.

19. Wiktionary: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meeple 15.05.2019.

20. ABBY Lingvo*6 electronic dictionary https://abbyy.store/lingvo-6-multi/.

Размещено на Allbest.ru