Individual-typological features of personality in the aspect of manifestation potential of rehabilitation and sustainability

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Individual-typological features of personality in the aspect of manifestation potential of rehabilitation and sustainability

Marchenko A.D.

Mykhaylyshyn Zavatska N.E

Tsarenok L.B.

The article examines the results of a study of the influence of the intrapersonal and interpersonal components of the rehabilitation potential of a person on the process of his viability during the crisis periods of his life. The characteristic features of the functioning of the intrapersonal and interpersonal components of the rehabilitation potential of the individual (during the period of professional, event-biographical, personal crises) are highlighted and described. Conclusions are made regarding the obtained qualitative and quantitative data in the socio-psychological aspect. The rethinking of the concept of a personality's rehabilitation potential made it possible to present it as an integral education that combines the intrapersonal components of the adaptive potential (socio-psychological and individual-typological properties and qualities), which are actualized by the individual to create and implement new programs of behavior in the changed conditions of life in the postcrisis period, and interpersonal components (features of social support and social integration)

Key words: rehabilitation potential, crisis period of life, personality, vitality.

Марченко А.Д., Михайлишин У.Б., Завацька Н.Є., Царенок Л.Б.

У статті розглядаються результати дослідження впливу інтраперсональних та інтерперсональних складових реабілітаційного потенціалу особи на процес її життєстійкості у кризові періоди життя. Виділяються та описуються характерні особливості функціонування інтраперсональних та інтерперсональних складових реабілітаційного потенціалу особистості (у період професійних, подійно-біографічних, особистісних криз). Робляться висновки щодо отриманих якісних та кількісних даних у соціально-психологічному аспекті. Переосмислення поняття реабілітаційного потенціалу особистості дозволило представити його як інтегральну освіту, що поєднує інтраперсональні складові адаптивного потенціалу (соціально-психологічні та індивідуально-типологічні властивості та якості), які актуалізуються особистістю для створення та реалізації нових програм поведінки в умовах життєдіяльності, що змінилися, в період інтерперсональні складові (особливості соціальної підтримки та соціальної інтеграції).

Ключові слова: реабілітаційний потенціал, кризовий період життя, особистість, життєстійкість.

Formulation of the problem intrapersonal rehabilitation potential personality

The urgency of the problem of increasing the rehabilitation potential of an individual during the crisis periods of her life is due to the numerous obstacles in the process of secondary socialization that arise in the event of a cardinal change in the life situation (personal, professional, event-biographical and other crises). If the influence of such changes exceeds the available adaptive capabilities of the personality and the process of its secondary socialization is blocked or fails, there is a need for crisis readaptation. The search for ways to increase the personality's ability to adapt to new life circumstances is an urgent direction of its adaptation in the crisis period of life, since this can largely prevent and correct the negative tendencies that accompany this process [3; 5; 9].

Analysis of recent research and publications

It can be stated that the problem of the rehabilitation potential of the individual during the crisis periods of her life has not been sufficiently developed both in theoretical, methodological and practical aspects. Research on this topic was mainly associated with medical and psychological aspects - the features of post-traumatic rehabilitation of combatants (N.V. Dmitrieva, M.V. Drumova, L.F. Shestopalova, etc.) or medical and social rehabilitation of persons with alcohol or drug addiction (V.Yu. Zavyalov, I.M. Pyatnitskaya, I.I. and etc.). In addition, the adaptation processes were considered in the structure of the professionalization of the personality of teachers (L.P.Butuzova, G.G. Gorelova, K.U. Chimbelenge, etc.), professional adaptation of employees of internal affairs bodies (D.A. Konoplev, A. P. Moskalenko, V. A. Sobolev). Only relatively recently did scientists begin to investigate the problems of predicting the psychological consequences of local military conflicts (A.G. Maklakov, V.V. Stasyuk, S.V. Chermyanin, E.B. Shustov, etc.), social and psychological adaptation of disabled combatants (P P. Ivanov, A.G. Karayani, N.V. Tarabrina), psychological and pedagogical conditions of adaptation of persons who are in places of confinement or who have returned from these places (S.V. Baburin, M.G. Shurukhnov, A. N. Yakovlev), features of social and psychological rehabilitation of patients with alcoholism or drug addiction who are in remission (B.S.Bratus, A.N. Gryaznov, F.S.Mzhelsky, I.A.Novikov). At the same time, the rehabilitation potential in crisis periods is considered as measures associated either with a radical restructuring of the functional systems of the body as a whole under extraordinary circumstances, or in an individual in connection with new life circumstances, differ from the previous conditions of life and activity [1; 4; 6; 10].

With this approach, outside the field of vision of scientists is such a factor of adaptation of a mature person as its rehabilitation potential, the absence of which can make ineffective measures aimed at optimizing the psychophysiological state or socio- psychological component [2; 7; 12]. It should also be noted that there are no clear criteria by which it would be possible to assess the level of socio-psychological deformation of a socially maladjusted person and her environment, and therefore to develop an effective system of adaptation in crisis periods of life. Therefore, the study of the rehabilitation potential of a person during the crisis periods of her life is relevant both from a social and scientific point of view.

The rethinking of the concept of a personality's rehabilitation potential made it possible to present it as an integral education that combines the intrapersonal components of the adaptive potential (socio-psychological and individual-typological properties and qualities), which are actualized by the individual to create and implement new programs of behavior in the changed conditions of life in the post-crisis period, and interpersonal components (features of social support and social integration) [3; 9].

According to the hypothesis of the study, the need for adaptation during the crisis periods of life arises when the indicators of the rehabilitation potential of the individual are revealed to be reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate which of these indicators determine different levels of rehabilitation potential in order to further take these data into account in the development of an adaptation system during crisis periods of life.

The purpose of the article is to reveal individual-typological features of personality in the aspect of manifestation of rehabilitation potential and vitality.

Presentation of the main material and research results

The sample was represented by subjects who had experienced personal, professional, event-biographical crises, and a mid-life crisis. The selection of this contingent is due to the pronounced negative dynamics of the process of their resocialization in the post-crisis periods of life. The empirical research methodology was constructed in such a way that it became possible to study those parameters that, according to our assumption, affect the level of a person's rehabilitation potential during the crisis periods of her life. So, to study the indicators of the intrapersonal components of the rehabilitation potential of the subjects, in particular, to determine the features of the functioning of the sphere of self-awareness, the following were used: the method of diagnosing self-esteem (S.A. Budassi), the method of diagnosing the locus of control (J. Leary); to determine the characteristics of the individual-typological and emotional-volitional components of the rehabilitation potential - the Leonhard-Shmishek questionnaire, the 16 PF questionnaire (R. Cattell), the frustration tolerance test (S. Rosenzweig), the color choice technique (M. Luscher), the E. Wagner test ; to determine the features of the content aspect of the motivational- value sphere - the method of studying value orientations (the ratio of "value" and "availability" in various spheres of life) by A. B. Fantalova, the dynamic aspects of motivation - a motivational test (H. Heckhausen).

To study the indicators of the interpersonal component of the rehabilitation potential of the subjects, in particular, to determine the characteristics of emotional and instrumental support, social integration, the following were used: social support questionnaire F-SOZU-22 (G. Sommer and T. Fydrich) adapted by A. B. Kholmogorova et al. ; to identify the available sources of social support, the volume and nature of social contacts, as well as to verify the data of the social support questionnaire regarding the level of emotional and instrumental support - the "Integrative Social Network Questionnaire" developed by T.V. Dovzhenko. Taking into account the indicators of self-esteem, locus of control, characterological characteristics, levels of aggressiveness, frustration tension and emotional stability, indicator of adaptation effectiveness, direction and type of reaction in a situation of frustration, coefficient of social adaptation (CGR), indicators of functioning of the motivational-value sphere, as well as parameters of social support the differentiation of the levels of the rehabilitation potential of the subjects was carried out. This made it possible to distinguish high, medium, reduced and low levels of rehabilitation potential.

Persons with high adaptive potential (23.8%) have adequate self-esteem with a tendency to overestimate, as well as a significant positive relationship between the real self and the ideal self (r = 0.79; p<0.05). The stable and, at the same time, quite flexible self-assessment of these subjects, which, if necessary, changes under the influence of new information, acquired experience, assessments of other people, is optimal both for their personal growth and for productive activity. The subjects were dominated by the internal locus of control (p<0.05). The indicators of the level of aggressiveness were found to be low - within 0.64 ± 0.7 points. A high indicator of the effectiveness of their adaptation (0.4 ± 0.75 points) indicates low frustration tension and high emotional stability (p <0.01).

Persons with high rehabilitation potential are distinguished by the absence of obvious character accentuations and psychopathies (ф = 2.08; p<0.01). In a situation of frustration, intropunitive reactions are predominantly fixed (I> M> E); by the type of reaction NP> OD> ED (p<0.05). Individuals with this level of adaptive potential have a high coefficient of social adaptation CGR - 55 ± 4.5% (ф = 1.61; p < 0.05).

Analysis of the content and dynamic aspects of motivation showed that the ratio of values in various life spheres and accessibility in achieving them corresponds to the normative indicators (33.0 ± 0.4), and indicates a certain satisfaction with the life situation and the advantage of achievement motivation (p<0.01 ). Persons with high rehabilitation potential have a high level of social integration and have a well-developed social support network; high emotional and instrumental support is noted (ф = 1.56; p <0,05).

The subjects (33.9%) with indicators of the rehabilitation potential of the average level have inadequate self-esteem, and the correlation coefficient (r = 0.41; p<0.05) indicates a weak insignificant connection between the perceptions of persons about the quality of their ideal and about their real qualities. The locus of subjective control is predominantly external (p<0.05). These persons are distinguished by pronounced (15 ± 2.2 points) character accentuations (excitable, cyclothymic, stuck types) (ф = 1.61 ; p <0,05). The level of aggressiveness of the subjects was increased (1.23 ± 0.4 points). In a situation of frustration, the direction of reactions is represented by both extrapunitive and intrapunitive reactions (E>I> M), mainly with fixation on an obstacle (OD> NP> ED) (p<0.01). Reduced is the coefficient of social adaptation at the level of 45 ± 3.5% (with a norm of >60%). The average indicator of the adaptation efficiency indicator (1.05 ± 0.5 points) indicates an average frustration tension and emotional stability above the average level (p <0.01). The data on the functioning of the motivational-value sphere revealed an average level (42.4 ± 1.7) of disintegration between value and accessibility in various spheres of life, which means that desires prevail over the possibilities of their realization. Low indicators of achievement motivation (6 ± 2 points) (p < 0.05). The social support network turned out to be limited, with a low level of emotional support (ф = 1.56; p < 0.05).

Persons (29.5%) with a reduced level of rehabilitation potential have an inadequate and unstable self-esteem that changes at the slightest impact and a fuzzy, undifferentiated idea of their ideal self and real self (r = 0.36; p<0.05). The external locus of control prevails (p<0.01). Subjects with a reduced level of rehabilitation potential are distinguished by pronounced character accentuations (21 ± 3 points) and the presence of psychopathies (ф = 1.61; p<0.05). Above average, the level of aggressiveness was revealed (1.85 ± 0.8 points), indicating incontinence in behavior, low control of aggressive tendencies. In a situation of frustration, extrapunitive reactions (E> M> I) predominate with fixation on a self-protective obstacle (OD> ED> NP) (p<0.05). Among the subjects, the coefficient of social adaptation CGR was almost halved - at the level of 32 ± 4.6% (ф = 2.16; p<0.01). These individuals have above the average level of frustration tension and low emotional stability, which affect the low indicator of the effectiveness of their adaptation (2.01 ± 0.47 points) (p <0.01). The data of the content aspect of motivation indicate a state of frustration and the presence of significant difficulties in achieving value objects. The disintegration coefficient in the motivational-value sphere is significantly increased (56.2 ± 1.2) (p < 0.05). The data of the dynamic aspect of motivation indicate the advantage of avoidant type of motivation instead of achievement motivation (p<0.01). Disorders of interpersonal relations are noted, the social network of support is significantly limited. There is a deficit of close trusting ties, a low level of emotional support and social integration (ф = 1.62; p < 0.05).

Subjects (12.8%) with low rehabilitation potential have inadequate and unstable self-esteem (r = 0.36; p<0.05). They are distinguished by an external locus of subjective control (ф = 2.07; p<0.01). Pronounced mosaic accentuations of character and psychopathy are manifested in stable maladaptive behavior. A high level of aggressiveness (2.82 ± 0.3) indicates emotional instability, conflict. In a situation of frustration, extrapunitive reactions (E> M> I) prevail (mainly with fixation on selfdefense - ED> OD> NP) due to a significant decrease in intrapunitive reactions (p<0.05). A significant decrease in the coefficient of social adaptation (23 ± 3.5%) indicates a low level of adaptive capabilities and an unfavorable forecast for resocialization of the subjects in the post-crisis periods of life (ф = 2.28; p<0.01). High frustration tension and low emotional stability prevail, the ratio of which is determined by a low indicator of adaptation efficiency (3.25 ± 0.25 points) (p <0.01). Indicators of the functioning of the motivational-value sphere (the index of differentiation between value and accessibility at the level of 66.3 ± 2.1 points) indicate a stable, deep internal conflict (with C> D) or a state of internal vacuum, internal emptiness, decreased interest in activities with D> Ts. With underestimated motivation of achievement - high (8 ± 2 points) indicators of motivation to avoid failures. The subjects have pronounced disorders of social integration, there is almost no social support (both emotional and instrumental) (ф = 1.57; p < 0.05).

Thus, we can conclude that the criteria for reducing the rehabilitation potential of a person include such indicators of intrapersonal components as inadequacy of selfesteem, imbalance in the locus of control, increased aggressiveness, frustration tension, emotional instability, preference for the self-protective type of reactions to a situation of frustration in combination with extrapunitive orientation, disintegration between the need to achieve the main life values and the possibility of achieving them in reality, the preference for the avoidant type of motivation, the presence of accentuations or psychopathy. Indicators of interpersonal components that reduce the adaptive potential of a person in the post-crisis periods of her life are: insufficient psychological (emotional, cognitive) and instrumental support, a limited social support network, and a low level of social integration. The indicators of these criteria made it possible to identify the levels of the rehabilitation potential of the individual in the crisis periods of her life.

Conclusions

The data obtained confirm a certain relationship between the level of the personality's rehabilitation potential and the degree of social adaptation: the overwhelming majority of socially adapted subjects have a high level of adaptive potential and do not require special correctional work; the largest number of subjects with partial social adaptation have an average level of rehabilitation potential, an increase in which to a higher level will make it possible for their successful resocialization in the post-crisis periods of life; the majority of subjects with total and destructive degrees of social maladjustment have, respectively, reduced and low levels of rehabilitation potential. These persons require special conditions of stay (constant monitoring, external organization of life, an authorized need to perform socially useful work) and the use of psychotherapeutic influence.

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