Variation of military vocabulary and problems of general meaning

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Baku State University

Variation of military vocabulary and problems of general meaning

Abdurrahimova M.

Abstract

During the years of independence there has been a significant improvement and nationalization in less time in the lexical terminology of the Azerbaijani language, as well as in many different spheres of Turkish language (administrative areas, military work, etc.), which is related to Azerbaijan language. It has been shown in the article that it also confirms the research works related to military affairs, lexicon and terminology covering the military area.

After gaining the national independence of Azerbaijan, special attention was paid to army building, as in all areas. It is noted that armament of the army, equipped with new modern weapons, is one of the most important issues. After gaining independence, a new military industry was created, new weapons were invented.

On the basis of all these things, it is possible to note that there are many new military terms both in Azerbaijani and Turkish. Military terminology occupies one of the important places in Turkish and Azerbaijani lexicon.

Military terms include vocabulary units that incorporate and reflect and military art. Such units include and define military service, military equipment, military-internal structure, etc.

The main reasons indicated the actuality for this research work are the expansion of relations in many spheres, especially in military work between the two countries; historical genetic analysis of military lexicon; lexical changes in the military sphere; semantic processes, the ways and means of the terminology formation; the relationship between the military history and the modern state of the Turkic peoples; the process of term formation at every period; the evolution of formation of national terminology; the ways of borrowing terms and their adaptation; the enrichment of terminology of languages with new words and terms in any sphere, the variation of military terms and problems with general meaning; their functioning in the military communication process; sources and means of formation; similar and different aspects.

At the same time, it is noted that the semasiological phenomenon (multiple meaning orpolysemanticism, homonymy, synonymy, etc.) which are reflected in the structure of military terminology are analyzed and researched. In general, the research work can be regarded as a source of linguistics, which can influence and contribute to the integration process of the allied countries' military bases in the globalizing world alongside scientific and theoretical innovations.

Key words: military terminology, variation, word formation, borrowed term or loanword, army building, military lexicon, independence period.

Introduction

After gaining the national independence of Azerbaijan, as a result of the revision of interstate relations, the establishment of a new and national military industry, particularly relations with the Republic of Turkey, mutual treaties, joint military exercises, lexicology in this field is more extensively developed and military terminology has been formed.

In recent years, there has been an increase in research interest in comparative lexicology and terminology in Turkology and the emergence of a number of interesting works in this direction.

However, the study highlights the fact that there are still a number of unresolved problems related to these terms in both languages. This necessitates the analysis of military vocabulary in the context of today's levels and problems of Turkish and Azerbaijani linguistics.

Purpose and tasks of the research. The aim of this article is to research the terminology of the Turkish and Azerbaijani languages in the interaction of the form, content and function properties, to identify similar and distinctive signs related to the linguistic features of Turkish and Azerbaijani military lexicon. The tasks are:

1) reveal and systematize military- administrative terms;

2) to analyze literature related to problem;

3) to observe the history of formation of military-administrative terms,

4) to define existing structural and semantic features of military terms and their variants.

Scientific novelty of research. For the first time, the history of the formation of military terminology on the materials of two neighboring languages is analyzed, as well as the place of their definition is determined, its categorical-grammatical signs, lexical-semantic characteristics, thematic groups, means of formation, structure, textual activity, and lexicographical (their usage in dictionaries) are investigated.

Methods and sources of research. The issues raised in advance determine the methods of their resolution and verification. Historical-comparative and comparative-contrastive methods are used. As a source, historical and modern terminological dictionaries are used, especially dictionaries related to military terminology.

A review of recent research and publications. As one of the most important areas of linguistics, terminology has always played a very important role in the history of linguistics. Various terminology fields have been widely studied in Azerbaijani linguistics at different periods. While military terminology, which is the subject of the research, is not very wide analyzed, recent research has been conducted in this regard both in Azerbaijan and abroad. In connection with this topic, the thesis titled “Military Terminology of the Azerbaijani language” written by D. N. Bagishov and the monograph of Ikram Gasimov “Military Lexicon in Azerbaijani language” were published. Nevertheless, the study of Ikram Gasimov (“The development and development of the military terminology lexicon in the Azerbaijani language”) was published. Besides, Ikram Gasimov's research works “The Ways of Formation of Military Terminology in Azerbaijani language” and “Military lexicon in Azerbaijan (formation, development and steadiness)” were published. Among native research works in this field we can show Yasar Mammadli's book (“The Military Lexicon of the Azerbaijani Language”), his articles, essays, and the other book (“Military Naval Vocabulary in Turkish and Azerbaijani”), R. F. Mammadov's works (“Development of Military Terms in Azerbaijan in the years of independence”), Nadir Mammadli's (“Loanwords”). In addition, Bulent Pakman's (“Different Words in Azerbaijani and Turkish (Azeri-Turkish)”), A. Donuk's (“Administrative- Military Ranks and Terms in Old Turkic States”), Hamza Zulfikar's (“Term Problems and Ways of Term Formation”), Suer Eker's (“An Interdisciplinary Research on the «Su» and Historical Military Terms Constructed with «Su»”) were published in Turkey. At the same time, in different countries, G. N. Bagautdinova (“Traditional Military Vocabulary of Bashkir Language”), T V Bayzhanov (“The Military Vocabulary in the Kazakh language”), R. T Safarov (“Military Vocabulary of the Tatar Language”), R. A. Beibitov (“Stratification of the Kyrgyz Military Terminology before the Soviet Period, Military Metaphors in the Political Discourse”), Ikram Gasimov (“On the Military Vocabulary of the epos «The Book of Dede Gorgud»”), H. F. Iskakov (“The Structure of Terminological Systems, Turkic languages”), M. N Latu (“The English-speaking Military Terminology in Hhistorical Development: Structural-semantic and Cognitive-framed Aspects”), A. B. Lidzhiev (“Materials on the Study of Outdated Military Vocabulary of the Kalmyk Language”), T. V. Losev-Bakhtiyarova (“Military Vocabulary of Turkic Languages: Names of Weapons”), D. A. Maslov (“Military Terminology of the Modern Japanese Language: in the Functional-contrastive Aspect”), L. M. Nikolayevich (“Military Terminology in the Modern Political Discourse”), N. V. Fedotova (“Specificity of the usage of military metaphor in sports discourse”) and other prominent linguists wrote their research works on this issue.

Presentation of the main material

There are different means of expression of variation in modern Turkish and Azerbaijani languages in the linguistic science, the means of expression of variation are considered as a concurrent (rival). This competition is a legitimate phenomenon that creates optimal and effective communication in the language. The term “Variant” is interpreted in the “Glossary of Linguistic Terms” as follows: Variant - is the reflection, expression and usage of the same language unit or theme (i. e., phoneme, morphine, etc.). in different ways [1, p. 37, 38]. In general, the term “variant” in Latin “varias”, which means “variable, changeable or varying”. The term “variation” is also extensively discussed in the sociolinguistics. Two variations of style in sociolinguistics are distinguished: a) variations in the use of methods of operation, selection and combination of speech communication in various communication activities; b) variations determined by social context [11, p. 415].

“Variant or version” means the use or expression of the same language or the most specific unit (i. e. phoneme, morpheme, word, phraseological unit, etc.) in different formats “Variation” can be used in such meanings, as different language units, speech, differences in speech, and so on [2, p. 70-71; 16, p. 107-108].

The expression of variants of military terms in both Turkish and Azerbaijani are broad. Thus, military words have word-formation modifications in the dictionaries. For example, makineci/makinaqi (mechanic), makinelesme/makinalasma (mechanization),makinelesmismakinalasmis (mechanized).

M. Gasimov in general has shown that two aspects should be defined in terms: a) sound complex or sound syructure; b) the definition of the sound complex (meaning) [5, p. 10]. The options differ, first of all, by the sound complex or sound structure of the word, as well as the pronunciation conditions. For example: maglub/maglup (defeat), amfibi/anfibi (amphibian), amiral/admiral (admiral), selektor/selektor (selector).

Secondly, there are different options for phonemes, word distinctive functions: angarye/angarya (forced labour), anterferens/enterference (interference), amplifayer/amplifikator (amplifier) etc.

Third, it differs according to the location of the emphasis; maglub/maglup (defeat), nobet/nobet (turn).

Fourth, according to the form derived suffixes emrier/omrior (order), suvariler/suvarilor (cavalry). Fifthly, according to the case suffixes: tabancadan/ tapancadan (from the pistol). The Sixth, according to the dropping of a sound in inflected forms or elision: maka/matkar (stick), harta/harita (map), hastahane/ hastane (hospital) etc.

The variants of military words are created by different grammatical means from the same words. However, all the words that come from the same roots in different grammatical means are not the same. Variants of military words are usually formed when the number of parallel suffixes are added to the words with the same root. You will not look at them as words that do not have any distinct signs or style of meaning. They have different expressive and stylistic nuances [15, p. 108].

Variant is the use and expression of the same language unit, i.e. phoneme, morpheme in different ways. There are many options of varaition: stylistic variant, special variant, combinatorial variant, positional option, facultative variant, lexical frequency [12, p. 852].

Some examples of expression of the variants:

- o/o: alternator/alternator (alternator);

- m/n: amfibii/anfibi (amphibia);

- a-e: angarya/angarye (forced labour), blandaj/ blendaj/blindaj (bordering, trimming);

- d/t: and/ant (oath), anod/anot (anode), tahsit/ tahsit (mass, concentrate);

- p/b: takip/takib (pursue), taleb/talep (demand, request);

- a/i: tapa/tipa (fuse, exploder).

Some examples of elision or the dropping of a sound in inflected forms: ampermetre (T) - ampermetr (A) (amperemeter), Amirli/k-baskanlik- komutanlik-kumandanlik (administration, direction)

There are many variants of military terms in Turkish Military Dictionaries. The term variants are different forms of the same word. Some changes in the term are observed with a certain phonetic difference. For example, kopru/korpu (bridge).

There is another phonology phenomenon (assimilation) in the military order “Asker ileri/dsgsr irai (Soldier forward).

The consonants r/l changes their position according to the standard speech level in the Azerbaijani language. In such a case it is found in the word “ireli”. In neighboring languages, the combination of l/r is maintained: ileri (Turkish), ilori (Turkmen), ileri (Gagauz).

Most commonly used vowel in Turkish and Azerbaijan Languages are “a/о”. M. Yusifov explains this process: “Their power and weakness hierarchy takes a major place in the change and substitution of vowels. The word hierarchy is used to describe top-down arrangement and positioning by rule elements such as terms. The term hierarchy is also applied to the system of vowels” [18, p. 44].

The vowel transition shows itself in the hierarchy of their rounded and unrounded, open and closed, front or back positions. The strength and weakness hierarchy of the vowels is the basis of their transitional directions.

The transition of the sounds can also be regarded as the basis for the formation of other reflexes in the same sound compartment. In other words, as the transition from strong to weakness, the formation of sound reflexes (or sound formation) occurs in the direction of strong noise from weak sound [17, p. 44, 57].

Elision or dropping of a sound. As a result of this linguistic phenomena, this or that sound in the military term drops. As a result the military terms transforms to the simple forms and the pleonasm defects in the speech (the use of more words than are necessary to convey meaning, either as a fault of style or for emphasis) are eliminated. For example, urkun/urku (panic, scare).

Prothesis or the prepending of phonemes at the beginning of a word without changing its morphological structure. This is especially observed in military terms, and related to the pronunciation. For example: matra/matara (flask, canteen), mavna/ mavuna (lighter; stevedore barge), kiy/kiyi (bank, shore), sademe/sadme (blow).

In the military term, speech sounds can be transmitted to one another. According to the general principle, these changes attract attention as language universals in transition. For example, a/i: tapa/ tipa (cork, stopper), o/u: apolet/apulet (epaulet(e)), seconder/sekunder (second), i/e: siv/sev (inclination), §irit/§erit (stripe), o/u: oniforma/uniforma (uniform), i/u: defitard/defutard (defence), i/i: makineli/makinali (mechanized), x/k: sextant/sekstant (sextant), e/o: rele/role (transformer), rodresor/redresor (rectifier), t/d i: rasat/rasad (observation), a/э kegidi: saf/ saf (row), e/a kecidi: relanti/ralanti (idle) etc.

The obtained facts as a result of the comparative research show that, in the structure of military terms, which have different variants, the transitions of sounds takes one of the most important places. There are specific aspects of the vowels and consonants in that structure. Therefore, there are a lot of transitions for strong sounds, and fewer transitions for weak sounds. Since the sound “a” is the strongest sound in the vowel system, transition from that sound to the “e, э (in Azeri), o and i” sounds in the structure of military terms is observed. For example, from “e” to “a” (in Azeri): tecrube (T) - tacruba (A) (experience), mecburi (T) - macburi (A) (mandatory, compulsory), mermi (T) -marmi (A) (bullet). Consonant transitions in the language system are the product of the historical evolution of Turkic languages. Two forms of these transition - horizontal and vertical crossings differ according to the expressive possibility of the Turkish language development. Vertical transitions are characteristic for the language environment, whereas the horizontal passages are typical for speech spaces [19, p. 144].

The transition of consonants in the military terms occurs within certain boundaries. Horizontal consonant transitions: g/c seritcikseritcik (galoon), vertical transition: d/t ardci/artci (rearguard), p/b takip-takib (pursue), taleb-talep (demand) [9, p. 106].

K. S. Gorbachevich shows the dimensions between the military synonym and the variants: “There are some differences between synonym and variant. Synonyms have different substans. Variant words include genetic substance. In variants, genetic and material units have relevant indications” [8, p. 18].

In the comparative languages, the variants can be classified as follows:

1) orphoepic and accentological variants, which differ according to the pronunciation;

2) phonetic variants;

3) phonematic variants; both differ according to the phoneme structure;

4) morphological variants.

One of the other semasiological phenomena is the existence of military metaphors. The language is a mirror of culture, not just a real world in the language is reflected, at the same time the human being, the real life of the world, the level of public consciousness of the people, its mentality, the national character, the life, tradition, morality, morals and outlook of the people [13, p. 14-15]. vocabulary turkic azerbaijani military terminology

Metaphor is a means of understanding our world. Metaphor is different from other semiotic concepts - characters, symbols and signs. Metaphora is one of the basic mental processes, combining two conceptual spheres, a potential spatial sphere, and the source of the second new sphere [3, p. 19].

For example, the word “alay” (regiment, group) is used in different spheres in Turkish language. As military term in Turkish it means: regiment - a group of soldiers in general consisting of three battalions (four or five squadrons in the cavalry) and their units: “Topgu alayi” (Artillery regiment); “Alay beyi” (gendarme, colonel) [14, p. 46].

Military metaphor is a kind of metaphor, with its semantic explicit and implicit structure. Within the semantic classification, military metaphors form a separate group. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their book “Metaphors we live by” wrote that “in the first statement, we are thinking of military terms in everyday life” [10]. The metaphorical system of both related languages define military metaphors. Studies show that such metaphors are 30 percent in the language [4, p. 256]. The important role of metaphorization in military terminological vocabulary is traditionally characterized by the secularization and the emergence of a bilingual metaphorical structure in cultural and cognitive processes. The word “Mubariz” is derived from Arabic, meaning “opposite, contradicting, opposing” [6, p. 348].

The following military lexical units have true and figurative (extended) sense, which are functional in the sport discourse: For example, the Cold War. The true meaning of the word “cold” means “low temperature”. Cold wind, cold weather and so on. In a figurative sense, this word means tough, unkind, neglectful, uninteresting. The cold war is a destructive policy of imperialist circles aimed at creation of tension in international relations and fostering a new war [7, p. 94].

Conclusions

In the twentieth century, the, structure, semantic-functional possibilities of both Turkish and Azerbaijani languages, including military spheres have been enriched. Military vocabulary is one of the main lexical layers of Turkic languages. The vast majority of words that used in military lexicon express special concepts and differ from common words. Some words are functionally isolated and converted to ordinary, common words. The positive effect of many factors on the military lexicon and the enrichment of terms is inevitable: scientific and technical development, progress and militarypolitical relations, international relations. The research shows that military vocabulary of the comparative languages has also been developed and improved, as the scientific and technical, as well as military relations between states and countries developed. Such process, in other words, the influence of existing factors on the military vocabulary content of these has been increasing in the last century.

References

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4. Fedotova N. V. The Specificity of the Use of Military Metaphor in Sports Discourse. Philological Sciences. Questions of Theory and Practice. Tambov : Diploma, 2018. № 2. P 80.

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Анотація

Варіації військової лексики та завдання загального значення

Абдуррахімова М.

За роки незалежності відбулося значне вдосконалення та націоналізація за менший час у лексиці термінології азербайджанської мови, а такожу багатьох різних сферах турецької мови (адміністративні райони, військова робота тощо), що пов'язано з азербайджанською мовою.

У статті показано, що вона підтверджує наукові роботи, пов'язані з військовою справою, лексикою та термінологією, які охоплюють військову галузь. Після здобуття Азербайджаном незалежності особлива увага в країні приділялася будівництву армії, а також іншим сферам.

Зазначено, що озброєння армії, оснащення її новою сучасною зброєю є одним із найважливіших завдань. Після здобуття незалежності було створено нову військову промисловість, винайдено нову зброю. З огляду на це можна зазначити, що є багато нових військових термінів як в азербайджанській, так і в турецькій мовах.

Військова термінологія посідає одне з важливих місць у турецькій та азербайджанській лексиці. Військові терміни включають словникові одиниці, які відображають військове мистецтво. Такі підрозділи включають і визначають військову службу, військову техніку, внутрішньовійськову структуру тощо.

Основними причинами, які вказують на актуальність нашого дослідження, є такі: розширення відносин між двома країнами в багатьох сферах, особливо у військовій роботі; історичний генетичний аналіз військової лексики; лексичні зміни у військовій сфері; семантичні процеси, шляхи й засоби формування термінології; зв'язок між військовою історією та сучасною державою тюркських народів; процес формування термінів у кожному періоді; еволюція формування національної термінології; способи запозичення термінів та їх адаптація; збагачення термінології мов новими словами й термінами в будь-якій сфері; варіація військових термінів та проблем із загальним значенням, їх функціонування у процесі військового зв'язку; джерела й засоби формування; подібні та різні аспекти. Водночас зазначено, що аналізу й дослідженню піддано семасіологічне явище (множинне значення, або полісемантизм, омонімію, синонімію тощо), яке відображається у структурі військової термінології. Загалом дослідницьку роботу можна розглядати як джерело мовознавства, яке поряд із науковими й теоретичними нововведеннями може впливати на інтеграційний процес військових баз союзних країн у світі, що глобалізується, та сприяти цьому процесу.

Ключові слова: військова термінологія, варіація, словотворення, запозичений термін або запозичене слово, будівництво армії, військовий лексикон, період незалежності.

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