New replacement tendencies in the dictionary of modern Azerbaijani language (words through the Turkish language)

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Ganja State University

New replacement tendencies in the dictionary of modern azerbaijani language (words through the turkish language)

Karimli Aytan Tahir

Abstact

The purpose of the article is to study new replacement tendencies in the vocabulary of the modern Azerbaijani language, some functional features of words transferred from Turkish to Azerbaijani.

Works of our country and foreign scholars on lexical-terminological renewal at the expense of internal possibilities of language and borrowed words, unification ofborrowed words, participation in the process of replacement of words from relative languages were accepted such as methodology and methods used, theoretical and methodological basis of research. The article mainly uses descriptive, comparative methods.

The main pushed forward scientific innovation consists of renewal of the dictionary of the Azerbaijani language, which began in the late twentieth century, acquisition of terms from the Turkish language in the following decades. Turkish language words used in the language of the press as well as changes in the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language on the basis of the interaction of the Azerbaijani and Turkish languages, the study of the acquisition of replaced words, its functional-semantic features in a different direction and the comparative analysis of Turkish lexicon in Azerbaijani language.

The following results were obtained in the article:

differences in the meaning of words from Turkish language sometimes reflect the difference in lexical and semantic development of words compared to Azerbaijani language;

under the influence of the Turkish language, obsolete words that are not characteristic of the vocabulary of the modern Azerbaijani language return to the language;

in the early twentieth century, in the Azerbaijani language environment, the inequality of tendency stabilized language norms with all Turkish language levels was the result of the need for terminological units in the language. At the end of the twentieth century, the deepening of relations with the Republic of Turkey, the transition to the Latin alphabet, extensive exchange of information, cultural events, scientific and educational relations led to the expansion of language relations with the relative Turkish and acquire a broad character;

in the first years of independence and in the post-independence years in Azerbaijan, words from the Turkish language differ in the purpose and scope of use;

Turkish words are used instead of words of Eastern (sometimes Western) origin, as well as Azerbaijani words.

Key words: lexical-semantical development, archaic words, language integration, borrowed words of eastern origin, terminological units, common words.

Анотація

Карімлі Айтан Тахір. НОВІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ЗАМІНИ В СЛОВНИКУ

СУЧАСНОЇ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСЬКОЇ МОВИ (СЛОВА ТУРЕЦЬКОЮ МОВОЮ)

Метою статті є вивчення нових тенденцій заміщення в лексиці сучасної азербайджанської мови, деяких функціональних особливостей слів, перекладених з турецької азербайджанською мовою.

Були прийняті роботи вітчизняних і зарубіжних учених з лексико-термінологічного оновлення за рахунок внутрішніх можливостей мови і запозичених слів, уніфікації запозичених слів, участі в процесі заміни слів з родинних мов: застосовувані методологія і методи, теоретична та методологічна основа дослідження. У статті в основному використовуються описові, порівняльні методи.

Новизна ідей у статті. Основне просунуте наукове нововведення полягає в оновленні словника азербайджанської мови, розпочатого наприкінці XX століття, придбанні термінів з турецької мови в наступні десятиліття, словах турецької мови, які використовуються в мові преси, а також зміни в лексиці азербайджанської мови на основі взаємодії азербайджанської і турецької мов, вивчення засвоєння замінних слів, його функціонально-семантичних особливостей в іншому напрямі і порівняльний аналіз турецької лексики в азербайджанській мові

Висновки. У статті були отримані такі результати:

відмінності в значенні слів з турецької мови іноді відображають різницю в лексичному і семантичному розвитку слів порівняно з азербайджанською мовою;

під впливом турецької мови в мову повертаються застарілі слова, не характерні для лексики сучасної азербайджанської мови;

на початку XX століття в азербайджанському мовному середовищі нерівність тенденцій стабілізувала мовні норми на всіхрівнях турецькоїмови, що було результатом потреби в термінологічних одиницях у мові. Наприкінці XX століття поглиблення відносин з Турецькою Республікою, перехід на латинський алфавіт, великий обмін інформацією, культурні заходи, наукові та освітні зв'язки привели до розширення мовних відносин з відносним турецьким і набули широкого характеру;

у перші роки незалежності і в роки після здобуття незалежності в Азербайджані слова турецької мови розрізняються за призначенням і сферою використання;

турецькі слова використовуються замість слів східного (іноді західного) походження, а також азербайджанських слів.

Ключові слова: лексико-семантичний розвиток, архаїчні слова, мовна інтеграція, запозичені слова східного походження, термінологічні одиниці, загальновживані слова.

Introduction

Words passed to the Azerbaijani language as a result of the influence of the Turkish language have not been sufficiently studied, and the interactions with the related Turkish language have been little studied. The replacement of lexical-terminological units in the Azerbaijani language with Turkish words is studied in different directions in the research works devoted to the vocabulary structure of the Azerbaijani language.

The purpose of the article is to study new replacement tendencies in the vocabulary of the modern Azerbaijani language, some functional features of words transferred from Turkish to Azerbaijani.

Works of our country and foreign scholars on lexical-terminological renewal at the expense of internal possibilities of language and borrowed words, unification of borrowed words, participation in the process of replacement of words from relative languages were accepted such as methodology and methods used, theoretical and methodological basis of research. The article mainly uses descriptive, comparative methods.

Researching the process of terminological renewal in the Azerbaijani language, prof. T Guliyev, in his monograph “Terminological renewal in the Azerbaijani literary language” briefly discusses the changes in the lexical layer of the Azerbaijani language on the basis of the interaction of the Azerbaijani and Turkish languages and mastering of replaced words [5, p. 256].

The topic was partially researched in R. Guliyev's doctoral dissertation on “The place of Turkish in the modern Azerbaijani language” [4, p. 30]. The dissertation discusses the main directions of the relationship of Turkish lexicon with modern Azerbaijani lexicon, functional-semantic features of Turkish lexicon in modern Azerbaijani language.

Although words and terms derived from Turkish are studied from different directions in separate researches, their functional indicators, structure, content features, process of assimilation in the Azerbaijani language and directions of substitution are not widely analyzed. Therefore, it is especially important to study of directions of replacement tendencies with Turkish language words in modern Azerbaijani language. language vocabulary terminological word

The study mainly used the descriptive method, structural analysis, comparative-historical methods, statistical analysis, modelling, classification and systematization methods.

The replacement tendency with lexical units related to Turkish. There are two tendencies in the acquisition and use of Turkish words in the Azerbaijani language. A group of words reflects the lexical (and semantic) differentiation of the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, or consists of words artificially created as a result of language reforms in Turkey. They are distinguished not only by their closeness to the words of the Azerbaijani language in terms of root and suffix structure, lexical and grammatical meanings, but in most cases they do not differ from them in any way (for example: explanation, pressure, ceasefire, bitter, brutal, to insult, modern, period, resistance, situation, identity, before, result, writer, investment, meeting, publication etc.). Although in some cases differences in meaning stand out (for example: freeze in Azerbaijani “to freeze”, in Turkish “to stop activity”, respectively, the word circle means “geometric figure” and “coverage”, the word power means “power” and “government”, the player means “participant in any game” and “actor”, etc.), it actually reflects the difference in the lexical and semantic development of words compared to the Azerbaijani language. Therefore, no matter how many different concepts are behind these types of lexical units (for instance: freeze “to freeze” and “to stop activity”), none of them go beyond the boundaries of the semantic field (to be in inertia, to be in a situation for a long time). This makes it possible to switch from one meaning to another (even if they are related languages). Another tendency is the use of obsolete words that are not characteristic of the vocabulary of modern Azerbaijani. Such words are brought to the active vocabulary of Turkish and successfully used, which is a successful example for other languages of the Oghuz group, especially the Azerbaijani language. As a result, under the influence of the Turkish language, archaic words return to our language again. With this in mind, R. Guliyev writes that the vocabulary of the modern Azerbaijani language is distinguished primarily by the richness of words of Turkish origin. Unlike Turkish language, there are no artificial language operations or lexical reforms in here. Some borrowed words gradually gave their place to Turkish synonyms, and a number of passive lexical units began to become active [4, p. 13].

As it is known, “there has historically been a tendency to Turkish in the Azerbaijani language environment” [7, p. 113].

Researchers note that in 1918-1920, the elements of the Turkish language became especially active in the language norm of the period of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and along with the words “§u (that), hep (always), evet (yes), §imdi (now), ka? (how many), nerde (where), yarin (tomorrow)” that belong to Turkish, lexical units that are archaic for the Azerbaijani language such as bu (this), i§te (here), kendi (own, self) were used [6, p. 108].

At the beginning of the 20th century (especially in the first two decades), there were certain factors that determined the level of activity of language relations between Ottoman Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkish: sustainable international cultural and historical relations, non-equality (or absence) of stabilized language norms at all language levels, the need for terminological units in the language, etc. Among such reasons are the measures aimed at the rapid teaching of the state language during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, in particular, the “decision of the Government of Azerbaijan on July 23, 1918 to invite teachers from Turkey and bring textbooks” [1, p. 27].

Speaking about the role of the press in enriching the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language, Ismayil Temiroglu characterizes the process of conscious nationalization of words brought to our language artificially in the press: 1) reactivation of ancient Turkish words; 2) literary expression of dialect words; 3) creating new words based on existing models [8, p. 110].

Archaic lexical units are found in Turkish words as its structural component or independently. Such words are represented in correction and complex morphological structures: unlu (in Turkish means “famous”; un means “sound”; famous (unlu) images of Turkish poetry), sugla- (“to accuse”, “to blame”, su? “sin, guilt”; uluslararasi (“international”), etc.

Words from the Turkish language in the first years of our independence and in the postindependence years. Turkish words are divided into two groups according to the chronological order of transition to the Azerbaijani language: words in the first years of independence and words in the post-independence years. The restoration of Azerbaijan's state independence has led to the establishment of international political, economic and cultural ties, and the expansion of linguistic ties with the native Turkish language. In the first years, the words and terms necessary for the literary-communicative system appear in the press and are used by other stylistic in accordance with the meaning. For example: special, municipality, institution (within the merger; State Committee for Work with Religious Institutions), live broadcast, cartoon (for a time the word animation was used in parallel with the word cartoon), team, squad, ceasefire, region, etc. The names of culinary products made in Turkey are brought with it: doner, lahmacun. Later, their number is increased (borek, pide, smit and etc.). Over the years, the scope of words in this category has expanded: Call center (translated from Turkish into English by means of kalka: “call center”), agile police regiment, cadreplasterboard and etc. At first, some lexical units are spoken unnecessarily and are mainly used in the language of the press. For example: south, north, government, deputy, ambassador, etc.

In the post-independence period, the number of words and expressions reflecting the concept of species in the names of culinary products is increasing: meat pie, water pastry, brade break, doner (Turkish street food), meat doner, chicken doner and etc.

The words of the first years of independence gradually have a dual function. They were introduced into the language to express new concepts, to name objects, and to replace lexical and terminological units of Eastern and Western origin. For instance: leader, modern, connection, before, surname, genocide; mass destruction, vocabulary, number, queue, foreign and etc.

In the post-independence years, the number of words from the second category (that used instead of borrowed units) has been growing, and as a rule, such words are used instead of borrowings from Eastern languages: for example, source, prize, actor, example, eternity, typical characteristic, especially (used as modal word), result, famous, prohibition, passenger, objection, pressure, leader, evidence, presssecretary, computer, crossword and etc. Some of them are distinguished from others by their position in the literary-communicative system and their development activity. Depending on the need for these concepts in social communication, such words, being an active element of the communication process, become common lexical units.

At the same time, the number of lexical units related to the Turkish language, which are unnecessarily introduced into our language, is growing. Therefore, “in the first stage of independence, the attitude of linguists to the proliferation of words and terms specific to the Turkish language, which occupies an important place in the Azerbaijani press, was ambiguous. Some say that this is a deterioration of our language, while others say that, on the contrary, the closeness of the Turkic languages is more pronounced than in other language families of the world” [3, p. 75].

Over the next decade (2000s), the integration of the Azerbaijani and Turkish languages became more widespread as a result of deepening relations with the Republic of Turkey, the transition to the Latin alphabet, extensive information exchange, cultural events, science and education. According to Academician N. Jafarov, the expansion of language relations or language integration in the Turkish space is conditioned by a number of extralinguistic processes, which include, first of all, the following: a) strengthening political ties; b) strengthening economic ties; c) strengthening cultural ties [2, p. 224]. The trend of replacing borrowed words with Turkish language units continues in this decade: value, boundary, infinity, exhibit, freedom, capital, incident, custom, discussion, exaggeration as well as the words that not comprehensible to everyone influence, development, time, notify and etc.

Directions of replacement with Turkish words. For the next decade of the XXI century (2010-2020), along with the borrowed of Turkish words of Eastern (sometimes Western) origin, the use instead of Azerbaijani words is typical. It is observed that the following words have been replaced with Turkish equivalents in the printed materials of these years: in vain, indirect, belief, to hide, to reach, writer, meeting, widespread, refrain, room, wrap, did, daily, honest, gizlin (gizli), head, healthy, selection.

At this stage, the word for European languages from Turkish is used instead of other borrowed in Azerbaijani (especially Oriental and Russian). For example: quarantin, tour, helicopter. Some words of the Turkish language have undergone more changes in meaning over these years. For example: in Turkish agenda (gundem) means “daily matter” - in Azerbaijani language means “to be in the spotlight” in Turkish warranty (garanti) “insurance” - in Azerbaijani warranty “provider”. The word narrows in meaning. For example: in Turkish expert (uzman) “specialist” - in Azerbaijani expert “medical specialist” (is used in conjunction with the word doctor) and etc.

Taking into account the direction of replacement of words of the Azerbaijani language, as well as the origin features of replaced words and words that are replaced words, the process can be thought of as several inconsistent levels. At all levels, the activity of borrowed words of Oriental origin attracts attention. In each case, they act as either a substitute or a unit substituted. The reason for this is that the acquisitions of Oriental languages manifest themselves in the source language, i.e. in the Turkish language itself. In most cases, Arabic and Persian words were replaced by lexical units of Turkish, and in rare cases, words of European origin (even international terms) were used instead. Therefore, the units of the Turkish language, which came to the Azerbaijani language, are mainly used instead of the Arabic and Persian words. A small number of acquisitions of Eastern origin replace the words of Turkish or Western origin. The direction of substitution at the first level refers to the borrowed words of Eastern origin, which took place in the dictionary of the Azerbaijani language. Although such words have been used in our language for centuries and gained the right to citizenship, and have been mastered phonetically, lexically and grammatically, they easily leave our literary language in exchange for lexical units from the Turkish language. For example: extreme, peace, pressure, century, success, chairman, information, modern, comment, ambassador, period, investment, cheat, different, independence, condition, result and etc.

The direction of replacement of borrowings of Oriental origin, which is a unit of active communication in the Turkish language, belongs to the real Azerbaijani words. At first glance, such a direction of symmetry seems natural. Because if words of Turkish origin replace Arabic-Persian (or other origin) derivations, they, in turn, can replace Turkish words. Such borrowings have also been typical words for works written in the classical style throughout the history of the Azerbaijani language. They are fewer than the words that represent the first level. For example: purpose, equivalent, substitute, support (help), brunette, white, building (in meaning object), carnage, rich, word, peace, tranquillity, place, difficult, true etc.

In another case, a limited number of Eastern Origin borrowed words from the Turkish language are used instead of words of European origin. For example: blackmail genocide, melody, deputy, globalization and etc.

Lexical units related to European languages from Turkish replace Arabic and Persian words in our language. For example: culture, media, organic, organ, note, exactly etc.

There are other substitution directions in the language, represented by very few examples. Borrowed words from Arabic and Persian replace the words that are from the same origin as their. Here, both equivalents belong to the same language, or one to Arabic and the other to Persian. For example: government, surroundings, aggression, struggle, gratefulness, hindrance, profession (occupation) and etc. The words of Turkish language are used instead of words and terms from European origin. For example: crossword, gyps, phraseology, businessman, system, computer, cadre etc. Among given examples some words oppress and pull out their European origin equivalent from the intercourse process.

Result. In the process of replacing with Turkish words, in addition to words understood for our modern literary language, archaisms - are used that are not included in the active vocabulary of the language. Although under the influence of Turkish, the return of archaic words to the language is generally seen as a way to enrich the vocabulary through internal resources.

Turkish units, which come to the Azerbaijani language, are mainly used instead of Arabic and Persian words. A small number of borrowed words of Eastern origin replace the words of Turkish or Western origin. The direction of replacement is more related to the borrowed words of Eastern origin, which took place in the dictionary of the Azerbaijani language. Although such words have been used in our language for centuries and gained the right to citizenship, and have been mastered phonetically, lexically and grammatically, they easily leave our literary language in exchange for lexical units from the Turkish language.

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