Functional and semantic extension of the sentence of the modern Ukrainian literary language

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Functional and semantic extension of the sentence of the modern Ukrainian literary language

Oleksii Vorobets

Abstract

The latest linguistic research has witnessed a strengthening of the analytical consideration of syntactic semantics, the introduction of functional-semantic approach to determining the specifics of the sentence, its nucleus and potentially nucleus components in the inter-categorical section. It is obvious that the analysis of the sentence semantic organization takes into consideration the functions of individual syntaxemes, their system relations network, as well as syntactic properties of grammatical classes of words. At the same time, there arises a problem of complex analysis and interpretation of the mechanisms of semantics and functioning of a syntactic organization in general, as well as each of its units in particular. Typology of the syntactic system of the Ukrainian language, introduction of changes into the «from semantics to function», «from function to semantics», «complex, semantic and functional potential» ideas, all these contribute to the study of syntactic constructions on both the superficial and deep meaning levels. It is noteworthy that linguistic semantics relies on the idea of «non-alternative picture of the world» that is a generalized picture of a one-dimensional type, which excludes the option of complementary and mutually contradictory procedures in its interpretation.

Singling out of the extenders in the syntactic plane is connected to the extending way of thinking of the individual, which provides a defining conceptual background of scientific developments, acting as a tool for understanding reality in general and the extending basis of sentence construction in particular. It is the extended view of the surrounding reality allows interpreting the branched system of semantic components and meanings in various structural syntactic units.

Given that the sentence, its structure, responsible for the unity of both the superficial and deep meaning, is the sphere of functioning of syntactically tuned elements, and, therefore, a multifaceted unit allowing interaction of formal, semantic and syntactic features of sentence entities, it is the multifaceted nature of a sentence that provides the context for extenders study.

Functional-semantic extension of the sentence consists of a four-component hierarchy of extender models: elementary extender; extender complex; extender system; mega - extender, and that indicates the semantic potential of the studied syntactic units both from the standpoint of potentially main / main predication, and in terms of functioning in a framework of simple and complex sentences. The study of the problem is complemented by transformational intentions of the extending components, and it allows reaching to the deep meaning of the sentence through functional-semantic features.

Keywords: syntax, functions, elementary extender, extender system, extender complex, megaextender.

Анотація

Воробець Олексій. Функціонально-семантичне поширення речення сучасної української літературної мови

В новітніх лінгвістичних дослідженнях спостерігається посилення аналітичного розгляду синтаксичної семантики, впровадження функціонально-семантичного підходу до визначення специфіки речення, його ядерних та потенційно ядерних компонентів на міжкатегорійному зрізі. Очевидно, що аналіз семантичної організації речення передбачає розгляд функцій окремих синтаксем, мережі системних відношень між ними, синтаксичних властивостей граматичних класів слів. Водночас постає проблема комплексного аналізу та інтерпретації механізмів семантики і функціонування синтаксичної організації загалом та кожної її одиниці зокрема. Типологізація синтаксичної системи української мови, переформатування ідей «від семантики до функції», «від функції до семантики», «комплексний, семантичний та функціональний потенціал» формують вивчення поверхневого та глибинного смислу синтаксичних конструкцій. Слід враховувати, що лінгвістична семантика зорієнтована на ідею «безальтернативної картини світу» - узагальненої картини одновимірного типу, яка не передбачає взаємодоповнювальних і взаємно суперечливих процедур її інтерпретації. Виокремлення поширювачів у синтаксичній площині пов'язано із поширювальним мисленням індивіда, яке забезпечує визначально концептуальне тло наукових розробок, виступаючи інструментом для розуміння дійсності загалом та поширювальної основи реченнєвої конструкції зокрема. Саме поширене бачення навколишньої дійсності дає змогу інтерпретувати розгалужену систему семантичних компонентів та смислів в різноструктурних синтаксичних одиницях. З огляду на те, що речення, його структура, яка утворює єдність поверхневого і глибинного змісту, є сферою функціонування синтаксично налаштованих елементів, а отже, багатоаспектною одиницею, де взаємодіють формальні, семантичні та синтаксичні ознаки реченнєвих сутностей, поширювачі визначаємо з погляду багатоаспектності речення, при цьому особливу увагу приділяємо функціонально-семантичному виміру. Функціонально-семантичне поширення речення об'єднує навколо себе чотирьохкомпонентну ієрархію моделей поширювачів: елементарний поширювач; поширювальний комплекс; система поширювачів; мегапоширювач, що свідчить про семантичний потенціал досліджуваних синтаксичних одиниць як із позиції потенційно основної / основної предикації, так - і щодо функціонування у складі простого та складного речення. Дослідження проблеми супроводжується трансформаційними інтенціями поширювальних компонентів, що дає можливість просліджувати глибинний смисл речення через функціонально - семантичні ознаки.

Ключові слова: синтаксис, функції, елементарний поширювач; поширювальний комплекс; система поширювачів; мегапоширювач.

Introduction

The latest linguistic research has witnessed a strengthening of the analytical consideration of syntactic semantics, the introduction of functional-semantic approach to determining the specifics of the sentence, its nucleus and potentially nucleus components in the inter-categorical section. According to V. Kononenko the functional-semantic dimension is the sphere for the analysis of the semantic structure of many typical predicate components, taking into account the means of their representation, given that the phenomenon of predication can be viewed from several aspects, in particular as a manifestation of interaction of not one but several semantic components that characterize the predicate center in this or that way [6 Predicate in sentence structure. Kyiv; Ivano-Frankivsk; Warsaw, 2012. p. 8]. It is obvious that the analysis of the sentence semantic organization takes into consideration the functions of individual syntaxemes, their system relations network, as well as syntactic properties of grammatical classes of words [4 Zagnitko A.P. Theory of modern syntax. Donetsk, 2008. S. 210]. In particular, scientific study of the status of the main members of a sentence and its secondary members, contributing to its extension, requires a holistic analysis and revising of traditional scientific paradigms concerning classification systems of propagating semantics based on either one feature (formal, semantic, pragmatic, functional, etc.) or several features, taking into account their complex representation (formal-semantic, functional-semantic, etc.).

At the same time, there arises a problem of complex analysis and interpretation of the mechanisms of semantics and functioning of a syntactic organization in general, as well as each of its units in particular. Typology of the syntactic system of the Ukrainian language, introduction of changes into the «from semantics to function», «from function to semantics», «complex, semantic and functional potential» ideas, all these contribute to the study of syntactic constructions on both the superficial and deep meaning levels.

1. Theoretical background

The definition of the research functional aspect is related to the interpretation of the concept of 'function' within the syntactic units terminological paradigm. Vykhovanets I.R. argues that «syntactic function reflects the behavior (i.e. of a smaller unit) in the system of a certain whole (i.e. of a larger unit from a certain standpoint), the element-substrate of the function in the surrounding environment» [1 Vykhovanets I.R. Essays on the functional syntax of the Ukrainian language. Kyiv, 1992. P. 5]. In a broad sense, in linguistics a function is designed to outline the purpose of language in human society, the role of the language unit when used in speech.

To have the researched components properly marked further, there is a need to clarify the interpretations of the concept of 'sentence scheme structure'. It is traditionally perceived as an abstract sample sentence, which includes a necessary minimum of components for its construction. The notion of the minimum of components can be based either on the formal organization of the sentence as predicate units, or on the formal or semantic structure of the sentence, i.e. the structural sentence sufficiency. Taking into account the polarization of the ideas of the formal and semantic approaches in the study of the functional potential of the sentence components, the semantic understanding of the structural scheme is favoured.

It is noteworthy that linguistic semantics relies on the idea of «non-alternative picture of the world» that is a generalized picture of a one-dimensional type, which excludes the option of complementary and mutually contradictory procedures in its interpretation. In this context, Demenchuk O.V. advocates both need and expediency of modeling the content of a linguistic unit or class of linguistic units on the example of the concept of a multidimensional type of situation, which mimics the dynamics of the world of discourse conceptualization from the perspective of different worldview variants [3 Demenchuk O.V. Linguistics of sensory perception: dynamic models in the semantics of perceptual vocabulary of Ukrainian, Polish and English languages. Rivne, 2014. P. 7]. This approach allows the semantic component of linguistic description to adjust its semantic interpretation failing in line with its deep structure.

2. Results and discussion

Singling out of the extenders in the syntactic plane is connected to the extending way of thinking of the individual, which provides a defining conceptual background of scientific developments, acting as a tool for understanding reality in general and the extending basis of sentence construction in particular. It is the extended view of the surrounding reality allows interpreting the branched system of semantic components and meanings in various structural syntactic units.

Extenders are qualified as minimal syntactic units characterized by the totality and structured unity of their semantic content, which results from the synthesis of one, two or more components characterized by combined functional-semantic properties that act as syntaxemes for both the substantive and predicative components. For example: (1) Моя добра господиня, правда, дає мені рано і ввечері шклянку кави без хліба й цукру, але людина не може цим задовольнитися (В. Підмогильний) [(1) My good hostess, however, gives me in the morning and in the evening a cup of coffee with no sugar and bread, but man can hardly be satisfied with it (V. Pidmohylny)]; (2) Триста років ходимо по колу (Л. Костенко). [(2) For three hundred years we have been walking as if in a circle (L. Kostenko)]. In the example [1] the amount of attribute-extenders, objective extenders, the component of the sentence - temporale results in the semantic structure shift in general, in the example extenders have become a part of a predicate and denote the obligatory temporale.

Given the existence of multiple levels of language as an organic system characterized by interpenetration and mutual influence on different levels, the analysis of syncretic components of a sentence as syntactic level structures requires a multidimensional approach that allows covering more means and ways of extenders expression in the semantic sentence model. The interpretation of functional-semantic extension of a sentence as an integral unit is carried out through the hierarchy of extenders models [2 Vorobets O.D. Distribution as a syntactic category of non-elementary sentences. Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Linguistics. Kherson, 2018. №34. S. 7-9].

1. Elementary extender. Example: (3) Я прийду завтра (І. Вільде) [1 will come tomorrow (I. Vilde)] - an extender model with temporal semantics; (4) А сьогодні Михайла зарізали… (М. Матіос) [And today Mykhailo was killed… (M. Matios)] - an extender model with temporal semantics. Comparing the temporal extenders in sentences [3] and [4], we see a relevant difference concerning the semantic meaning, as the component tomorrow in the final position can be defined as optional, while temporative today in the initial position is enhanced by an additional component and is definitely obligatory both from the standpoint of semantics and its functions.

Let's consider the sentence (5) Теща вночі стогнала: приснилася радіація (Л. Костенко) [Mother-in - law moaned at night: she dreamt of radiation (L. Kostenko)] - a model with temporal semantics. The represented component at night is identified as an elementary extender with transformational features: Настала ніч [Night has come] (potentially the main predication) + Теща стогнала: приснилася радіація [Mother-in-law moaned: dreamt of radiation] (main predication) = Коли настала ніч, Теща стогнала: приснилася радіація [When night came, The mother-in-law moaned: dreamt of radiation]. Also [5] includes a component приснилася радіація [dreamt of radiation] that is an extension model with causal semantics that can be interpreted as a mega-extender, compare: Настала ніч [There was a night] (potentially main predication) + Теща стогнала [mother-in-law moaned] (main predication) + приснилася радіація [dreamt of radiation] (potentially main predication) = Коли настала ніч, теща стогнала, оскільки їй приснилася радіація. [When the night came, the mother-in-law moaned as she dreamt of radiation]. Therefore, extenders determine temporal and causal identifications, being situated in the initial and final positions of the sentence model, thus, one can speak of a temporal-causal relationship - «superpredicate». According to Kononenko V.I., transformational procedures at the sentence level determine whether it is possible to reduce the predicate value to the concert concept in its multidimensional meanings and realizations [5 Kononenko V.I. Concepts of Ukrainian discourse. Kyiv; Ivano-Frankivsk, 2004. P. 5-7], which provides a possibility to consider semantically charged and functionally tuned extending components as conceptual units.

1. Extender complex. Example: (6) Його можлива перемога в Україні в майбутньому загрожуватиме непередбачуваними наслідками і для західних демократій (О. Забужко) [His possible victory in Ukraine in the future may result in unpredictable consequences for Western democracies as well (O. Zabuzhko)] - an extender model with attributive, objective, temporal, locative semantics; (7) Матронка з дитиною йде в луг за худобою (М. Матіос) [Matronka with a child goes to the meadow following cattle] (M. Matios) - an extender model with objective, locative semantics.