Etymological stratigraphy of the lexemes lacuna / лакуна in English and Ukrainian
The article considers the etymological versions of the token lacuna in English and its Ukrainian-language equivalent lacuna, which in the process of functioning acquired terminological significance and became the basic term of a new science - lacunology.
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Etymological stratigraphy of the lexemes lacuna / лакуна in English and Ukrainian
Tetiana O. Anokhina
National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract
The article deals with etymological versions of lacuna in English and its Ukrainian лакуна counterpart. It has become terminologically important in the process of functioning and has become the basic term for the new science of lacunology. It is revealed that the lexeme of lacuna / лакуна was borrowed into English and Ukrainian from Latin, but at the same time it should be considered as a result of the semantic development of IE. *laku, in particular, of its primary definitions as "reservoir", "dried lake", "hole", "void" and others Etymological nests of derivatives related to the words lacuna / лакуна have been constructed to demonstrate their genetic relationship for the common IE. root *laku / *laqu-, with the subsequent transition to the ProtoGerman *logr and the Proto-Slavic - *loky. It is established that by semantic shift of the semantic chain "water", "lake", "pit", "hole" in the original semantic structure of these words an archisema `absence' was formed through a dichotomy повний [з водою] :: порожний [без води]. The component analysis of differential and integral family connections of the archiseme of `absence' in modern naive pictures of the world is made. Based on them their further terminologisation in scientific pictures of the world have been recorded. etymological lacuna terminological
It is proved that in the scientific pictures of the world these semes have lost their original topographic value (reservoirs and their devastated state) and have been transformed into seven `pass', `missing element', `missing form', `gap'. The terms "lake", "pit", "swamp" and "sea" are no longer associated with the word lacuna / лакуна. Developing its original meanings and acquiring new differential families associated with the archiseme of `absence' and new synonyms, the notion of lacuna / лакуна has become a term in philosophy, mathematics, medicine and linguistics.
Keywords: etymological versions, lac- /лак - derivatives, IE. root *laku, genetic relationship.
Анотація
У статті розглядаються етимологічні версії лексеми lacuna в англійській мові та її українськомовного відповідника лакуна, яка у процесі функціонування набула термінологічного значення і стала базовим терміном нової науки - лакунології. Виявлено, що лексема lacuna / лакуна була запозичена в англійську та українську мови з латини, але водночас її слід уважати результатом семантичного розвитку і.-є. етимона *laku, зокрема, таких його першозначень, як "водойма", "висушене озеро ", "отвір ", "пустота" та ін. Побудовано етимологічні гнізда дериватів, пов 'язаних зі словами lacuna / лакуна, що демонструють генетичну їх спорідненість за спільним індоєвропейським коренем *laku / *laqti- з подальшим переходом у прагерманський етимон *logr та праслов 'янський - *loky. Установлено, що шляхом семантичного зсуву смислового ланцюжку "вода", "озеро", "яма", "отвір" в первісній семантичній структурі цих слів утворилася архісема "відсутність" через дихотомію повний [з водою] :: порожний [без води]. Здійснено компонентний аналіз диференційних та інтегральних семних зв'язків архісеми "відсутність" у сучасних наївних картинах світу й зафіксовано ті, на базі яких відбулася подальша їхня термінологізація вже в наукових картинах світу.
Доведено, що у наукових картинах світу ці семи втратили вихідне топографічне значення (водойм та їхнього спустошеного стану) і трансформувалися в семи `пропуск ', `відсутній елемент ', `відсутня форма ', `прогалина '. Значення `озеро ', `яма ', `болото ' та `море ' більше не пов 'язують зі словом lacuna / лакуна. Розвинувши свої первісні значення і набувши нових диференційних сем, пов 'язаних із архісемою `відсутності ' та новими синонімами, поняття lacuna / лакуна стає терміном у філософії, математиці, медицині і лінгвістиці.
Ключові слова: етимологічні версії, деривати lac- / лак-, індоєвропейський корінь *laku, генетична спорідненість.
Introduction
To comprehend the linguistic representation of the hypercategory of lacunarity and to formulate the optimal terminological definition of a unit-hyperonym of lacunology, which is a lacuna, we turn to etymological and modern lexicographic sources.
The reconstruction of the naive picture of the world is the first stage, the results of which allow us to fix the initial state of the language units from which it is formed. In this case, a comprehensive linguistic, comparative and typological approach to diachronic and synchronic analysis of the LSV "ABSENCE / NOTHING" allows us to represent a register of language units in the semantic structure of which there is archiseme of `absence'.
Literature Review
The complexity of ontology of the lacuna contributed to the development of a new science - lacunology (Istvan, 2016; Markovina, 2010; Sorokin, 2010; Rasul, 2016), whose theoretical fundamentals were fixed in the field of Translation Studies (Florin, 1980; Szerszunowicz, 2015; Vlahov, 1980). At first, in linguistic studios (Zhelvis, 1977) lacunae were investigated based on the concepts related to the spheres of linguistic studies, ethnopsycholinguistics and psycholinguistics (Sorokin, 2010; Markovina, 2010). They subsequently prepared a powerful fundamentals for furtherr analysis from the standpoint of comparative and contrastive studies (Venuti, 1995; Vinay, 1958; Darbelnet, 1958), nonverbal linguosemiotics, cognitive linguistics, intercultural communication, pragmalinguistics, where phraseological patterns are treated as cross-linguistic gaps (Szerszunowicz, 2016; Szerszunowicz, 2018), as well as for corpus linguistics where lacunae are regarded low- frequent units and non-equivalent units, or zero counterparts in parallel corpora traced both diachronically and synchronically (Baker, 1993; Bergstad, 2009; Colson, 2017).
Szemerenyi, using the method of diachronic interpretation, performed reconstruction by comparing modern language material and further obtained hypothetical states (Szemerenyi, 1980: 13). In this work, to identify the etymological gaps, the elements of the method of diachronic interpretation (O. Szemerenyi) were used to analysed the versions of the lexeme of lacuna and its Ukrainian counterpart in order to reveal the original semantics of the Indo-European root *laku, Proto-German reflexes and the pathways of its derivatives in Ukrainian to establish genetic connections and boundaries of the etymological nest, It is a hierarchically ordered set of formations in the diachronic plane with a central proto-form.
Chernysh notes that "there are good reasons to believe that the use of the nesting approach makes it possible to trace the total lexical implementation of substantives with a common root, to track their functioning, to establish and analyse the semantic potential of derived words, to show the way of the epistemic mastery of reality and the internal logic of the language" (Chernysh, 2010: 1). A group of words, like any other etymological nest, contains phonetic, morphological, phonomorphological, semantic and word-building, transparent and darkened connections of formal and semantic derivations (Chernysh 2010: 20).
1. Aim.
The aim of the article is to represent the etymological stratigraphy of the lexemes lacuna /лакуна in English and Ukrainian.
2. Methodology.
Tracing the etymological development of the term "lacuna", we distinguish the meaning of "proportion of absence" from previous forms of the lexeme lacuna. The groups of words were considered that correlate with the word lacuna. Based on the analysis of their phonosemantic relationship and occurrence in general etymological groups, we use the nesting approach.
To analyse the etymological sources of the lexeme of lacuna / lacuna, we used the cognitive linguocomparative method, namely the method of diachronic interpretation (O. Szemerenvi) to analyse the versions of Cognitive Linguistic Comparative Studies of the origin of the lexeme of lacuna and its Ukrainian counterpart (it was borrowed from Latin into English), as well as Indo-European root *laku, Proto-Germanic reflexes and the ways of origin of their derivatives in Ukrainian. The method of structural linguistics, namely the component analysis, made it possible to fix the archiseme of `absence' in the semantic structures of the lexemes of lacuna / lacuna represented in the English and Ukrainian dictionaries with emphasis on integral and differential semes.
3. Results.
3.1. The etymologisation of the lexeme lacuna in English.
The determining factor for the development of Comparative Historical Linguistics (in particular, etymology) was the introduction of the nest approach of Melnychuk in the IndoEuropean context (Chernysh 2010: 229). As it is known, the etymological nest constitutes a system of genetically related words that were grouped around a common etymon for them (Chernysh 2010: 26).
Understanding the semantic structure of the roots, i.e. the components of an etymological nest, follows the establishment of etymological connections and relations uniting empirically fixed derivatives. All the genetic material: phonetic, morphological and lexicosemantic reflexes of the studied roots and lexemes that are in a complex interaction may be included into the structure of the etymological nest (Chernysh 2010: 230).
The analysis of the etymological development of the lexeme of lacuna in lexicographic sources helps to assume that the development of its archiseme of `absence' occurred gradually in different groups of phonetically similar words that had a common etymological origin and were associated with Indo-European *laku represented in the "Etymolohichnyi slovnyk hermanskykh mov" (Engl. Etymological Dictionary of the Germanic Languages) Levitsky (2010: 344). It is confirmed by the data of the modern etymological dictionary of Harper (Harper) and Pokorny (Pokorny, 2007: 1883).
The above-mentioned sources associate the Proto-Germanic form *lakana - "polotno", "zvysayucha hanchirka" (Engl. "canvas", "hanging cloth") with IE *(s)leg-, (s)log- and (s)leg- (Levitsky, 2010: 344; Pokorny, 2007: 2785) with the Old High German form of lahhan - "khustka, tkanyna" (Engl. "scarf, cloth") (Pokorny, 2007: 2785), Old English form of hlec "toy, shcho propuskaye vodu, protikaye" (Engl. "leaking water") (with additional h) originating from the German reflex lak- (Levitsky, 2010: 344). It preserved in Old English and had the full correspondence of lac (Harper). In Modern English it has the following derivatives: leak "tekty, vytikaty" (Engl. "flow") and lack - "nestacha / brak chohos, khyba" (Engl. "lack / lack of something, failure") (Levitsky, 2010: 344), "nestacha, khyba, pomylka" (Engl. "lack, failure, mistake") (Pokorny, 2007: 2786) that are connected, according to Levitsky assumption, with Proto-Germanic *slaka- "slabkyy" (Engl. "weak"), origination from IE *sle-/sle-/slo- "buty vyalym" (Engl. "to be merry") (Levitsky, 2010: 344). These meanings are contiguous with the meanings of the reflex lak- "shchos, shcho teche, zvolozhuye", "zvysaty" "znykaty" (Engl. "something that flows, moisturizes", "it hangs", "it disappears" (Levitsky, 2010: 344-345).
Pokorny's dictionary also contains the Middle High German form lu "potik, strumok, bolotna voda" (Engl. "stream, marsh water") and їж "stoyacha voda" (Engl. "stagnant water") (laho) that are associated with the reflex laku- (Pokorny, 2007: 1834). The Latin form of lacinia "loskut, shmat polotna" (Engl. "flap, piece of cloth") originating from IE *lek-1: lok-: "lyuk" (Engl. "hatch"). Another IE root *lek-2 means "shmatuvaty" (Engl. "to shred") originated from IE proto-form *nak(u), lak(u) with their derivatives nogw-, nogwod(h)o-, nogw-no- "bez nichoho, ne zakhyshchenyy, holyy" (Engl. "without anything, not protected, naked" (Pokorny, 2007: 1946).
There are the groups of derivatives united by the common IE root *laku-, which is connected with the word lacuna, in the etymological sources of the English language.
The phonetic derivative of the lexeme lacuna is lake. Harper's dictionary states that the word lake1 (ozero (Engl. lake)) (early XII c.) "vodoymyshche, otochene zemleyu, voda, shcho napovnyuye nyzynu abo vodnyy basseyn" (Engl. "water body surrounded by land, water that fills a lowland or water basin") originates from the Latin word lacus "stavok, baseyn, ozero" (Engl. "pond, pool, lake"), also "baseyn, yemnist, rezervuar" (Engl. "pool, capacity, reservoir") (associated with the word lacuna "otvir, yama" (Engl. "hole, pit") that originates from IE *laku- "vodoymyshche, ozero, more" (Engl. "reservoir, lake, sea") (it also originates from the Greek word lakkos "yama, yemnist, ozero" (Engl. "pit, capacity, lake"), Old Church Slavonic заводь "kalyuzha, vodoyma" (Engl. "puddle, reservoir"), Old Irish loch "ozero, stavok" (Engl. "lake, pond"). The general notion is "water pool" (Harper).
There are other meanings for lake. Thus, the word lake2 / lac "deep red colouring substance (1610) dates back to French laque (XV c.). It is associated with the word lacustrine "toy, shcho vidnosytsya do ozer" (Engl. "pertaining to lakes") (1826); the word lough "ozero, stavok" (Engl. "lake, pond" (early XIV c.) related to the Anglo-Celtic, northern form of the Irish and Gaelic word loch, Welsh llwch, all of which originate from IE *laku- (Harper).
Another phonetic derivative of the lexeme of lacuna is the word laker, cf.: laker (it denotes someone or something related to a lake or lakes, for example, English Lake Country tourism, the poet W. Wordsworth, who lived at Lake District (1814), the Minneapolis Lakers American Basketball Team (1947) (Harper).
The word loch (late XIV century) originates from the Gaelic word loch "ozero, podibnyy do ozera" (Engl. "lake-like lake"), which refers to the landscape of western Scotland with its lakes. It originates from the Old Irish word loch "vodna poverkhnya, ozero" (Engl. "water surface, lake"), Breton word lagen, English-Irish lough, borrowed from Latin lacus. In Northumbria it was used in the dialect form luh. The deminitive iriginates from lochan (Harper).
A close derivative of the lexeme lacuna is lagoon, as well as the form of lagoon, formerly laguna (1610), "bolotysta dilyanka abo nyzyna z solonoyu vodoyu bilya morya, vidhorodzhena pischanym pahorbom" (Engl. "a swampy area or lowland with salt water by the sea, enclosed by a sandy hill") borrowed from French lagune or directly from Italian laguna "stavok, ozero" (Engl. "pond, lake"), from Latin lacuna "ozero, otvir" (Engl. "lake, hole"), from lacus "ozero" (Engl. "lake"). The first references to this word are related to the Venice area. It is known that this word was used in 1769 by Captain Cook to describe the lake-like waterway in the Atoll of the Southern Seas (Harper).
The derivative of the word lacuna is fixed to indicate the lack of something, cf: lack (noun) (1300) "vidsutnist; potreba; neobkhidnist; defitsyt" (Engl. "absence; need; necessity; deficiency") possibly originates from the Old English of the unregistered form of lac, or borrowed from the Mid-Dutch word lak "defitsit, provyna" (Engl. "deficit, guilt"); in any case, perhaps from the Proto-Germanic *lek- (it also originates from the Old French form of lek "nedolik, poshkodzhennya" (Engl. "defect, damage"), Ancient Scandinavian form lakr "za vidsutnosti (yakosti), defitsyt" (Engl. "in the absence (quality), deficiency"), from IE *leg- (2) "krapaty, protikaty" (Engl. "drip, leak"). In Middle English the form lackless "bezpomylkovyy abo toy, shcho ne mistyt' nedolikiv (Engl. "infallible or defective")).
The intransitive verb form lack "potrebuvaty, demonstruvaty potrebu" (Engl. "need, to show need" is fixed at the end of the XII c. originates from the Mid-Dutch form of laken "potrebuvaty" (Engl. ""required"), from lak (noun) "defitsit" (Engl. "deficit, deficiency"), or from another native unregistered derivative form. The meaning of "potrebuvaty chohos" was formed in the early XII c. has the forms lacked; lacking (Harper).
The etymologically associated with the word lack, exclamation alack was "nevdalyy den" (Engl. "a bad day"). The expressions ah, lack of sorrow or frustration occurs in the middle XV c. As Skitt noted, the form of lack (noun) formed a form with a secondary meaning in the Middle English language: "vtrata, nevdacha, nedolik, dorikannya, sorom" (Engl. "loss, failure, disadvantage, reproach, shame". At first, this expression signified dissatisfaction, later disappointment or an unpleasant surprise, sometimes the form alackaday ("alack the day") (Harper).
The semaseological derivative of the lake was the word scarlet, which meant the expensive cloth "rich cloth", without later acquired the meaning "bright red, purple". It originated in the middle XIII c. from the short Old French escarlate form "red (coloured), high quality fabric", from the Medieval Latin form scarlatum "red, red fabric", from the Italian scarlatto, from the Spanish escarlate, possibly from the Middle East, but rather from the Old High German scarlachen, scharlachen (about 1200) scar "sheared" + lachen "cloth".
In English, the name of the colour is fixed from the end of the XIV c. The known word combinations are fixed as the adjective since 1300: collocation of scarlet lady from "red with shame or indignation", persistent expression scarlet fever ("scarlet fever, purple fever") (since 1670), scarlet oak ("red oak"), the tree of the New World, the name is fixed since 1590. In German there is a word Scharlach, in Dutch - Scharlaken, in English - "Scarlet letter" (N. Hawthorne's "Red Letter") since 1850. German, Dutch sources indicate that these words are related to the English word lake (Harper).
The construction of the subject field of lacunae began with the identification of dominant words lacuna / лакуна (terms of the same name) and the formation of pre-scientific lacunae. During the "landscape period" (in antiquity), an initial hyperonymic unit emerges, attributing "lacuna / лакуну" to the secondary derivation designation. Applying the nesting approach to research objects made it possible to trace the cumulative lexical realisation of substances with a common root, to trace their functioning, to establish and analyse the semantic potential of derivative words, to discover ways of epistemic mastery of reality and the internal structure of language systems.
Based on the etymological versions of lake, lagoon, lacinia, lack, lacuna, we assume that their semantics demonstrate the syncretism of eight meanings, mainly related to water and reservoirs:
"Reservoir" ("water", "river", "puddle", "reservoir"); 2) "l ake" ("puddle", "reservoir"); 3) "bay" ("shallow bay", "harbor"); with their ichthyology; 4) "salmon" ("fish", "salmon"); with their devastation; 5) "gap" ("dig", "leak", "pour water", "lack", "absence", "gap"); with something equal; 6) "cloth" ("sheet", "cover", "coat", "cloth"); 7) "piece" ("tip,
fringe"); and again with some indentation; 8) "hole" ("pit, funnel"), which form the initial semantics of the word lacuna, on the basis of which its further meanings in modern English have developed, including the terminological ones. The latter form the basis of the conceptual nucleus of hypercategory of lacunarity (Table 1).
Etymologically related original reconstructed meanings of the lexeme lacuna and meanings of its derivatives
Table 1
|
No. |
Original meaning |
Etymological nest and variants of its meanings |
Indo-European, Proto-Germanic, Slavic root, etymons and their meanings |
|
|
1. |
"reservoir " |
IE. *laku lag- "water", "river", "puddle", "reservoir" |
IE. *laku "voda, vodoyma" (Engl. "water, body of water") (Levitsky, 2010: 342); LAG2 "vodoyma" (Engl. "reservoir") (Levitsky, 2010: 342); *laku "puddle, reservoir" (Pokorny, 2007: 1833); Old Slavonic loky, Proto-German logr "morskyy potik, voda" (Engl. "sea stream, water"), Old English lago "sea, water, location of the sea". |
|
|
2. |
"lake" |
IE. *laku lacus "puddle", "reservoir" |
Latin lacus "zahlyblennya, ozero" (Engl. "deepening, lake") (Levitsky, 2010: 342); Greek сак-Kos "zahlyblennya, otvir" (Engl. "deepening, opening") (ESUM, 2003: 179-180); Old Slavonic loky "kalyuzha" (Engl. "puddles") (Levitsky, 2010: 342); from IE. *laku - "vodoymyshcha, ozero, more" (Engl. "reservoirs, lake, sea"). Most sources fix the Latin <lacuna "tama, rovonka" (Engl. "pit, funnel") and the Greek origin of the word (Greek <7аккюр.а) (Gromyak, 2006). The derivatives are English lacer (XIV c.), English lough "lake, pond" (Harper). |
|
|
3. |
"bay" |
IE. *laku laglaguna "shallow bay", "harbor" |
"nehlyboka morska zatoka" (Engl. "shallow bay") (ESUM, 1989: 179), "havan" (Engl. "harbour") (Pokorny, 2007: 2268), Old English lagu "more, rika, voda" (Engl. "sea, river, water"), Irish loch "ozero" (Engl. "lake"), Old Slavonic loky "kalyuzha" (Engl. "puddle"), <Latin lacus "ozero" (Engl. "lake") (ESUM, 2003: 180). The word was applied 1769 (by Capt. Cook) to the lake-like stretch of water enclosed in a South Seas atoll) (Harper). |
|
|
4. |
"salmon" |
IE. *laks- *lakhs- lahs- lox "fish", "salmon" |
LAHS- "losos" (Engl. "salmon") (Levitsky, 2010: 343), possibly from IE. *lak- / laksos "riba, losos" (Engl. "fish, salmon") (Levitsky, 2010: 342),American English lox (1934), from Proto-German *lakhs-, IE. *laks- (Harper), which was displaced by salmon of Roman origin in English (Levitsky, 2010: 343). |
|
|
5. |
"gaP" |
leg-1 lack "dig", "leak", "pour water", "lack", "absence", "gaP" |
"drip, leak", Old English hlec "flow", Old Frisian lec "damage, trouble" (Pokorny, 2007: 1852); lack from leg- "absence, lack, deficit" (XV c.), derivative form alackaday ("alack the day"), lacked, lacking (Harper). |
|
|
No. |
Original meaning |
Etymological nest and variants of its meanings |
Indo-European, Proto-Germanic, Slavic root, etymons and their meanings |
|
|
6. |
"cloth" |
IE. *sle-/sle-/slo- lak- "sheet", "cover", "coat", "cloth" |
LAK- < German lacana "polotno " (Engl. "canvas ") (Levitsky, 2010: 344) <IE. *sle-/sle-/slo- "buty v"yalym" (Engl. "to be merry") (Levitsky, 2010: 344); Latin laxus "rozslablenyy" (Engl. "relaxed") (Levitsky, 2010: 344); <German slaka-; Old English hlec, Old English leccan "zvolozhuvaty" (Engl. "moisturize"), English leak "tikty, utikaty" (Engl. "run, run away"), English lack "nedolik, vidsutnist" (Engl."lack, absence") (Levitsky, 2010: 344). |
|
|
7. |
"piece " |
*lok-tu- lek -1/lok- lacinia "tip, fringe" |
from Latin lacinia "many" (Harper), Old Irish locht m. (* lok-tu-) "accusation, mistake, omission "; "tip, fringe, cattle", IE. lek-1: lok-: "hatch" (Pokorny, 2007: 1994). |
|
|
8. |
"hole" |
IE. *laku lacuna "pit, funnel" |
lacuna from <lacuna "pit, funnel" (1660), lac "deep red colouring substance" (1610); the word lacustrine "pertaining to lakes" (1826) (Harper). |
5.2 The etymologisation of the lexeme лакуна in Ukrainian.
The original meaning borrowed from Latin lacuna also originates from IE. *laqu- (*laku) "water in a pit, water in a puddle, seawater", which is also reconstructed in Old Slavic "puddle".
There are the dictionary entries with derivatives of the lexeme lacuna - [Лак 1] and [Лак 2] in the ESUM.
[Lak1] (Orig. [Лак 1]) "plivkotvirnyy rozchyn, yakym pokryvayut poverkhnyu" (Engl. "film-forming solution to which the surface is covered") through the mediation of Russian and German, French or Dutch (German Lack, French laque, Dutch laK), which was borrowed from Italian form lacca (ESUM, 2003: 185). It originates from Old Indian laksa "lak (z chervonoyi farby i yakoyis' smoly)" (Engl. "lacquer (made of red paint and some resin)" (ESUM, 2003: 186).
[Lak2] (Orig. [Лак 2]) "ozero v plavnyakh" (Engl. "lake in the floodplains"), лачок "nyzyna, shcho ne obroblyayetsya" (Engl. "lowland that is not cultivated") originates from Latin lacus; "vanna, dizhka, yama" (Engl. "bath, tub, pit") is associated with Greek lakkos, which had the meaning "stav dlya vodoplavnoyi ptytsi; yama, riv; vodoyma, baseyn" (Engl. "became for a waterfowl; pit, moat; pond, swimming pool"); it also has etymological links with Old English. lagu "more, richka, voda" (Engl. "sea, river, water"), Old Irish loch "ozero, stav, kalyuzha" (Engl. "lake, pond, puddle", Old Slavonic "doshchova voda, kalyuzha" (Engl. "rain water, puddle") (ESUM, 2003: 186).
The etymological article with the word Лак 2 goes to the dictionary entry лагуна (Engl. lagoon) "nehlyboka morska zatoka" (Engl. "shallow bay"), which is also considered as borrowing, possibly through the mediation of Russian, German (German Lagune) and Italian (Italian lacuna that originates from Latin lacuna "kalyuzha" (Engl. "puddles") that is connected with lacus "ozero" (Engl. "lake"), related to Irish loch "Ibid.", Old English lagu "more, richka, voda" (Engl. "sea, river, water"), Greek lakkos "stav, yama" (Engl. "pond, pit"), reconstructed Proto-Slavic form *loky "kalyuzha" (Engl. "puddle") [...] (ESUM, 2003: 179-180).
The phonetically similar lexemes lakuna (Engl. lacuna) і laguna (Engl. Lagoon) are etymological doublets that share the common etymology associated with the Latin lacus and Greek XaKKos (ESUM, 2003: 179-180).
The interesting semantic reflexes of Irish loch are the etymological meanings and forms of the ichthyonym Loh2 (ichth.) (Orig. Лох 2) - "losos (Saliuo salar L.) u period nerestu (Engl. salmon during the spawning period)", which obviously constitutes borrowing from Russian; Rus. [лох] "losos; strumkova forel, ... skhudlyy losos pislya nerestu" (Engl. "salmon; brook trout, ... lean salmon after spawning"); [лоховина] "pohane myaso somhy; myaso lokha" (Engl. "bad salmon meat; sucker meat"); one of the meanings "peretvorytysya z lososya u lokha" (Engl. "turn from salmon into sucker"); it is also assumed to originate from the common Indo-European fish name *Lak's with another expander: *lak's-o-, cf. *laKs-o-R- > salmon; the idea of borrowing the word was expressed: Finnish, etc. lohi salmon, Estonian lohi from Lithuanian Lasis (ESUM, 2003: 294).
A directly etymological version of the word salmon (icht.) "Salmo salar L." is reconstructed from Proto-Slavic *lososb is connected with Old English leax, ... Armenian losdi "losos" (Engl. "salmon") originating from IE. forms *laks-, *laksos, which was associated with *1ak- "kropyty" (Engl. "droplets") (see лак 1); from IE.*lek-/lak- "strybaty" (Engl. "jump") (by analogy to the Latin salmo "losos" (Engl. "salmon") from saltre "strybaty" (Engl. "jump") (ESUM, 2003: 291).
In Ukrainian there is an archaic correspondent of the word ozero (Engl. Lake), cf. [lak] (Original [лак]) - Ukrainian "ozero v plavnyakh; nyzyna, shcho ne obroblyayet'sya; ozero, stav, dizhka, vanna, riv, yama, vodoyma, kalyuzha" (Engl. "Lake in the floodplains; lowland that is not cultivated; lake, pond, tub, bath, ditch, pit, puddle" [692, p. 186].
The archaic derivative [lakata2] (Original [лаката 2]) denoted "vyd rybalskoyi sitky" (Engl. "a kind of fishing net") that contained holes (ESUM, 2003: 186); [lakerda] (Original [лакерда]) denoted "porodu morskoyi ryby; losos, somhu" (Engl. "a breed of sea fish; salmon, salmon"), which was present in the reservoirs (ESUM, 2003: 186); the word [lacs] (Original [лате]) is related with the word [lacerda] (Original [лакерда]), which also meant "salmon" (ESUM, 2003: 187); [lacodan] (Original [лакодан]) - reservoir, "stove" (in the mystery "Buv sobi pan lakodan, vves svit hoduvav" (Engl. "There was Mr. Lacodan, the whole world fed"); obviously a complex word formed, perhaps, from the bases of the noun lakomstvo (Engl. Delicacy) and the verb daty (Engl. to give); lit. "toy, shcho daye lakomstva (yizhu, lasoshchi)" (Engl. "the one who gives treats (food, treats)") (ESUM, 2003: 186-187); [lokhanya] (Original [лоханя]) is "yemnist, "velyka myska"" (Engl. "a vessel, a "big bowl"", [lakhynachka] (Original [лахйначка]) is "posudyna "nevelyka derev"yana myska"" (Engl. "a vessel "a small wooden bowl"") (ESUM, 2003: 294).
A model is considered to be productive if it provides the creation of variant series that are characterised by stereotype and repeatability of components, the basis of which are cause and effect relationships [222, p. 86]. This is the variant row associated IE. root *lagu / laku with the original semantics to denote reservoirs.
In modern Ukrainian there are also related lyuk (Original люк) and liokh (Original льох) with LAK-, cf.: lyuk - Ukrainian "otvir" (Engl. "hole"), lyukovyy (Original люковий) "robitnyk, yakyy pratsyuye bilya lyuka pevnoho ahrehatu" (Engl. "worker, who works near the hatch of a particular unit"); Russian, Belorussian, Bulgarian lyuk (Original люк), Polish luka "empty, free space, break", Lower Sorbian arch. luka, Serbo-Croatian лукїьа "hole", Slovenian luknja "Ibid.; cavity"; through Russian borrowed from Dutch (in the form [люка] through the Polish and German); Dutch luik "hole" is related to Low High German Lucke "break, gap, hole" (Middle High German Liicke, Old High German lucka, luc-cha <lukkja), loch "hole", where Ukrainian liokh (ESUM, 2003: 324).
The word liokh denotes "pohrib, pidval" (Engl. "cellar; [pit, cave; dungeons], [liokhovutsya] (Original [льоховйця]) "yama, vovcha yama" (Engl. "pit, wolf pit"; Russian [лех] "cellar", Belorussian лёx "Ibid.", Polish loch "underground room; pit, cave; basement; (arch.) gateway; hole, pit", Czech loch "prison; (arch.) cellar, pit: [cellar for storage of potatoes; hare fossa]; (arch.) basement; cave", Old Slavonic [loch] "pit, recess, hole; basement"; through the mediation of Polish borrowed from Middle German; Ancient High German loch "storage, pit; prison; hole" (German Loch "hole, recess, pit; poor housing; prison") originates from Old High German loh "Ibid." that is associated with luhhan "lock", related to Old English loc "castle", loca "prison", Gothic usluks "hole", verb lok, loka "prison", further from Lithuanian lyuzti "break", Ancient Indian rujati "it breaks down" (ESUM, 2003: 695).
Based on the etymological versions of lexemes лак 1, лак 2, [лаката 1], [лаката 2], [лакерда], лакодан, [лакс], лагуна, лакуна, лосось, льох, лох 2, [лоханя], люк, we may assume that their semantics demonstrates also the syncretism of the eight basic meanings related to water and reservoirs: 1) "reservoir" ("water", "reservoir"); 2) "lake" ("lake in the floodplains"; "puddle"); 3) "lowland" ("lowland that is not cultivated"); 4) "bay" ("shallow bay"); with their ochtionym habitat: 5) "salmon" ("salmon; live trout, thin salmon after spawning"); with some indentations: 6) "hole" ("fishing net", "hatch"), 7) "reservoir" ("oven," "large bowl", "small wooden bowl"); with something equal: 8) "piece of cloth" ("bad clothes", "rags"), which form the initial semantics of the word лакуна, on the basis of which its further meanings in the modern Ukrainian, including terminological ones, formed the basis of the conceptual nucleus of hypercategory lacunarity.
As we can see, the etymological nests of words related to the lexemes lacuna / лакуна show genetic relation to the common Indo-European root *laku / *lag-- and entry into the Proto-Germanic *logr ("water in the pit, water in the puddle") and the Proto-Slavic *loky. The word lacuna / лакуна was formed by a semantic shift in the sense chain "water", "lake", "pit", "hole", which explains the meaning of the lacuna "absence" through the dichotomy повний [з водою] :: порожний [без води]. In this case, the phonetic changes did not permanently lose the semantic connections of the nests laho, *laks-, *laksos with the original IE. root * laqu- / *laku "reservoir, water in a pit, water in a puddle, seawater". The genetic nest is hierarchically ordered and, like any genetic nest in the diachronic plane, contains a chain of phonosemantic, morphological-semantic and lexical-semantic formations, which, depending on the chronological depth of the demonstration, show or disconnect. We apply this approach to fixing the notion of "absence".
For the description of semantic shifts, it is important to understand the phonetic, morphological and semantic laws of the compatibility of elements of derivative words that operate according to the laws of language development and the internal laws of derivative models [222, p. 23].
The latency is the accessory of the IE. *sle-/sle-/slo- "cut" and IE. * lek-/lak- "cut" and *lakana "canvas" to IE. roots * laqu-/ *laku; phonetic patterns and semasiological changes play a decisive role in the interpretation of relationship.
Levitsky pointed to a close connection between phonetically similar nests: sleht- "equal" from IE. *slikt- (Levitsky, 2010: 482), verb slikr "smooth", Old English "grinding stone", English sleek, slik-stone (Levitsky, 2010: 479), *sluk- "swallow, elbow" in verb slok "gutter", Middle High German slucke "hole" (Levitsky, 2010: 485). Another IE. root *sleig- of the German reflex slik-/slik has etymon "shadow, mule" adherent to the "LAKE" nest (Levitsky, 2010: 482).
In English and Ukrainian, there are common original meanings of "reservoir", "lake", "bay", "salmon" and "hole", which give synonymous rows of related words, cf. lacuna / лакуна, lake / [лак], lox / [лакерда], lagoon / лагуна, lak / лак. The meaning of "piece", "canvas", "lack" in English and the meaning of "piece of cloth", "reservoir", "lowland" in Ukrainian provide a specific number of words within a common etymological nest.
The meaning of "piece" corresponds to English lacinia, "canvas" that corresponds to English leak. The meaning of "lack" corresponds to English lack, alack. The common meaning of "hole" in English is represented by the word lace, but in Ukrainian - by the words [лаката], люк, льох. The meaning of "lake" in English corresponds to a specific derivative of lacustrine. In Ukrainian the word "piece" corresponds to the word lakh, the meaning of "reservoir" corresponds to the words [лакодан], [лахйначка], [лоханя], the meaning of "lowland" corresponds to the word [лачок].
Conclusions
In concusions it should be noted that the etymological versions of lacuna in English and its Ukrainian лакуна counterpart have become terminologically important in the process of functioning and has become the basic term for the new science of lacunology. It is revealed that the lexeme of lacuna / лакуна was borrowed into English and Ukrainian from Latin, but at the same time it should be considered as a result of the semantic development of IE. *laku, in particular, of its primary definitions as "reservoir", "dried lake", "hole", "void" and others Etymological nests of derivatives related to the words lacuna / лакуна have been constructed to demonstrate their genetic relationship for the common IE. root *laku / *laqu-, with the subsequent transition to the Proto-German *logr and the Proto-Slavic - *loky. It is established that by semantic shift of the semantic chain "water", "lake", "pit", "hole" in the original semantic structure of these words an archisema `absence' was formed through a dichotomy повний [з водою] :: порожний [без води]. The component analysis of differential and integral family connections of the archiseme of `absence' in modern naive pictures of the world is made. Based on them their further terminologisation in scientific pictures of the world have been recorded. It is proved that in the scientific pictures of the world these semes have lost their original topographic value (reservoirs and their devastated state) and have been transformed into seven `pass', `missing element', `missing form', `gap'. The terms "lake", "pit", "swamp" and "sea" are no longer associated with the word lacuna / лакуна. Developing its original meanings and acquiring new differential families associated with the archiseme of `absence' and new synonyms, the notion of lacuna / лакуна has become a term in philosophy, mathematics, medicine and linguistics.
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