We went to the west to return to the east, or Ukrainian translators abroad

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Nizhyn Mykola Gogol State University'

We went to the west to return to the east, or Ukrainian translators abroad

N.I. Liepukhova

Docent of German language Department

The establishment of the Ukrainian state, Ukraine's relations with other countries, interaction between the Ukrainian culture and other cultures are impossible without translation. Translation acts as a connecting link between languages and cultures, unites peoples, contributes to their mutual understanding, cooperation and mutual enrichment with spiritual values and traditions. During hard times for the Ukrainian state, when its best representatives had to leave their homes and go abroad, the Ukrainian diaspora became a lifeboat for the Ukrainian people and culture. The representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora (poets, writers, literary scholars, critics, etc.) not just published their works abroad but were actively involved in translation practice, translated into Ukrainian, introducing the Ukrainian reader to the best achievements of the world literature, as well as promoted their own literature and culture abroad, translating from the Ukrainian language. The article outlines the major milestones of the life and work of the famous translators, belonging to the Ukrainian diaspora, such as Yurii Klen, Mykhailo Orest, Ihor Kostetsky, Igor Kaczurowskyj, Anna-Halja Horbatsch, Sviatoslav Hordynsky, Yurii Lucky, Oleh Zuievsky, Vira Vovk.

Key words: Ukrainian diaspora, translation, Ukrainian translators, Ukrainian publications abroad.

Н.І. Лєпухова

кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри німецької мови Ніжинського державного університету імені Миколи Гоголя

"Ми пішли на Захід, щоб повернутися на Схід", або Українські перекладачі за кордоном

Створення Української держави, відносини України з іншими країнами, взаємодія української культури з іншими культурами неможливі без перекладу. Переклад виступає як сполучна ланка між мовами і культурами, об'єднує народи, сприяє їх взаєморозумінню, співпраці і взаємному збагаченню духовними цінностями і традиціями. У важкі часи для Української держави, коли її кращим представникам доводилося залишати свої будинки і виїжджати за кордон, українська діаспора стала рятувальним човном для українського народу і культури. Представники української діаспори (поети, письменники, літературознавці, критики тощо) не тільки публікували свої твори за кордоном, але й активно займалися перекладацькою практикою: перекладали українською мовою, знайомили українського читача з найкращими досягненнями світової літератури, а також просували власну літературу і культуру за кордоном, перекладаючи з української мови. У статті викладено основні віхи життя і діяльності відомих перекладачів, які належать до української діаспори, таких як Юрій Клен, Михайло Орест, Ігор Костецький, Ігор Качуровський, Анна- Гэля Горбач, Святослав Гординський, Юрій Луцький, Олег Зуєвський, Віра Вовк. Ключові слова: українська діаспора, переклад, українські перекладачі, українські видання за кордоном.

Introduction

Migration processes were always an integral part of the evolution of human civilization. Looking at the migration processes of tribes, peoples, ethnic groups, particular personalities through the lens of history, one can speak about the objective reasons caused by certain crisis phenomena (political, religious, social, economic, etc.) in the development of national formation. Such processes are also peculiar to the establishment of the Ukrainian state. Research scientists outline three waves of the Ukrainian emigration: the first wave occurred at the edge of the 19th-20th centuries; the second wave of the Ukrainian emigration was associated with the defeat of the national liberation war (1920-1930); the third wave of the emigration was caused by World War II and the post-war years.

'We went to the West to return to the East' are the words of Ukrainian emigrant writers, the true patriots of our Motherland, who were forced to leave their homes but, remaining a single whole with their country, were helping it from far abroad with their invincible will and striking word, were supporting its future with all their heart and soul. All Ukrainian emigrant artists who reside outside Ukraine in terms of location but feel spiritual integrity with Ukraine are united by a collective notion - the Ukrainian diaspora. The representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora are, primarily, intellectuals, independent-minded, principled, straightforward, unbowed, public and cultural figures, literary elite, writers, poets, artists, playwrights, musicians, etc. Having no possibility to live and work in their own country, often fleeing from persecution and repression, they were going abroad, 'going to the West', from where they were supporting their Homeland either under their own name or a pseudonym. Abroad they were getting the opportunity to work freely and send their thoughts to the general public, including their compatriots at home, 'in the East'.

One of the key roles in the life of the Ukrainian diaspora was played by translation, which was, on the one hand, a necessary communication tool in a foreign country and, on the other hand, a source of learning other languages and cultures, enriching the Ukrainian culture and presenting it to the world. This article is an attempt to outline the major milestones of the life and work of the famous translators of the Ukrainian diaspora. The article presents the list of editions that are produced by the Ukrainian diaspora abroad and contain translations of literary prose and poetry works from the Ukrainian language into various languages, and, conversely, from various languages into Ukrainian, and the activities of certain Ukrainian translators representing the diaspora.

Theoretical and methodological background

The issue of Ukrainian migrants abroad, Ukrainian translators in particular, is not well studied. Currently there are few studies on this topic. As a rule, mainly migrants speak about themselves abroad, create anthologies of translated world literature into the Ukrainian language and vice versa - translate Ukrainian works into different languages of the world, as for example Oksana Piaseckyj. Also, Ukrainian translators can devote separate articles to the life and work of Ukrainian translators abroad, as for example Igor Kachurovsky.

The main method of research is the method of analysis with the aim of identifying and studying the period of creativity of individual Ukrainian translators in migration.

The bibliographic material of the Ukrainian translation, which is presented in the article, focuses mainly on the third wave of Ukrainian emigration, i. e. including works of Ukrainian translators abroad after the

Second World War and in post-war years, since this period is most represented in popular scientific sources. Among the figures of the Ukrainian diaspora, which are presented in the article, we selected those whose creativity vector was mainly directed on translation activities. This work however represents only a part of the research on the development of Ukrainian translation activities abroad, and the activities of those translators of the Ukrainian diaspora who were not mentioned in this article is a prospect for further research.

Possibilities of Publishing Translations Abroad

Our compatriots had three opportunities to publish their translations abroad:

1) Publishing in Ukrainian-language foreign publications, which formed the largest group among the sources of Ukrainian-translated literature. In Europe, such publications were Khors journal, vol. 1 (1946, Germany, compiling editor Ihor Kostetsky), Litavry journal (1947, Salzburg, Germany, editor-in-chief Yurii Klen), Arka journal (1947-1948, Munich, Germany), Zveno journal (Innsbruck, Austria), Visnyk journal, later known as Vyzvolnyi shliakh (London, the United Kingdom, editor Illia Dmytriv), Ukraina i svit journal (1951, Hanover, Germany, editor Ihor Kostetsky), Ukrainska literaturna hazeta (Munich, Germany, editors I. Koshelivets, Yu. Lavrinenko). Since 1961, "Suchasnist", a monthly magazine of literature, art and public life (chief editors: I. Koshelivets, V. Burgard, B. Kravtsiv, M. Skorunska, Y. Sheveliov) was being published in the Federal Republic of Germany and then in the United States during 30 years. In Canada, there was Novi dni journal (Toronto, editor and publisher Petro Volyniak); five issues of Pivnichne siaivo almanac had been published since 1964; Ukrainian writers of Canada and the United States, belonging to the Slovo Association, had been publishing the almanac of the same name (editor-in-chief Oleh Zuievsky) since 1970. In the United States, there was Kyiv journal (Philadelphia, editor Bohdan Romanenchuk), in South America - Porohy journal (Buenos Aires, Argentina, editor Igor Kaczurowskyj), in Australia - Novyi obrii almanac (compiling editor Dmytro Nytczenko) [8, p. 109-113]. In these publications the Ukrainian translations of both prose and poetical works by many authors were published, namely Oscar Wilde, Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, George Orwell, Somerset Maugham, Robert Louis Stevenson, the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, Rainer Maria Rilke, as well as the translations of the works by Mykola Gogol and Alexandre Dumas from Ukrainian and Russian.

2) Publishing in the collections of poems, which were available to poetical translators. The translators of the Ukrainian diaspora published the following anthologies and collections of the world poetry translated into Ukrainian: Antolohiia frantsuzkoi poezii [Anthology of French Poetry] (1954, Munich, Germany), Antolohiia nimetskoi poezii [Anthology of German Poetry] (1954, Augsburg, Germany), More i mushlia. Antolohiia yevropeiskoi poezii [The Sea and the Shell. Anthology of European Poetry] (1959, Munich, Germany) - translator Mykhailo Orest; Sviatoslav Hordynsky's anthology Poety Zakhodu: 60 perekladiv z poezii latynskoi, italiiskoi, frantsuzkoi, anhliiskoi, amerykanskoi, nimetskoi i polskoi [Poets of the Western World: 60 Translations from Latin, Italian, French, English, American, German and Polish Poetry] (New York, the United States); the anthology of Japanese poetry Sto poetiv - sto pisen [One Hundred Poets - One Hundred Songs] (1966, translator Ihor Shankovskyi); Zolota haluzka: antolohiia iberiiskoi ta iberoamerykanskoi poezii [Golden Branch: Anthology of Iberian and Ibero-American Poetry] by Igor Kaczurowskyj (translations from Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan; 1991, Buenos Aires-Munich); two anthologies of French Canadian poetry: Poeziia suchasnoho Kvebeku [Poetry of Modern Quebec] (1968, Montreal, translators Kostiantyn Bida, Kozimo Dmytryk, Igor Kaczurowskyj, Hlib Sirko, Borys Oleksandriv, Rostyslav Shulhin), Poeziia Kvebeku [Poetry of Quebec] (1972, New York, translators Wolfram Burghardt, Vira Vovk, Borys Oleksandriv, Ihor Kostetsky).

3) Publishing translations in separate books, which appeared much less often: Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (translation by I. Kostetsky), Macbeth and King Lear (in one book, translation by T. Osmachka); Jean Anouilh's Antigone (translation by Zh. Vasylkivska); Paul Claudel's The Annunciation of Marie (translation by Marta Kalytovska); King Lear (translation by V. Barka) [8, p. 109-113].

Ukrainian translators in Europe

Yurii Klen (Oswald-Eckhart Burghardt) was a Ukrainian poet, translator, literary critic, born in the village of Serbynivka, Volyn Governorate, in the family of a German merchant in 1891. He received a secondary education with a gold medal at the First Kyiv Gymnasium and entered Kyiv University of Saint Volodymyr, where he studied English, German and Slavic philology, as well as the history of literature. At the beginning of World War I, he was deported to Arkhangelsk Region in Russia. In 1918, Oswald Burghardt came back to Kyiv, graduated from the university and embarked on postgraduate studies. From 1931, he lived and worked in Germany. Yurii Klen died in Augsburg, Germany, in 1947 [12].

Yurii Klen's years in emigration were extremely fruitful for translation studies. During that period, he fulfilled himself as a translator of the poetical and dramatic works of Western European (English, French, German) and Russian literature. As separate books, there were published Yurii Klen's Ukrainian translations of the short stories by Georg Heym, Geharnischte Sonette [Sonnets in Arms] by Friedrich Rьckert, the passages from the German heroic epic poem Nibelungenlied [The Song of the Nibelungs], as well as translations of the vocal works by Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann and others. From English, Yurii Klen translated the works by William Shakespeare (Hamlet, The Tempest), George Gordon Byron (the passages from the poem Don Juan), Percy Bysshe Shelley (poems Ozymandias, The Cloud, Ode to the West Wind). From French, there were published the translations of the works of such poets as Charles Leconte de Lisle (L'incantation du loup), Stйphane Mallarmй (Apparition), Paul Verlaine (Kalйidoscope), Arthur Rimbaud (Le bateau ivre), Emile Verhaeren (Le vent), etc. Having been fascinated by the works of German poets while studying in Kyiv, Yurii Klen translated the poetry of Stefan George, Rainer Maria Rilke, Walter Hasenclever, Ernst Toller and others. From Russian, Yurii Klen translated the works by such canonical writers as Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Fyodor Tyutchev, Aleksey Tolstoy, Sergei Yesenin and others.

Yurii Klen translated not only into Ukrainian but from Ukrainian into German the works by Mykola Zerov, Maksym Rylsky, Mykhailo Drai- Khmara, Pavlo Fylypovych, introducing the world to Ukrainian poets.

However, Yurii Klen became known abroad not just as an outstanding poet and translator but also as a translation critic. In particular, in 1938 in Germany, he decided to publish a critical article, Chuzhi poety v ukrainskomu vbranni [Foreign Poets in Ukrainian Clothes], in which he critically analyzed the different translations of the verses by German poet Heinrich Heine. In addition, he published a critical review of the translation of Goethe's Faust by M. Ulezko [11, p. 260-302].

Mykhailo Orest (born Mykhailo Zerov). The future Ukrainian poet, translator, teacher was born in the city of Zinkiv, Poltava Region, in the family of a teacher in 1901. He graduated from Kyiv Institute of People's Education and worked as a teacher in different cities. From 1924, he lived in Kyiv, was repressed twice and taken captive during World War II. From 1944, he lived and worked in Germany, was the founder and director of the Institute of Literature in Munich, died in Augsburg, Germany, in 1963. The ashes of the famous Ukrainian were carried to his Motherland and reburied in Baikove Cemetery [10, p. 159-296].

Mykhailo Orest translated from German, English, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish and Russian. In addition to the aforementioned anthologies of French, German and European poetry translated by Mykhailo Orest, which play an extremely important role in the area of Ukrainian-language translations, his translations were published in separate books, such as Vybrani poezii Stefan George [Selected Poems by Stefan George] (Augsburg, 1952), Rainer Maria Rilke, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Max Dauthendey. Vybir poezii [Rainer Maria Rilke, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Max Dauthendey. Selected Poems] (Augsburg, 1953), Charles Leconte de Lisle. Poezii [Charles Leconte de Lisle. Poems] (Munich, 1956), Sim nimetskykh novel [Seven German Novellas] (Munich, 1962). Mykhailo Orest also translated the works by Charles Baudelaire, Novalis, Stefan Zweig and others. Describing the translations by Mykhailo Orest, Igor Kaczurowskyj noted that 'his language was refined, while the content, style and spirit of the original text were conveyed as perfectly as it could have been done by a translator' [9, p. 473].

Ihor Kostetsky (born Ihor Viacheslavovych Merzliakov) was a Ukrainian writer, translator, critic, publisher and stage director. He was born in the city of Kyiv in the family of a teacher in 1918, received a theatrical education, worked as a stage director in Leningrad, Moscow and the Urals in Russia. In 1942, Ihor Kostetsky was taken as a forced laborer to Germany, where he stayed to live and work until the end of his life. He was one of the founders and theorists of the literary and artistic organization, The Artistic Ukrainian Movement (Mystetskyi ukrainskyirukh, MUR), in Germany. At the end of the 1950s, Ihor Kostetsky established his own publishing house Na Hori, the main purpose of which was to print the translated works of European literature in Ukrainian. The translator died in Schwaikheim, Germany, in 1983 and was buried there.

Investigating Ihor Kostetsky's artistic legacy, one can say with confidence that his translations prevail over his own works. He was the first in the history of Ukrainian literature to publish the translations of Shakespeare's all 154 sonnets in a separate book (Munich, 1958) and Romeo and Juliet (Munich, 1957). In 1969, his translation of William Shakespeare's King Lear also appeared in Germany. Ihor Kostetsky took pleasure in translating modernist poetry. In particular, his translations include the works by Thomas Stearns Eliot (Vybranyi Thomas Stearns Eliot: Poeziia, drama, esei [Selected Works by Thomas Stearns Eliot: Poetry, Drama, Essay], Munich, 1955), poems by Federico Garcia Lorca (1958), selected works by Ezra Pound (1960) and Stefan George (1971), Rainer Maria Rilke (1971), works by the French-speaking poets of the Canadian province of Quebec (the collection Poeziia. Kvebek vid Sen- Deni Harno do nashykh dniv [Poetry. Quebec from Saint-Denys Garneau until Present Days], New York, 1972), Paul Verlaine (1979) [3].

Igor Vasyliovych Kaczurowskyj (pseudonym Khvedosiy Chichka) was a famous Ukrainian literary scholar, poet, writer and translator. He was born in the city of Nizhyn in 1918 and lived with his family in the village of Kruty until the age of 12. Later, fleeing from repression, his family went to Russia, where Igor Vasyliovych received a pedagogical education. Shortly after his return to Ukraine in 1942, Igor Kaczurowskyj decided to emigrate to the West in 1943. From 1945, he lived in Austria, from 1948 - moved to Argentina, where he acquired the citizenship. From 1969, he lived in Munich, Germany, but remained a citizen of Argentina. He died in Munich in 2013 and was buried in the village of Kruty, Nizhyn district, according to his will [4, p. 158].

Igor Kaczurowskyj is an author of multilingual translations, predominantly lyrical poems, which were published abroad in separate collections. In addition to the aforementioned anthology of Iberian and Ibero-American poetry, he published the translations of Francesco Petrarca's sonnets from Italian in the collection Vybrane [Selected Sonnets] (Munich, 1982), the collection of the translations of German poems Stezhka kriz bezmir: sto nimetskykh poezii (750-1950) [Path through Immensity: 100 German Poems (750-1950)]. From Spanish he translated Alejandro Casona's play La barca sin pescador (Buenos Aires, 2000) (Paris-Lviv-Zwickau, 2000). In his translations, Igor Kaczurowskyj intended to reproduce the original text as accurately as possible and, hence, attempted to keep not only the content of the authentic text but also its meter. The example of such a translation was La Chanson de Roland [The Song of Roland], translated by him from Old French in the original syllabic meter (Lviv, 2008). It is worth noting that Igor Kaczurowskyj's translations were published in many collections and publications abroad, and after 2000 they started to be actively published in Ukraine as well. The collection of the poems translated by Igor Kaczurowskyj Kruh ponadzemnyi [Super-Terrestrial Circle], which was published in Kyiv in 2007, contains about 670 poems and poetical fragments of more than 350 authors, translated from 23 old and modern languages, including the translations from Spanish (Jorge Luis Borges, Federico Garcia Lorca, Juan Ramon Jimenez, passages from El Cantar de mio Cid [The Poem of the Cid], etc.), Italian (Francesco Petrarca), German (the Minnesingers, Friedrich Hцlderlin, Ludwig Uhland, Joseph von Eichendorff and others), English (folk ballads, Alfred Tennyson), French (Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and others), as well as the translations of poems from Polish, Belarusian, Russian and from Ukrainian into Russian [7].

Anna-Halja Horbatsch was one of the most famous and most active personalities of the Ukrainian diaspora, a translator of Ukrainian literature into German, publisher, public and political figure. Anna-Halja Horbatsch (maiden name Lutsiak) was born in the village of Brodina in northern Bukovyna in 1924, attended the Romanian school. At the beginning of World War II, she moved to Germany, where she received a higher education at the University of Gцttingen and graduated from the University of Munich with a philology doctor's degree. She was teaching German at the University of Gцttingen. The translator died in Reichelsheim, Germany, in 2011.

Anna-Halja Horbatsch was an outstandingly talented translator and active promoter of Ukrainian literature in Germany. She started to translate the works by Ukrainian writers from Ukrainian into German back in the 1950s. Anna-Halja Horbatsch was a compiler, translator and publisher of a number of the anthologies of Ukrainian literature in German: Blauer November. Ukrainische Erzдhler unseres Jahrhunderts. Anthologie [Blue November. Ukrainian Prose Writers of Our Century. Anthology of Prose] (Heidelberg, 1959), Ein Brunnen fьr Durstige und andere ukrainische Erzдhlungen [The Well for the Thirsty, and Other Ukrainian Short Stories] (Tьbingen, 1970), Letzter Besuch in Tschernobyl. Ukrainische Erzдhler der Gegenwart [Last Visit to Chornobyl. Modern Ukrainian Prose Writers] (Reichelsheim, 1994), Reich mir die steinerne Laute. Ukrainische Lyrik des 20. Jahrhunderts [Hand Me the Stone Lute: Ukrainian Lyric Poetry of the 20th Century] (1996), Ein Rosenbrunnen. Junge Erzдhler aus der Ukraine. Anthologie [Rose Well. Young Ukrainian Prose. Anthology] (1998), Die Kьrbisfьrstin: eine Anthologie zum Frauenthema in der Ukraine [Pumpkin Princess. Anthology on Women's Topics in Ukraine] (1999), Kerben der Zeit. Ukrainische Lyrik der Gegenwart [Notches of Time. Modern Ukrainian Lyric Poetry] (2003), Alles kann wie in Gebeten sein. Ukrainische Lyrik mit christlichen Motiven [Everything Can Be as In Prayers. Ukrainian Poetry with Christian Motives] (2005). All the above anthologies were published in Reichelsheim. In addition, Anna-Halja Horbatsch translated and published more than 50 separate collections of the works by many Ukrainian authors, from canonical to modern writers, such as Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky's Fata Morgana [Fata Morgana und andere Erzдhlungen] (Zьrich, 1962), Tini zabutykh predkiv [Schatten vergessener Ahnen] (Gцttingen, 1966), Andrii Chaikovskyi's Za sestroiu [Ritt ins Tartarenland] (1965), Na ukhodakh [Verwegene Steppenreiter] (1972, Wuppertal), Hnat Khotkevych's Kaminna dusha [Rдubersommer] (Gцttingen, 1968), Valerii Shevchuk's collection of short novels Zozulka z lastiviachoho hnizda [Mondschein ьber dem Schwalbennest] (Reichelsheim, 1997), Vasyl Stus' selected poems from his collection

Palimpsesty [Du hast Dein Leben nur getrдumt. Eine Auswahl aus der Gedichtsammlung Palimpseste] (Hamburg, 1988), Yurii Andrukhovych's Ekzotychni ptakhy i roslyny [Spurensuche im Juli] (1995), Ihor Rymaruk's Zolotyi doshch [Goldener Regen] (1996), Viktor Kordun's Kryptogramy [Kryptogramme] (1996), Bili psalmy and other poems [WeiЯe Psalmen und andere Gedichte] (1999), Lina Kostenko's poems [Grenzsteine des Lebens] (1998), Vasyl Herasymiuk's Poet u povitri [Der Dichter der Luft] (2001), etc. All the latest collections were published in Reichelsheim [6, p. 299-428].

It can be said without exaggeration that Anna-Halja Horbatsch is a genius of the Ukrainian translation studies, true champion of the Ukrainian national idea, who proved allegiance to her Motherland in fact rather than in word and told about it, communicated the aspirations of the Ukrainian people to thousands of Germans and presented the Ukrainian national identity.

Ukrainian translators in the Americas

Sviatoslav Hordynsky was a Ukrainian artist, art expert, poet, translator, literary critic and journalist. He was born in Kolomyia in the family of a famous literary scholar, Yaroslav Hordynsky, in 1906. He received a secondary education at the Ukrainian Academic Gymnasium in Lviv without attending classes due to hearing loss in childhood and studied at the Academy of Arts in Berlin and the Fernand Leger Modern Academy in Paris. Having returned to Lviv, he became one of the founders of the Association of Independent Ukrainian Artists, where he worked as an editor of its journal Mystetstvo. After World War II, he stayed as a displaced person at camps in Munich. Shortly afterwards, he moved to Verona, the United States, where he died in 1993 and was buried in the United States [1].

Sviatoslav Hordynsky's translation legacy presents different ages and styles, such as classical antiquity, classicism, romanticism, modernism, translations from French, English, German, Italian, Polish and other languages. Sviatoslav Hordynsky translated the works by Horace, Ovid, Michelangelo, William Shakespeare, Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire, Guillaume Apollinaire, George Gordon Byron, Paul Verlaine, Edgar Poe, Rainer Maria Rilke, Johann Wolfgang Goethe and others. Sviatoslav Hordynsky created one of the best renderings of Slovo o polku Ihorevim [The Tale of Igor's Campaign], in which he offered his own interpretation of some obscure passages.

Yurii Ostapovych Lucky (born George Stephen Nestor Luckyj) is a Ukrainian literary critic, Slavist, publisher and translator, born in 1919 in Janczyn, Przemysl District. He studied in Berlin (1937-1939) and

Birmingham (1942-1943, England). Yurii Lutcky served in the English Army (1943-1947). He defended his doctoral thesis at Columbia University (1953) and taught at the universities of Saskatchewan (1947-1949) and Toronto (since 1952). He was the Head of the Slavery Department at the University of Toronto (1956-1960). Yuriy Lucky translated works by I. Bahrianyi, M. Khvylovy, V. Pidmohylny, P. Kulish, M. Kulish, M. Kotsiubynsky and other Ukrainian writers into English [10, p. 296].

Oleh Zuievsky was a Ukrainian poet, literary scholar and translator. He was born in 1920 in the village of Khomutets, Poltava Region, studied journalism in Kharkiv. After World War II, he got into a camp for displaced persons in Augsburg, Germany. In 1950, he moved to Philadelphia, the United States. From 1966, he lived and worked in Canada, defended a Ph. D. thesis in literary translation, taught literature at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. He died in Edmonton in 1996 and was reburied in Zhytomyr.

Translations played an important role in the creative work of Oleh Zuievsky. He did not simply choose texts for translation but selected the poets, whose works reflected his own views and thoughts. He was drawn towards surrealism and chose complex works for translation. In particular, it was, undoubtedly, brave of him to work on the challenging poetry by Stйphane Mallarmй, which he translated and published in a separate collection with introduction and notes - Poezii [Poйsies] by Stйphane Mallarmй (Edmonton, 1990). Oleh Zuievsky translated from German (Novalis, Stefan George, Rainer Maria Rilke), English (William Shakespeare, Michael Drayton, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Oscar Wilde, William Butler Yeats, David Ignatow), French (Guillaume Apollinaire, Paul Verlaine, Paul Valйry, Arthur Rimbaud). Having joined the translation efforts with Ihor Kostetsky and Mykhailo Orest, he published a separate book of the translations of Stefan George's works in two volumes, titled Vybranyi Stefan George po-ukrainskomu ta inshymy, peredusim slovianskymy movamy [Selected Works by Stefan George in Ukrainian and Other, Mainly Slavic, Languages] (Stuttgart, 1968-1973) [5, p. 364].

Vira Vovk (born Vira Ostapivna Selianska) is a Ukrainian writer, poet, literary scholar and translator. Vira Vovk was born in Boryslav in 1926, in the family of a doctor and a teacher. She spent her childhood in the Hutsul town of Kuty. In 1939, her family was forced to emigrate to Germany and then moved to Brazil. In 1957, Vira Selianska held the Chair of German Studies at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, where she was a professor of German literature.

Vira Vovk devoted a great deal of time to translation from Portuguese, German, French and other languages into Ukrainian and from Ukrainian into Portuguese and German. Vira Vovk's Ukrainian translation of the anthology of modern Portuguese and Brazilian poetry was published in New York in 1964, as well as the works by Rabindranath Tagore, Paul Claudel, Pablo Neruda, Friedrich Dьrrenmatt, Federico Garcia Lorca, Charles Baudelaire and others.

In her interview with Ukrainska literaturna hazeta, Vira Vovk has admitted that Ukrainian literature is known in Brazil based on her translations only, which include Hryhorii Skovoroda's fables [Fabulas] (1978), Taras Shevchenko's poem Son (U vsiakoho svoia dolia) [OSonho] (1980), Ivan Franko's poem Moisei [Moises] (1981), Lesya Ukrainka's dramatic poem Kaminnyi hospodar [Don Juan] (1983), Vasyl Stefanyk's 12 short stories, Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky's Tini zabutykh predkiv in Portuguese and German [Sombras dos Ancestrais Esquecidos; Schatten vergessener Ahnen] (1985), Marko Vovchok's short novel Marusia [Marussia] (1988), Koliadnyk [Cancioneiro de Natal] in Ukrainian, Portuguese and German with a three-part music sheet, Haivky-Vesnianky [Cantos da Primavera], Ukrainski narodni kazky [Contos Populares Ucranianos], Pavlo Tychyna's earlier works and Bohdan Ihor Antonych's selected poems - the cycle Vertep. Later, the new cycle Pysanka was published, which included 12 publications: poetry by Vasyl Holoborodko, Ivan Drach, Mykola Vorobiov, poets of the New York Group, Vasyl Symonenko, Ivan Svitlychny, Vasyl Stus (in one volume), Ihor Kalynets, Valerii Shevchuk, Mykola Vinhranovsky, Iryna Zhylenko, Lida Palii, Sofiia Maidanska, Viktor Kordun. In addition, 7 anthologies of Ukrainian literature were published in Portuguese and Geman [2].

Conclusions

For more information about the bibliography of critical works created by Ukrainian writers and poets, and their translations into English and French, see Bibliography of Ukrainian literature in English and French: from Ukraine first to Germany and then to the United States, translated poetry from English, German, Polish and Russian and made a major contribution to the bibliography field of Ukrainian literary works translated into English. She published several annotated bibliographies translations and critical works (1950-1986) by Oksana Piaseckyj, which, in alphabetical order, lists English and French translations of Ukrainian literary works during the above-mentioned period [13]. Marta Tarnavska, a Ukrainian poet, literary critic, translator and bibliographer who emigrated that list the Ukrainian literary works translated into English [14].

Currently, the translation activity of the Ukrainian diaspora has not stopped. The works by modern Ukrainian writers continue to get promoted and translated into different languages, namely Bulgarian, Serbian, Hungarian, etc.

Therefore, having studied the main translation achievements of the leading figures of the Ukrainian diaspora, we can draw the following conclusions. The Ukrainian diaspora abroad was formed on the basis of three waves of Ukrainian emigration: 1) 19th--20th centuries, 2) 1920-1930, 3) 1938-1950. Our compatriots emigrated, mainly to Europe and America. The most active representatives of Ukrainian translators who lived in emigration in Europe were Yurii Klen, Mykhailo Orest, Ihor Kostetsky, Igor Kaczurowskyj, Anna-Halja Horbatsch. In America translation activities were conducted by Sviatoslav Hordynsky, Yurii Lucky, Oleh Zuievsky, Vira Vovk. Our compatriots had three opportunities to publish their translations abroad: 1) publishing in Ukrainian-language foreign publications, which formed the largest group among the sources of Ukrainian-translated literature; 2) publishing in the collections of poems, which were available to poetical translators; 3) publishing translations in separate books, which appeared rather seldom. Living and working abroad, Ukrainian translators significantly enriched Ukrainian culture through their own translations of famous works from English, German, French, Polish, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and other languages into Ukrainian. Also in their translations, representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora presented their own Ukrainian culture and literature in various languages of the world. It can be concluded that they have made a great contribution to the development of the Ukrainian culture and its rise in the international arena. 'Having gone to the West', they 'returned to the East'; today we know their names, read their translations with pleasure, honor their memory, in particular at the national level by granting honorary state awards, and are proud of our talented compatriots.

ukrainian language translator orest

Література

1. Білокінь С. І. Гординський Святослав Ярославович. Енциклопедія історії України: у 10 т. / редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін.; Інститут історії України НАН України. Київ: Наук. думка, 2004. Т. 2: Г-Д. С. 161.

2. Вовк В. Українська - мова серця і мова дому. Українська літературна газета. 2017. № 9. URL: https://litgazeta.com.ua/interviews/vira-vovk- ukrayinska-mova-sertsya-i-mova-domu/

3. Дзюба І. М. Костецький Ігор. Енциклопедія сучасної України: у 30 т. / ред. кол. І. М. Дзюба та ін.; НАН України, НТШ, Координаційне бюро енциклопедії сучасної України НАН України. Київ, 2014. Т. 14: Кол-Кос. 767 с.

4. Герасимова Г. П. Качуровський Ігор Васильович. Енциклопедія історії України: у 10 т. / редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін.; Інститут історії України НАН України. Київ: Наук. думка, 2007. Т. 4: Ка-Ком. С. 158.

5. Зуєвський Олег Йосипович. Письменники України: довідник. Дніпропетровськ, 1996. С. 364.

6. Іваницька М. Особистість перекладача в українсько-німецьких літературних взаєминах. Чернівці, 2015. С. 299-428.

7. Качуровський І. В. Круг понадземний: світова поезія від VI по XX ст.: переклади. Києво-Могилянська академія, 2007. 526 с.

8. Качуровський, Ігор. Перекладачі української діаспори. Всесвіт. 1991. № 11. С. 109-113.

9. Качуровський І. Творчість Михайла Ореста. Перекладацька діяльність Михайла Ореста. Променисті сильвети: лекції, доповіді, статті, есеї, розвідки. Київ: Вид. дім "Києво-Могилянська академія", 2008. С. 473.

10. Просалова В. Українська діаспора: літературні постаті, твори, біобіб- ліографічні відомості / упоряд. В. Просалова. Донецьк: Сх. вид. Дім, 2012. С. 296.

11. Burghardt O. Fremde Dichter in Ukrainischem Gewande I. Zeitschrift fur Slavische Philologie. 1938. № 15. S. 260-302.

12. Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Klen, Yurii. URL: Іійр://«лллл/.епсусІо pediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CL% 5CKlenYurii. htm

13. Piaseckyj O. Bibliography of Ukrainian literature in English and French: translations and critical works (1950-1986). Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989.

14. Tarnawsky M. Ukrainian Literature in English: Books and Pamphlets, 1890-1965. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukranian Studies Press, 1988.

References

1. Bilokin, S. (2004). Hordynsky Sviatoslav Yaroslavovych. In V. A. Smolii (Ed.), Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy - Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (p. 688). Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Gordynsky_S. [In Ukrainian].

2. Vovk, V. (2017). Ukrainska - mova sertsia i mova domu [Ukrainian - the Language of Heart and the Language of Home]. In: Ukrainska Literaturna Hazeta-Ukrainian literary newspaper]. 9, 197, http://litgazeta.com.ua/interviews/ vira-vovk-ukrayinska-mova-sertsya-i-mova-domu/. [In Ukrainian].

3. Dziuba. I. (2014). Kostetsky Ihor. In I.M. Dziuba (Ed.), Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy [Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History] (p. 767). Kyiv, http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=4000. [In Ukrainian].

4. Herasymova, H. (2007). Kaczurowskyj Igor Vasyliovych. In V.A. Smolii (Ed.), Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy [Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History] (p.158). Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. [In Ukrainian].

5. Zuievsky Oleh Yosypovych. (1996). Ukrainski pysmennyky: Dovidnyk [Ukrainian Writers: Reference Book] (p. 364). Dnipropetrovsk. [In Ukrainian].

6. Ivanytska, M. (2015). Osobystist perekladacha v ukrainsko-nimetskykh literaturnykh vzaiemynakh [Translator's Personality in Ukrainian-German Literary Relations] (pp. 299-428). Chernivtsi. [In Ukrainian].

7. Kaczurowskyj, I. (2007). Kruh ponadzemnyi. Svitova poeziia vid VI po XXst. Pereklady [Super-Terrestrial Circle. World Poetry from the 6th century until the 20th century. Translations. I. V. Kaczurowskyj]. Kyiv: Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. [In Ukrainian].

8. Kaczurowskyj, I. (1991). Perekladachi ukrainskoi diaspory [Translators of Ukrainian Diaspora]: Vsesvit. 11, 109-113. [In Ukrainian].

9. Kaczurowskyj, I. (2008). Tvorchist Mykhaila Oresta. Perekladatska diialnist Mykhaila Oresta [Works by Mykhailo Orest. Translation Activity of Mykhailo Orest]. In: Promenysti sylvety: lektsii, dopovidi, statti, esei, rozvidky[Radiant Silhouettes: Lectures, Reports, Articles, Essays, Studies]. Kyiv: Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Publishing House. [In Ukrainian].

10. Prosalova, V. (2012). Ukrainska diaspora: literaturni postati, tvory, bibliohrafichni vidomosti [Ukrainian Diaspora: Literature Figures, Works, Bibliographic Information]. (pp. 159-296). Donetsk: Skhidnyi Vydavnychyi Dim. [In Ukrainian].

11. Burghardt O. Fremde Dichter in Ukrainischem Gewande I / Oswald Burghardt // Zeitschrift fьr Slavische Philologie. - 1938. - № 15. - S. 260-302.

12. Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Klen, Yurii .http://www. encyclopediaofukraine.coiri/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CL%5CKlenYurii.htiTi

13. Piaseckyj, O. (1989). Bibliography of Ukrainian literature in English and French: translations and critical works (1950-1986). Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.

14. Tarnawsky, M. (1988). Ukrainian Literature in English: Books and Pamphlets, 1890-1965. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukranian Studies Press.

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