Typological characteristics of interjections/emotives
Research of distinctive features of speech from written language. Definition of insert words. Comparison of inserted cases in opposing languages. Vocal expression of emotions, prosodic, intonation and acoustic features of face-to-face communication.
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| Дата добавления | 28.10.2021 |
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2
Хмельницький національний університет
Кафедра практики іноземної мови та методики викладання
РЕФЕРАТ
з дисципліни «Контрастивна лінгвістика» / «Contrastive linguistics»
на тему:
Typological characteristics of interjections/emotives
Виконав: Махніцький Артем
студент групи ФПЛ-16-1
Перевірила: к.п.і.,
Доцент Рогульська О.О.
Хмельницький 2020
Contents
- Introduction
- 1. The definition of interjections
- 2. Comparison of the interjections in the contrasted languages
- Conclusion
- List of references
Introduction
A quite distinctive feature of speech as opposed to written language is the presence in it of interjections: a kind of utterances with a peculiar acoustic structure, generally considered a typical case of emotional language. In the last decade, research on speech has allowed us to widen and deepen our knowledge concerning the vocal expression of emotions and the prosodic, intonational and acoustic features of face to face interaction. Many of these findings will be certainly of use in gaining new knowledge about interjections. But to make sense of possible findings about their phonetic and acoustic structure, a general view of their communicative structure and function may help. In this work I present a theoretical perspective about interjections, their nature and status as a communicative system, and a taxonomy of the meanings they convey.
Interjection in Traditional Grammar is classified as the ninth part of discourse. While in Traditional Grammar they are often put together with onomatopoeia and exclamation, in recent Pragmatics they are generally dealt with in connection with hesitations, particles and backchannel signals. Yet, not all interjections are onomatopoeic, The Language of Interjections 171 while as to exclamations, also entire sentences can be called so; moreover, not all interjections are hesitations, nor are they all used as such; again, many other kinds of particles exist beside interjections proper; and finally, interjections are not used only for backchannel, nor does backchannel necessarily exploit interjections. A clear definition of the category of interjections is thus lacking.
1. The definition of interjections
As acknowledged by various scholars [1], [2], an interjection constitutes an utterance by itself. This means that, in terms of an interjection can be defined as a holophrastic signal, in that it conveys the information of a whole sentence (holos phrasis = entire sentence). In fact, if we want to provide a synonym of it, what is equivalent to an interjection is not a single word, but a whole speech act, that is, a communicative act including the meaning of both a performative and a propositional content. Indeed, more than a synonym, a paraphrase. For example, “Ouch!” can be paraphrased as ”I am feeling pain”. This speech act has a performative of information, and the information provided concerns the Speaker feeling some unpleasant physical sensation. “Hey!” can be paraphrased as “I ask you to pay attention”: it is a requestive speech act, and the action requested is for the Hearer to pay attention to the Speaker and / or the context.
Thus, my definition of interjection is the following: an interjection is a codified signal [2], that is, a perceivable signal - a sound sequence in the speech modality, and a sequence of graphemes in the written modality - which is linked in a stable way, in the minds of the speakers of a language, to the meaning of a speech act, that is, to information including both a performative and a propositional content. In this speech act, the propositional content concerns either some mental state that is presently occurring in the Speaker's mind, or an action requested from the Hearer or a third entity; and the performative is the type of communicative action the Speaker is performing towards the Hearer, his/her goal of informing, asking about, requesting or wishing what is mentioned by the propositional content. An interjection is a codified signal in that the signal - meaning link is stored in a permanent way in the long-term memory of Speakers: not only is so for the propositional content, but also for the specific performative, which is then “incorporated” in the interjection, that is, it makes an integral part of the interjection's meaning [3].
The definition provided allows us to distinguish an interjection from an elliptical sentence. Both convey a whole speech act, but while an elliptical sentence conveys a different speech act in every different context, an interjection always conveys one and the same speech act, just because it is a codified signal - meaning pair permanently represented in the Speaker's lexicon.
Interjections are unchangeable words or phrases expressing emotional and volitional reaction of the speaker on some event. Hence, there are to be distinguished communicative, emotive, and signalising interjections, which express respectively joy or pleasure, sadness, warning or repugnance, etc. Interjections in English and Ukrainian utterances mostly occupy a front position, rarely a midposition or a closing position. Interjections may be primary (первинні) and derivative (похідні). According to their structure, interjections may be simple, compound and composite, or phrasal [4]
Emotive interjections express various feelings, one interjection being often used in English and Ukrainian to express different meanings. These classes of meanings are as follows:
1. Positive feelings
2. Incentive orders
3. Here also belong interjectional orders given to domestic animals. For example: gee-up! or giddap! hait! hi-up! (to horses) но! гайда! вйо! whoa, hoa, whoa! mnpy!sookl sook! цоб-цабе! puss, puss, puss! киці, киці-киці; киць-киць-киць; dilly, dilly! тась, тась! chook-chook! chuck-chuck! ціп-ціп-ціп! etc.
4. Negative feelings (grief, sorrow, horror, alarm, disgust, etc.):
5. Orders to stop an action: hist! hush! shh! shush! In Ukrainian: тихо! тихо! тсс! тс! шш! cave! - обережно! nuf! nuff! - годі! scat! shoo! - геть!
6. Greetings and partings which may sometimes be rather emotional as well.
Imitations of sounds produced by birds and animals cannot be treated as interjections or as emotives unless used on some occasions for the sake of stylisation
An interjection or exclamation describes a noun with a grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions. Filled pauses such as uh, er, um, are also considered interjections. Interjections are generally uninflected function words and have sometimes been seen as sentence-words, because they can replace or be replaced by a whole sentence (they are holophrastic). Sometimes, however, interjections combine with other words to form sentences, but not with finite verbs. When an exclamation point is not needed, a comma can take the place. Interjections are used when the speaker encounters events that cause these emotions - unexpectedly, painfully, surprisingly, or in many other sudden ways. However, several languages have interjections that cannot be related to emotions. The word "interjection" literally means "thrown in between" from the Latin inter ("between") and iacere ("throw"). Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence usually at the start to express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm. [5]
intonation acoustic emotion vocal written
2. Comparison of the interjections in the contrasted languages
Unlike notionals, interjections in English and Ukrainian do not correlate with notions: they do not express any relations or point to any connection with words in a sentence. Interjections are unchangeable words or phrases expressing emotional and volitional reaction of the speaker on some event. Hence, there are to be distinguished communicative, emotive, and signalizing interjections which express respectively joy or pleasure, sadness, warning, repugnence, etc., eg:
"O-o-grand!" (Priestley) "Fine!" - O-o, пречудове! Прекрасно!
"Oh, keen of (Murdoch) - Прекрасно! О, просто чудо!
"My, how you've changed!" (Brau- - Боже мій, як ти змінився! tigan) "0Л, it hurts me. ОЛ!" (Maltz) - Ой, як болить. Ой!
As can be noticed, interjections in English and Ukrainian sentences mostly occupy a front position, rarely a midposition or a closing position. Cf. А ми! хе! хе! а ми жонаті (Шевченко). І одного часу, як вигукне, так, ой-ой-ой! (Вишня).
Interjections may be primary (первинні) and derivative (похідні). According to their structure, interjections may be simple, compound, composite, or phrasal.
1. Simple interjections fall into some subgroups, namely:
a) interjections consisting of one or two sounds: ah, a-ah, oh, oo, ooh, oof, coo, gee (a! e! o! e-e! ай! ax! ox! xa! хе! ух! ат! ет!, etc);
b) interjections consisting of consonant sounds only: brr, mm, sh (sh-sh) - гм!, хм!, цсс!, шш!, брр!;
с) interjections consisting of more than two different sounds which form one syllable: gosh, tut, umph, whoop (гай! гей! гов! гоп! пхе! пхи! etc);
d) interjections consisting of two syllables: alas, ahem, boffo. hallo/hullo, okay (ага! агей! (L'.у! агусі>! ану.' люлі! нумо! otitia! ого! мугу!);
е) reduplicating (повторні) interjections: ah-ah, ay-ay, ee-ee, goe-goe, how-how, ho-ho, hubba-hubba, chock-chock, ta-ta, tut-tut (a-a, ану-ану, гай-гай, еге-ге, о-го-го, ну-ну, ха-ха).
Compound interjections are more characteristic of English than of Ukrainian, eg: heigh-ho, holla-ho, fiddlesticks, whoo-whoop, wo-ho, yo-ho, etc. (Господи-Боже! Добридень! Спасибі!).
Derivative interjections constitute a common group in the contrasted languages, too. They are mostly of common origin and sometimes even of identical lexical meaning. There are distinguished six types of emotional interjections:
a) of substantival origin: beans! bully! fiddle! hell! Lord! nuts! raspberry! rabbit! rats! Japs! (Господи! матінко! пене! Боже! леле! жах! страх! гвалт! слава! хвала! біда! горе!);
b) of verbal origin: come! look! see! cut! bother! shoot! - диви! гляди! бач! рятуйте! пробачте! даруйте! прощайте! побачимо! цур! (від цуратися) ;
с) of adjectival origin (mostly in English): fine! grand! right! dear! swell! divine! gracious!; d) of adverbial origin: here! there! now! well! why? so! - добре! зараз! тут! там! так! геть! прекрасно.';
е) of pronominal origin: "ay me! oh me!" (Shakespeare) - отаке! стільки ж! отакої! «Куди ж писати?» «Отакої! Не знає куди!..» (О. Гончар);
f) of phrasal origin (contracted), which are rather numerous in English: howdy! (from how do you do), alright (from all right), my! (from my God/my Lord), dammit (from damn it), attaboy (from that's a boy) -добридень (від добрий день), спасибі (спаси' біг), тсс! цсс! (від тихше).
Derivated are also numerous idiomatic interjections of various componental nature and expressing different emotions, eg: my eye!
Holy Moses! the cat's pajamas! gee whiskers! well I never!- їй же бо! \ т йому цур! кат їх бери! Боже.ж мій! біда та й годі! де там! ой леле1 ко! де ж так.! etc.
Н notive interjections express various feelings, one interjection being often used in English and Ukrainian to express different meanings. These meanings are as follows:
1. Positive feelings (joy, satisfaction, sympathy), eg: "Great!" Michael said". (I. Shaw) «Чудово!» - вигукнув Майкл. "Ooh' ooh!" the crowd was moa- «У-у! У-у/» - стогнав, перепов-ning in a kind of amorous agony". нений якимось замилуванням, (Huxley) збуджений натовп.
2. Incentive orders (спонукальні накази), eg: "Hey, now! Wait a minute". (Dahl) «Гей там! Зачекайте». "Here, Buck", the Boss called. «C/odu, Баку!» - гукнув Бос. (Warren) "Quiet!" I yelled to «Замовкніть!» - гримнув я на them" (Hemmett) них-
Here also belong orders given interjections to domestic animals. For example: gee-up! or giddup! hail! hi-up! (to horses) - но! гайда! вйо! whoa, hoa. whoa! -- тпру! nook! sook! - цоб-цабеї puss, puss, puss' - киць-киць; dilly, dilly!-тась, тасьі chook-chook! chuck-chuck! - ціп-ціп-ціп! ets.
3. Negative feelings (grief, sorrow, horror, alarm, etc.): "Oops! It's after midnight". Ух-ти! Вже за північ. (Slu-ldon)
Tshav! said the other twin". «Тьху!» - сказав другий близ-(Capote) нюк. "Nuts!" the Boss said. (Warren) «Дурниці!» - сказав Бос.
4. Orders to stop an action: hist! hush! shh! shush! - тихо! тихіше' тс! шш! cave! - обережно/ nuf! nuff! - годі! scat! shoo! - геть! eg: J "Hush" my mother said, "hush, «Тихо, синку, - сказала ма-son«'. (Warren) ма.- Тихо».
5. Greetings and partings which may sometimes be rather motional as well. Cf.
"Oh hello!" she called..." (Brush) «О, привіт!» - гукнула вона... "Howdy," said Isabel..." (Capote) «Здоров!» - сказала Ізабел... "Ну *!" said Rornona". (Salinger) «Бувай!» - відповіла Ромона.
Interjections of sounds like dab-dab, mew, cock-a-dooble-doo, moo, etc, and their Ukrainian quivalents кря-кря, няв, кукуріку, му-у are -regular imitations of sounds and cannot be treated as interjections or as emotives.
Conclusion
The definition provided allows us to distinguish an interjection from an elliptical sentence. Both convey a whole speech act, but while an elliptical sentence conveys a different speech act in every different context, an interjection always conveys one and the same speech act, just because it is a codified signal - meaning pair permanently represented in the Speaker's lexicon.
Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations they have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.
List of references
1. Slaughter M. Universal Languages and Scientific Taxonomy in the Seventeenth Century / M. Slaughter. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. - 277 p.
2. Typological Characteristics of Particles [Electronic resource]. - 2004.
3. Etymology of English Words. Native and Borrowed Words in English [Electronic resource]. - 2014.
4. Typological characteristics of interjections/emotives [Electronic resource]. - 2005.
5. Власне українські і запозичені слова - Лексика [Electronic resource]. - 2014.
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