Conjunctions in adverbial subordinate clauses in English and Azerbaijani languages

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Conjunctions in adverbial subordinate clauses in English and Azerbaijani languages

This article explores the comparative- typological analysis of the subordinate clauses in English and Azerbaijani languages. The author tries to investigate conjunctions, linking words in adverbial clauses in both languages. We have used comparative method for comparing adverbial clauses in English and Azerbaijani languages. Results - According to this exploration we have found some differences and similarities between types of subordinate clauses, linking ways of these clauses to the main clause. Originality - For the first time, we have compared all connectors in adverbial clauses in English and Azerbaijani languages. Practical value - This exploration will help explorers to get enough information about connectives in adverbial clauses and how to use them in complex sentences.

Actuality: Complex-compound sentence is a difficult field of syntax in the world language. The formation and development of complex sentence, the nature of subordinate and unconstrained complex sentences, the key role tools in their formation, the inter-action between the head (main) and subordinate (branch) sentence components, classification in different ways, types of subordinate sentences, their connection (conjunctions) and other issues have always been kept into the researchers attention and still are being studied. The conjunction and conjunction methods are the integral part of complex sentences. Conjunctions, particles and some lexic elements have an importnat role in the formation of complex-com-pound sentence. Most of them have a leading role (main role). Con-junction tools are expressed connection of components of complex sentences to each other, to obey them and some syntactics relations. This article is based on key factors that determine the relevance of the linking components. To research of this issue shows the ac-tuality of this topic.

Adverbial clause is related to the complex-compound sentence indirectly, that's why we gave a brief information and general notes about complex sentence in the introduction. In linguistics literacy, a complex sentence is defined as a syntactic unit formed by the com-bination of two or more simple sentences meaning and grammatic point of view. Components that constitute complex sentences are in-terconnected and have a different degree of commitment omponents that constitute complex sentences are interconnected and have a dif-ferent degree of commitment. Actually complex-compound sentenc-es are devided into 2 groups: dependent and independent sentence.

One of the components that make up a cmplex - compound sentence does not depend on each - other or they are independent equally. For example,

The rain stopped and the sun began to shine again.

The father came and the children run towards him.

At least one of the subordinate compound sentences has a de-pendent function. It is a complex sentence that contains a head, one or several branches. Depending part is branch sentence, the gram-matically independent part is called head sentence [1, 420].

When we compare the complex-compound sentence in the Azerbaijani and English languages we will see a different scenery. Subordinate complex sentence is divided into 4 shpeshes in the English Language (Subordinate Sentence of Subject, Sub- ordinare Sentence of Predicate, subordinate Sentence of Object, Subordinate of Attribute, Subordinate Sentence of Adverbial Clause). Subordinate Coplext Sentences of Azerbaijani language are devided into 6 types: Subordinate Sentence of Subject, Sub- ordinare Sentence of Predicate, subordinate Sentence of Object, Subordinate of Attribute, Subordinate Sentence of Adverbial Clause and Suordinate Sentence of Conjunction. The paper is based on study of conjunctions of adverbial subordinate sentences in the English and Azerbaijani language. Adverbial subordinate sentences are explained the actions of head sentence in different ways and divided into several types. Now, we have to analyze the adverbial subordinate sentences according to the conjunctions, which are the subject of the article.

Adverbial clause has 9 types in English language:

1. Adverbial Clause of Time.

2. Advebial Clause of Concession.

3. Adverbial Clause of Place.

4. Adverbial clause of Result.

5. Adverbial Clause of Purpose.

6. Adverbial Clause of Comparison.

7. Adverbial Calusr of Aim.

8. Adverbial Clause of Mannar.

9. Adverbial Clause of Condition.

Adverbial clause has 10 types in Azerbaijan language:

1 Adverbial Clause of Time.

2 Adverbial Clause of Place.

3 Adverbial clause of Result.

4 Adverbial Clause of Purpose.

5 Adverbial Calusr of Aim.

6 Adverbial Clause of Mannar.

7 Adverbial Clause of Condition.

8 Adverbial Clause of Quantity.

9 Adverbial Clause of Degree.

10 Adverbial clause of Confrantation.

Subordinate Sentence of Manner expresses the performance and manner of the action. These types of sentences are connected via the following conjections in English: as, the way. For example: You talk at me the way a teacher talks to a naughty student. She cooks the turkey exactly as my mother did.

Such kind of sentences are devided into 2 types in Azerbaijani: the first kind of Subordinate Sentences is conncted to the head sen-tence via the conjunction ki (ki means that in English) and rarely they are connected with intonation. For example: I cleaned my sign so masterly that, nobody can followed me.

The second type of Subordinate Sentences, subordinate sen-tence is used before the head (main) sentence and connected via the followng conjunctions: How, what.

Conjunction sentence is used togeather via the conjunction ki (ki means that in English). One can replace “ki” with the suffixes: -sa, -sa For example: How they (The Talibs) came, so they have gone

Subordinate Sentence of Time means the time of the action in the main sentence. Subordinate Sentence of Time can be used before and after the main sentence in both languages. Subordinate Sentence of Time is connected to the main sentence with the fol-lowing conjunctions: when, now that, as long as, while, till, until, as, as soon as, since, after, before, whenever. For example: When she shook hands with him on leaving he gave her hand a pressure that she couldn't mistake. Now thant all danger was past she almost wished that Walter were going to insist on a divorce.

Subordinate Sentence of Time has 2 types according to the conjunctions in the Azerbaijani language. Due to the first kind the subordinate sentence is connected to the main sentence via the conjunction “ki” (that) and sometimes wia intonation. Such kind of subordinate sentences are used after the main sentence. In this situation, one of the words such as “then”, “on that time” are used in the sentence and they are explained with subordinate sentence. For example: We will be happy when the the land of our motherland will be libarated.

Complex sentences which comes after the main sentence are included to the second type. Subordinate sentence is connected to the main sentence by the following conjunctions: that, intonation (ronunciation), when, while, one day and the following sufixes in Azerbaijani: -mi, -mi, -mu, -mu. For example:

When he went to bed his/her grandmother called him/her

The wind began to flow, so it will be raining.

Subordinate Sentence of Place. It means the place of the ac-tion in the main sentence. It is connected to the main sentence in English by the following conjunctions: where, wherever, an-ywhere, everywhere and etc. Subordinate clause of Place that is used by these conjunctions means position in general. When they are used by the conjunction “wherever”, the Subordinate Sentence of Place is exception. Subordinate sentences mean the direction of the movement as well. Then we have to use the following con-junctions: “where”, “from”. For example: She comes wherever I go and I'm thinking I'll not want to part with her. You may park your car where there is a parking sign.

Subordinate sentence of place is used befir the main sentence in Azerbaijani.

The reason is connection of subordinate sentence to the main sentence by the conjunctions [4, p. 372]. The main conjunctions that connected subordinate sentence place to the head sentence are: where, there, on that place, from that place, to that place.

For example: I will be there , where you will, too. If you were not invited don't go there.

The conditional sentence refers to the execution condition of the action referred to in the head sentence. In English, these sen-tences should be connected to the head sentence by the following conjunctions: as if, suppose, on condition, provided, that, suppose that, supposing that, and so on. Conditional sentence is used before and after in head sentence. For example: You did not need a girl un-less you thought about them. if I do anything, I have a reason for it.

In Azerbaijani language, there are two types of conditional sentence. The branches of the first type in the branches of the first type are then processed and the string is typically used to connect to the sentence, sometimes only to the intonation. The conjunctions: if, weather, whatever, under such conditions, words are processed and the word is phrased through sentence. Fir the first type the sub-ordinate sentence is used after the head sentence and subordinate sentence is connected to the main sentence by conjunction “ki” (that), sometime it is connected by pronouncation. For example:

If you will come to work in time, I will be agree. We need you if you do not stoop any more and forever.

The second type of subordinate sentence of condition are of-ten used in the speech and connected by the different conjunctions. Subordinate sentence is used before the head sentence and are devided into four groups due to the conjunction. Asynthetic con-ditional subordinate sentences are included to the first type. Such kind of subrdinate sentences are connected to the head sentence by the intonation. For example: Two days are few, stay two weeks.

Subordinate sentence are linked to the head sentence nn Syn-thetic conditional subordinate sentences by the following suffexes: -sa, -sa (if), and auxilary word “isa” (but) . Such kind of subordinate sentences can be linked to the main sentences by the following su- fixess: -mi, -mi, -mu, -mu, and -a, -a. For example: If the enemy kil me,wrap my wound with your kind hands

The second type of condition subordinate sentence is called analytical subordinate sentence of condition. This kind of the sub-ordinate sentence of condition is connected to the head sentence by the following conjunctions: if, weather, that. For example: If you are invited, you should not rejevt the invitation, you have to go. The last type is analytical-synthetic. In such kind of subordinate semtenc- es conjunctions are used before the main sentence, sufexes - sa, -sa is added to the predicate of subordinate sentence. We can see the conjunction “if' in the subordinate sentences of condition. For example: If the farmer plants pure seed, doubtless in result he/she will have pure seed.

Subordinate Sentence of Purpose ba§ cumladaki harakatin icra maqsadini bildirir. ingilis dilinda bu nov budaq cumlalar ba§ cumlaya that, in order that, so that, lest, for fear baglayicilari ila baglanir. Bu baglayicilarla ba§ cumlaya baglanan maqsad budaq cumlalari modal fellarla birga jlanir. For example: I tell you all this so that you may understand me perfectly. There are two types of Subordinate sentence of Object (Purpose):

First type of sentences are most used one subordinate sentences [4, 384 ]. This subordinate sentence comes after the main sentence and connected by the conjunction “that”, sometimes by “innota-tion” . For example: Zakir sent a telegram to his friend Farrukh to inform his friend regarding his coming.

In the second type of subordinate sentences, subordinate sen-tence comes before the head sentence and connected by the con-junctions: whatever, why. In the connection process the particile “ki” (that) and sufexes -sa, -sa rae used, too. Such kind of subor-dinate sentences are used more than others in speech - in spoken language [4, 385 ] For example: Whatever you call, I've come for him too.

Subordinate Sentence of Cause means the cause of the ac-tion in the head sentence. Conjunction are in English: because, since, as, so, for, for the reason that, seeing that and etc. Subordi-nate sentences are used at the end and at the beginning of the main sentence. For example: I gave him my hand, of course, because I could not help it,<...> (Stevenson). This time he was angry because she wanted him to be angry.

There are two types due to the conjunctions of Subordinate Sentence of Purpose in Azerbaijani: The subordinate sentences of the first type: subordinate sentence is used after the main sen-tence and connected by the different conjunctions: because, that's why and intonation. Pattern:

This event made me happy because he did not understand his/her mistake

I am sorry for coming your wedding wthout present. - You should sorry me for coming your wedding without a present (A.Veliyev).

The second tyoe of subordinate sentence: subordinate sentence is used before the head sentence. That's why cause and result are formed systematically in this sentences. Such kind of subordinate sentence is connected to the main sentence by the conjunction “ki” ( that), and, intonation and by the particle word “what”, by the sufexes -sa, -sa. Pattern:

He thought something and run our (M. Jelal).

Weather was hot suddenly, don't trust it (Mllbrahimov).

Subordinate sentence of Comparison means the compari- osn of the action expressed both in subordinate and main sentence. Subordinate sentence of comparison is connected to main sentence by the conjunctions than, as, as...as, not so...as, as if, as though, the more...the more, the more...the less, like in English. Pattern:

I wish I could make you as happy as you make me (S. Maugham).

The more she knows him the less she will love him.

Subordinate Sentence of Compromise (Consession). It is expressed the contra opinion in the main sentence or consession. Conjunctions and connection words play an important role in the joining of componenets in Subordinate sentence of Conses-sion. Such kind of subordinate sentenes are connected to the main sentence by though, although, even if, even though, while, con-sidering that, whether...or, as, in spite of the fact, if, however, whatever and etc. Parttern:

Even if he were here, he couldn't help us (Braine). Whatever my suggestions were, Hoylark would listen to them (Braine).

Subordinate sentence of consession has he folllowing com-ponents in Azerbaijani: conjunctions, connector works, particles. Such kind of subordinate sentences have two types: Such kind of subordinate sentence of consession is used after the main sen-tence and it is connected by “ki” (that, what, which) conjunction. We can not face with them as such kind of sentences are not developed in our language. For example: What can I do for you now; I adopt you as my sister.

The main connector tools of the second type of subprdinare sentences: how, how big, how much, though, although and sufixes - “in, at”, particle such, some relative pronauns, nisbi and innotation. For example: How bigger the human problem, it is slowly forgotten. Though you have done this work, but I do not agree.

If the subordinate sentence of compound - complex sentence based on subordinate sentence of Consession comes after the main sentencee, in general comma is not required English. But in Azer-baijani comma is always required between the components of com-pound-complex sentence.

Subordinate sentence of Result. It refers the result of the ac-tion happened in the main sentence. Such kind of subordinate sen-tences is connected to the main sentence by the following conjunc-tion: so, so that, that. For examle: His tone was so contemptuous that she flushed with anger (S. Maugham).

The subordinate Sentence of Result in the Azerbaijani language has distinguishing point from other subordinate sentence: the ab-sence of its place, and mold. Scientists explain the reason of this case with the absence of secondary memers in the ordinary sen-tence. In order to determine the sentence, it is necessary to pay at-tention to the meaning of the head and subordinate sentence. Such kind of subordinate sentences come after the main sentence and it is connected by the conjunction: that's why, for him/her, so, thus and innotation. For example:

Why do you want to betray his guest so that he threatens you (A. Abasov).

Taking you with myself is too difficult for my conscience, so I will do my best for your salvation (M. Ordubadi).

Subordinate Sentence of Degree not only expresses the degree of action and marking performed in the head sentence, but also ex-presses the result formed from that degree. That's why subordinate sentence of degree has a sence of meaning. According to the con-junction tools subordinate sentence of degree has two types:

The first type of subordinate sentence of degree is used after the main sentence and is connected to it by the conjubction “ki' (that) and sometimes it is connected by the innotation. For example: But these words were so unkind that, my heart was fragile and i wanted to cry for jo (I. Efendiyev).

The second type of subordinate sentence of degree is used before the main sentence and is connected by the connection “to the level”, “on that level”, “how long” and etc. Work has reached such a degree that, Latifa began to comfort him (M. Huseyn).

Subordinate sentence of quantite indicates the amount of ac-tion performed in the head sentece. As other subordinate sentences, there are two types of subordinate sentence of quantity depending on the conjunction tools.

In the first type of subordinate sentence, subordinate sen-tence is used after main sentence and is connected to it by the conjunction “ki”. Connection words: so much, in that quan-tity. For example: It would have been a lifetime that I could see Fikret's wedding (A.Veliyev) The second type of subordinate sentence is used before the main sentence and is connected by the conjunction how many, how much. For example: I have brought how many (how much) have you ordered. Subordinate sentence of quantity and degree are very close to each other, both by the structure, by the means of conjunctions, and by the gram-matical semantics. Therefore, in several linguistic literature, these are given together under the title of «Subordinate Sentence of Quantity and Degree” [4, p. 376].

The aim of the work: The main purpose of the article is to systematize general theoretical knowledge about connecting means that connects components of compound - complex sentences in English and Azerbaijani.

Materials and the result of the research:

After comparing the means of communication methods between the components in subordinate clause of compound - complex sen-tences based on adverbial clause English and Azerbaijani, it is pos-sible to conclude that despite the fact these languages belong to different language families, but there are quite a few similarities be-tween them. As a result of the research, we can say that the connector (conjuntion) element is important in the processing of the branched sentence. The same connector element (conjunction) can refer to dif-ferent subordinate sentences, and different connecting elements be-long to the same type of subordinate sentence and may have a similar meaning. Conjuntions do not allow for multivolence to comprehend the relationship between complicated sentences and serve to clarify structural-grammatical relationships between parts.

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