Peculiarities of present tenses

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Zhusup Balasagyn Kyrgyz National University

Faculty of Foreign Languages

Department of English

Course work

Peculiarities of present tenses

Done: Orozalieva Begimai

Supervisor: Zhamanakova M.B

Bishkek 2020



Introduction

present time foreign language

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the present tenses are used in all newspaper articles, TV shows, radio shows, theater productions, as well as the present tenses are important not only for solving fundamental problems, but also for solving the problem of automatic speech recognition and teaching foreign languages as native speakers. The present tenses are the most commonly used human speech, even if we are telling a story or anecdote or describing events in a book or movie, we often use the present tenses, and the present tenses are often used in various areas of life. This is the relevance of this work.

The aim of the research is to study present tenses even more deeply and thoroughly, to analyze the use of tenses correctly and know their role in the English language. To do this I set the following tasks:

Find out what the present tenses are.

Find out what features in the present tenses exist

Consider where and how present tenses are used.

The practical and the theoretical significance of the work is that the results of the research cab be used by school children to improve their educational level , and it can be used in practical classes on English grammar.

The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of present tenses in the work “Othello” by William Shakespeare.

Structurally, our work consists of introduction, two chapters and conclusion, list used sources. In Introduction analyzed the relevance of the work, its main goal and tasks. In chapter1 completed Theoretical Background of English Grammar and Tenses. In chapter2 analysis and usage of The Present Tense in literature. In conclusion made general conclusions on the work . The list sources includes 13 names.



Chapter 1. Theoretical background English grammar and tenses

1.1 The characteristics of Present Tenses

The present tense is a grammatical tense whose main function is to locate a situation or event in the present time. The present tense is used for actions which are happening now. In order to explain and understand present tense, it is useful to imagine time as a line on which the past tense, the present and the future tense are positioned. The present tense is the fundamental tense in the system of English tenses (Duљkovбet. al 1988:217) in addition to present events, it can also express future and past events. In this sense, the present tense is a temporal. The term present tense is usually used in descriptions of specific languages to refer to a particular grammatical form or set of forms; these may have a variety of uses, not all of which will necessarily refer to present time. For example, in the English sentence "My train leaves tomorrow morning", the verb form leaves is said to be in the present tense, even though in this particular context it refers to an event in future time. Similarly, in the historical present, the present tense is used to narrate events that occurred in the past.

In English Grammar, the Present Tense is used to talk about something that is going on now (currently) or that is true now and at any time. Present Tense is of four types:

Simple Present Tense

Present Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense uses the same verb form as the root form of the verb. We use the simple present tense in the following conditions:

To show a fact or something that is always true

For activities that are done daily -regularly or habitually

To express thoughts, feelings, opinions and beliefs

For an action or event that is planned to happen in the future

Used with a selected few adverbs to indicate something that happens rarely

Used in news, reported speech such as in sports commentaries, a narration of books and stories.

It is also used with schedules, plans and programs

It is also used to give instructions

Formulating a Simple Present Tense

When the singular form of the subject or a singular pronoun is used, the verb is used in the simple present tense by adding a `-s' to it.

Present Continuous Tense

This tense is used to describe a continued or ongoing action at the present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking and has not yet been completed. The Present Continuous Tense is, therefore, used in the following conditions:

As mentioned above, it is used for an action that is occurring at the time of speaking

When we talk about a planned or arranged event or action that is set to take place at a specified time in the future.

It is also used in conditions where the action or event is occurring but not necessarily while we speak

It is used in a changing situation

With adverbs such as `always' which describe an action that happens frequently.

Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense is used in case of repeated actions, in those actions where the time is not important, and actions that began in the past but are not finished yet and will probably finish in the present as we speak. The Present Perfect Tense can be used in the following scenarios:

It is commonly used in actions or events that began in the past and have continued into the present

They are used to show an action that has been completed

To indicate a time period that has not yet finished

This tense is often used with phrases that begin with “This is the first” or “second time” and so on.

Is used to describe or express an action that is repeated in the past

Used to indicate or describe actions that have been completed in the recent past

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

This tense is generally used to describe or indicate an event that is going on at this moment. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used in the following conditions:

It is used to describe an event that began in the past and is continuing into the future

An activity or event that began in the past and is now over(just recently completed or over)

It is also used when there is no mention of time.

Formulating the Present Perfect Continuous Tense

The present perfect continuous tense is made up of two parts:

I. The present perfect tense of the verb `to be': `have been' or `has been' and

II. The present participle of the main verb `-ing. (https://www.toppr.com/guides/english/tenses/present-tense/)

Examples of the Types of Present Tenses

The present tense is categorized further depending on whether the action is in progress or completed. The four present tenses are:

Simple Present Tense

Examples of the Simple Present Tense

We play every Tuesday( play- Simple Present- it happens everyday)

My family goes to France every Summer.(goes-Simple Present- they goes every Summer, it repeats)

Between two evils, I always pick the one I have never tried before.(pick- he always picks one of two it is always so)

Before I refuse to take your questions, I have an opening statement.( refuse- it habitually happens ) (US President Ronald Reagan)

We like the word indolence. It makes my laziness seem classy. (like- it is “real” present)(Philosopher Bernard Williams)

Present Progressive Tense

Examples of the Present Progressive Tense

We are playing at the moment.(playing- I do not stop playing , I keep playing until now)

We are not getting any younger! (getting-I am not young now but I am saying it straight now and I have not stopped saying it)

My family is emigrating to Australia next June.(emigrating- is said to be in the present tense, even though in this particular context it refers to an event in future time.)

People rarely succeed unless they have fun in what they are doing. (doing- people are doing it right now to achieve success) (Author Dale Carnegie)

We are not afraid of storms for I am learning how to sail my ship.(learning- he started learning now and he will not stop learning) (Author Louisa May Alcott)

A lot of good arguments are spoiled by some fool who knows what he is talking about.( is talking- Present Continues-he is talking right now)(Playwright Miguel de Unamuno)

Present Perfect Tense

Examples of the Present Perfect Tense

We have played for his team before. (have played - I have started to play in the past and it continues in the present)

Don't take the wrong side of an argument just because your opponent has taken the right side. (Has taken- Present Perfect - it started in the past and its result is important in the present)

Poets have been mysteriously silent on the subject of cheese. (have been mysteriously- it happened in past but is important in the present)

If we have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.(have seen-Present Perfect-it is the action that happen recent past) (Physicist Isaac Newton)

Only the dead have seen the end of the war. (have seen-Present Perfect- this action was happened in the past but it is important in the present) (Philosopher George Santayana)

Like all great travelers, I have seen more than I remember, and remember more than I have seen.(have seen- here we are talking about our experience up to the present) (British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli)

We have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me.(have taken-Present Perfect-it is the action that happened in the past and may happen in the present)

We may not have gone where we intended to go, but we think we have ended up where we intended to be.( have gone and have ended- to describe something that happened in the past, but the exact time it happened is not important. It has a relationship with the present) (Author Douglas Adams)

We have failed over and over and over again in our life and that is why we succeed. (have failed- to describe something that happened in the past and continue in the present)(Basketball star Michael Jordan)

Present Perfect Progressive Tense

Examples of the Present Perfect Progressive Tense

We have been playing for a year.(have been playing-it is still continuing in the present)

Fiona has not been playing well for 2 months.(has not been playing- she is still continuing playing bad)

My grandparents have been living in this house for 50 years. (have been living - they are still continuing to live)

We have been learning since we were children how to make money, buy things and build things. (have been learning - it is still happening) (Comedian Yakov Smirnoff)

My son has been laughing at inappropriate situations for the past two years.(has been laughing- Actions that started in the past, continue into the present, and may continue into the future)

While I thought that I was learning how to live, I have been learning how to die. (have been learning- and I still haven't finished it)(Polymath Leonardo da Vinci)

Well, we think money has been going into political campaigns for a very long time.(has been going- this is an Action that started in the past, continue into the present, and may continue into the future) ( (Businesswoman Carly Fiorina)

We have been doing marriage counseling for about 15 years and we realized that what makes one person feel loved, doesn't make another person feel loved.(have been doing- we have been doing 15 years and still doing ) (Author Gary Chapman)

1.2 The usage of Present Tenses

How to use Present Tense? The present, simple, present continues, present perfect.

Present tense is a grammatical term used for verbs that describe action happening right now or when it happens regularly (or unceasingly, which is why it is sometimes called present indefinite). Depending on the person, the simple present tense is formed by using the root form or by adding _s or _es to the end.

Many philosophers and motivational speakers talk about the importance of living in the present. A lot of people would agree. However, when we hear this, all we can think is “which present”? As many English teachers and English students know, there are many different ways to describe the present. In English, there are four present tenses: simple present, present perfect, present continuous, and present perfect continuous. These four tenses have a total 10 different uses. In this post, we will look at the form and uses of each tense.

Simple Present

Form: Use the base form of a verb, adding an /s/ to the end of the verb if the subject is singular. (Unless the verb is irregular, in which case other rules may apply.)

Uses:

Use 1: Actions that are habitual or routine

Example: The sun rises. I brush my teeth twice a day.

Use 2: General, timeless facts

Example: Spiders make webs. Babies drink milk.

Use 3: Narrative style (used when recalling past events or announcing things that are happening in the moment)

Example: So I go to the store yesterday, and the clerk says, “We're closed!” He hits the baseball out of the field and makes a home run!

Use 4: The “real” present (things that are happening right now), but ONLY when the verb is stative. Stative verbs* deal with the way the subject is, instead of what the subject does.

Example: That car looks old. They think that is a bad idea.

Simple present tense can be used to talk about general truths.

Honey is sweet.

The sun rises in the east.

Fortune favors the brave.

In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there

The simple present tense is used in exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what is actually happening in the present.

There goes your husband!

There goes the bus!

Future events that are part of a timetable

The simple present tense is used to talk about future events that are part of a fixed timetable.

The train leaves at 6 pm.

The match starts at 9 o'clock.

The next flight is at 6:30 tomorrow morning.

Note also the other uses of the simple present tense.

1) to introduce quotations

Keats says, `A thing of beauty is a joy forever.'

2) in clauses of time and condition

I will call you when dinner is ready. (NOT I will call you when dinner will be ready.)

I will go abroad after I finish my studies. (NOT I will go abroad after I will finish my studies.)

Present Perfect

Form: Have or has + past form of a verb

Uses:

Use 1: Actions that started in the past, continue into the present, and may continue into the future

Example: The children have felt sick ever since they ate lunch. My neighbor has lived next door to me for two years.

Use 2: Separate actions that happened in the past and may happen again in the future

Example: That man has traveled overseas several times. We have eaten at that restaurant once or twice.

Use 3: Recently completed actions that still influence things happening in the present

Example: The sun has risen and you need to wake up. They have finished their meeting, so now they can go.

The present perfect tense is used to describe something that happened in the past, but the exact time it happened is not important. It has a relationship with the present.

I have done my homework = I finished my homework in the past. It is not important at what exact time, only that it is now done.

I have forgotten my bag. = Exactly when in the past that I forgot it is not important. The important thing is that I don't have it now.

As we do not use exact time expressions with the past perfect, we cannot say:

I have done my homework yesterday

In this case we use the past simple tense;

I did my homework yesterday.

Using already just and yet with the present perfect

Already, just and yet can are all used with the present perfect.

Already means 'something has happened sooner than we expected

Just means 'a short time ago':

Yet is only used in questions and negative sentences. It means 'something is expected to happen':

Present Continuous

Form: The present tense of “to be” (am/is/are)+ verb + ing

Uses:

Use 1: The “real” present (things that are happening right now), for all verbs except stative verbs

Example: I am sitting down right now. He can not come to the phone because he is working. You can't see the children because they are hiding.

Use 2: Temporary actions that may not be happening right now, but have not yet been completed

Example: I am taking an English course. The truck is being repaired.

The present continuous tense is a grammatical tense that can be used to describe when an action happened, or may happen. You can use it to describe both events that are happening in the present - right now, while you are talking about something, or in the future - something that may or will happen later on.

You use the present continuous by using the present form of the verb “be” + the present participle of a verb.

Thing that are happening now

You can use the present continuous to describe immediate events taking place in the current moment:

Eg. “She is eating dinner right now and cannot answer the phone.”

You can also use it in the same way for the negative form:

Eg. “They're not watching TV at the moment.”

Temporary events

For longer actions that may be taking place for a temporary period only, you can use the present continuous tense to describe them. It can be used for any temporary situation, no matter how long or short it is.

Eg. “He's studying a new language at the moment.”

A new pattern or habit

A really interesting way of using the present continuous tense is to describe events or actions that are new and different from events in the past. In this case, the tense can be used to highlight the contrast between the old and new.

Eg. “These days, people are writing emails a lot less than they used to a few years ago.”

It can also be used to describe a regular habit that someone has - whether it is a good habit, or a bad one!

Eg. “You're always running late with all your deadlines!”

Future plans

When describing something that will take place in the future, the present continuous tense can be used when you are discussing something that is already discussed or planned ahead.

Eg. “When we arrive at the airport, we are taking a private car direct to the hotel.”

Present Perfect Continuous

Form: Have or has + been + verb + ing

Uses:

Use 1: Actions that started in the past, continue into the present, and may continue into the future (note that this is the exact same use and meaning as Use 1 of present perfect)

Example: The children have been feeling sick ever since they ate lunch. My neighbor has been living next door to me for two years.

The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

Actions That Started In The Past And Continue In The Present

She has been waiting for you all day (= and she is still waiting now).

They have been travelling since last October (= and they're not home yet).

Actions That Have Just Finished, But We Are Interested In The Results

She has been cooking since last night (= and the food on the table looks delicious).

It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).

Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).

FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements: the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and the present participle of the main verb (+ing)



Chapter 2. The use of present tense in literature

2.1 Usage of the Present Tenses in the work “Othello” by William Shakespeare

When the literary critics of 3000 write about the non-fiction literature of our time, we think they will reflect our use of the present tense as its most distinctive and perhaps problematic feature. If the current narrative was once a rarity, it is now so common that it is becoming commonplace. In 1987, Robie McAuley and George Lanning dubbed it “the most frequent technology clichй in new fiction", and it has appeared even more frequently since. While there are signs that its use is declining among established writers, it is becoming the default choice for many young writers.

The best writers usually know, consciously or intuitively, when to use the present tense. However, many of us do not. The present tense has become something of a fad, and we often use it even when the past tense would have served the story better. Whatever the reasons for the prevalence of the present tense in modern fiction, it is important that we understand its advantages and disadvantages so that we can better decide when to use it.

The use of present tense in the play “Othello”.

1) Othello begins on a street in Venice, in the midst of an argument between Roderigo, a rich man, and Iago.(Begins-Present Simple- something that always happens)

2) Roderigo has been paying Iago to help him in his suit to Desdemona (has been paying-Present Perfect Continuous-he started paying somewhen in the past and still paying).

3) Iago says he hates Othello, who recently passed him over for the position of lieutenant in favor of the inexperienced soldier Michael Cassio.(says and hates- Present Simple- he said and hated once in the past but he always says and hates, it always happens)

4) Brabanzio finds that his daughter is indeed missing, and he gathers some officers to find Othello.(finds and gathers - Present Simple, Barbanzio far in the past found and gathered but he always finds and gathers , it always happens that ways. Is Missing-Present Continuous- Barbanzio's daughter was missing in the past and she is still missing)

5) At Othello's lodgings, Cassio arrives with an urgent message from the duke: Othello's help is needed in the matter of the imminent Turkish invasion of Cyprus.(arrives- Present Simple- someone always , everyday or every year arrives, it always repeats))

6) A third gentleman arrives and reports that the Turkish fleet has been wrecked in a storm at sea.(arrives , repots- Present Simple - they always arrives and always reports, it is repeated action)

7) Once they have landed, Othello's ship is sighted, and the group goes to the harbor.(have landed-Present Perfect-Separate actions that happened in the past and may happen again in the future)

8) When Cassio asks, Desdemona innocently agrees. Meanwhile, Iago has sown seeds of jealousy in Othello's mind, suggesting that Desdemona is over fond of Cassio.(has sown-Present Perfect-it started in the past and continue to the present, it is unfinished action)

9) Once everyone has left, Roderigo complains to Iago that he has no chance of breaking up Othello's marriage.(has left - Present Perfect- he has left in the past and it can happen in the present)

10) Iago assures Roderigo that as soon as Desdemona's “blood is made dull with the act of sport,” she will lose interest in Othello and seek sexual satisfaction elsewhere. However, Iago warns that “elsewhere” will likely be with Cassio. (assures, warns- Present Simple- here expressed someone's opinion , belief and warning)

11) In a soliloquy, Iago explains to the audience that eliminating Cassio is the first crucial step in his plan to ruin Othello. That night, Iago gets Cassio drunk and then sends Roderigo to start a fight with him Governor Montano attempts to hold Cassio down, and Cassio stabs him. Iago sends Roderigo to raise alarm in the town. (gets, sends, to start a fight- Present Simple- its the actions that are performed regularly it is expressed actions that occur in the present and are planned for the future)

12) When Othello demands to know who began the fight, Iago feigns reluctance to implicate his “friend” Cassio, but he ultimately tells the whole story. (demand to know -Present Simple-here refers about action that is planned for the future in present time , tells- Present Simple- something was sum up about someone has heard in the past and it tells in the present)

13) Othello then strips Cassio of his rank of lieutenant. Cassio is extremely upset, and he laments to Iago, once everyone else has gone, that his reputation has been ruined forever. (laments, - Present Simple - he always laments , it is a habit of his, has gone- Present Perfect- this is an action that relates to the recent past)

14) Iago assures Cassio that he can get back into Othello's good graces by using Desdemona as an intermediary. Iago tells himself that he will frame Cassio and Desdemona as lovers to make -Othello jealous.( assures-Present Simple- here expressed someone's belief, tells- Present Simple - he always tells himself , it is his habit)

15) In an attempt at reconciliation, Cassio sends some musicians to play beneath Othello's window.(sends-Present Simple-he always , everyday sends something or someone it continue, it also means action in the present to the future)

16) Othello, however, sends his clown to tell the musicians to go away. Hoping to arrange a meeting with Desdemona, Cassio asks the clown, a peasant who serves Othello, to send Emilia to him. After the clown departs, Iago passes by and tells Cassio that he will get Othello out of the way so that Cassio can speak privately with Desdemona.(sends-Present Simple-it always happens, -asks-Present Simple- the action was happened in the past but he asks it now)

17) Othello becomes upset and moody, and Iago furthers his goal of removing both Cassio and Othello by suggesting that Cassio and Desdemona are involved in an affair.(becomes- Present Simple-he always becomes upset and sullen when he hears something bad,-furthers - he furthers his goal in the present for the future)

18) After Othello's conversation with Iago, Desdemona comes to call Othello to supper and finds him feeling unwell. She offers him her handkerchief to wrap around his head, but he finds it to be «too little» and lets it drop to the floor (comes to call- Present Simple-here was expressed somebody's wish that was wished in the present , finds-Present Simple- here someone is ill , it can always happen again until he comes to his sense)

19) Desdemona and Othello go to dinner, and Emilia picks up the handkerchief, mentioning to the audience that Iago has always wanted her to steal it for him.(picks up-Present Simple-she picks up at the moment. Has always wanted-Present Perfect - he has wanted something in the past but it continue in the present)

20) When Othello demands “ocular proof” that his wife is unfaithful, Iago says that he has seen Cassio “wipe his beard” with Desdemona's handkerchief the first gift Othello ever gave her. (-demands-Present Simple- here was expressed future time, after conjunction `when'. Says, has seen-Present Simple, Present Perfect-here was said about someone has seen something in the past)

21) Othello vows to take vengeance on his wife and on Cassio, and Iago vows that he will help him. When Othello sees Desdemona later that evening, he demands the handkerchief of her, but she tells him that she does not have it with her and attempts to change the subject by continuing her suit on Cassio's behalf. (vows-Present Simple-it is a plan to the future that is planned in the present. Sees-Present Simple-he can usually sees her. Does not have-it is a negative form of the present simple, she always does not have it)

22) This drives Othello into a further rage, and he storms out. Later, Cassio comes onstage, wondering about the handkerchief he has just found in his chamber. (drives- Present Simple- he always drives and storms out when hears or sees something bad. Has just found- Present Perfect- this is an action that relates to the recent past)

23) Through Iago's machinations, Othello becomes so consumed by jealousy that he falls into a trance and has a fit of epilepsy. (falls-Present Simple- as long as the jealousy persists he can always falls into trance.)

24) Once Othello recovers, Iago tells him of the meeting he has planned with Cassio. (Has planned-Present Perfect-here was said about the plan that was planned in the past and it tells now)

25) He instructs Othello to hide nearby and watch as Iago extracts from Cassio the story of his affair with Desdemona. While Othello stands out of earshot, Iago pumps Cassio for information about Bianca, causing Cassio to laugh and confirm Othello's suspicions (instructs-Present Simple- he can always instructs someone. pumps-someone can always pump to hear information if he need it.)

26) When Desdemona enters with Lodovico and Lodovico subsequently gives Othello a letter from Venice calling him home and instating Cassio as his replacement, Othello goes over the edge, striking Desdemona and then storming out.(gives - Present Simple - it is an action that happens regularly . Goes over- it is a reaction to what heard)

27) Later that night, however, Othello ominously tells Desdemona to wait for him in bed and to send Emilia away. Meanwhile, Iago assures the still-complaining Roderigo that everything is going as planned: in order to prevent Desdemona and Othello from leaving, Roderigo must kill Cassio, then he will have a clear avenue to his love. (is going- Present Continuous - it is a situation that is happening at the moment and is not finished)

28) Iago instructs Roderigo to ambush Cassio, but Roderigo misses his mark and Cassio wounds him instead. Iago wounds Cassio and runs away. When Othello hears Cassio's cry, he assumes that Iago has killed Cassio as he said he would. Lodovico and Graziano enter to see what the commotion is about. Cassio is taken to have his wound dressed (instructs, wounds, runs-Present Simple- these are actions that happen in the present . Enter to see-Present Simple- it is an action in the present to the future. Has killed - Present Perfect- this is an assume that relates to the recent past)

29) Meanwhile, Othello stands over his sleeping wife in their bedchamber, preparing to kill her. Desdemona wakes and attempts to plead with Othello. She asserts her innocence, but Othello has smothered her. Emilia enters with the news that Roderigo is dead. Othello asks if Cassio is dead too and is mortified when Emilia says he is not. (wakes-Present Simple - everyone wakes everyday . Asserts- it is an assert that was made right now. Has smothered-Present Perfect- this is an action that happens to the recent past.)

30) After crying out that she has been murdered, Desdemona changes her story before she dies, claiming that she has committed suicide. Emilia asks Othello what happened, and Othello tells her that he has killed Desdemona for her infidelity, which Iago brought to his attention. (Changes-Present Simple-she changes in the present. Has committed, has killed-Present Perfect- these are actions that happened in the past and these actions are important in the present time)

31) Montano, Graziano, and Iago come into the room. Iago attempts to silence Emilia, who realizes what Iago has done.(Come-Present Simple-they come right now. Attempts-Present Simple- this is an attempt that was in the present. Has done-Present Perfect-It has a relationship with the present)

32) At first, Othello insists that Iago has told the truth, citing the handkerchief as evidence. Once Emilia tells him how she found the handkerchief and gave it to Iago, Othello is crushed and begins to weep. ( Insists-Present Simple-he can always insists. Has told-Present Perfect- something has told in the recent past. Tells-Present Simple to talk about the past that it is important in the present.)

33) He tries to kill Iago but is disarmed Iago kills Emilia and flees, but he is caught by Lodovico and Montano, who return holding Iago captive. They also bring Cassio, who is now in a chair because of his wound. Othello wounds Iago and is disarmed.( kills, flees, wounds- Present Simple- all these actions took place in the present)

34) Othello makes a speech about how he would like to be remembered, then kills himself with a sword he had hidden on his person.( makes, kills- Present simple - the actions happen right now)

When discussing a literary work, it is customary to use the present tense:

Othello is a play by William Shakespeare. It begins on one of the streets of Venice, where Rodrigo and Iago are arguing.

Some of Othello's themes are racism, love, jealousy, and betrayal.

Like other Shakespearean tragedies, Othello consists of five acts.

The play ends with Othello killing Desdemona and exposing Iago's motives.

In the same way use the present tense to describe the actions of the characters and the movement of the plot:

In the third act, Iago convinces Othello that there is reason to doubt Desdemona's loyalty, and in the final act, Othello confronts Desdemona and then strangles her to death.

The point of using the present tense when discussing a work is that the work exists in the present just as it existed before: Othello always has five acts and always ends with the same actions. This principle has extended to works of all kinds, from literary criticism to movies and websites:

The characters in William Hazlitt's Shakespearean plays are distinguished by their expressions of passion and violence in Othello and Macbeth.

In 1965, the film adaptation of Othello starred Laurence Olivier.

The bard Film blog analyzes references to Shakespeare in popular films.

Moreover, you can also use the present tense when the subject is not the work itself, but its author, if this is implied. The following examples imply "in Othello":

In Othello, Shakespeare gives Iago, the archetypal villain, an important role.

By identifying Othello with the moor, Shakespeare introduces both racial and religious issues.

Strive for consistency

First of all, strive for consistency and try to avoid frequent shifts in tension that can irritate readers. It is easy to change the time without realizing it. Here is an example that uses tenses inconsistently:

For the plot of Othello, Shakespeare adapts a sixteenth-century Italian fairy tale, and Christopher Marlowe bases his play Tamberlain on the life of an Asian Emperor.

In this sentence about the sources of Elizabethan dramatists, it would be better to keep the verb tenses consistent and use corrected and based on them.

Here is another example of voltage bias:

The details of Othello's story are taken from medieval and early modern travel books, some of which described fantastic creatures.

The author uses the present tense for the main argumentative text, but travel books use the past tense for other texts. The transition is obvious: travel books inspired Othello's story in the past when it was created. However, the consistent use of the present tense accurately reflects the status of all the texts mentioned in the sentence as works that exist in the present tense: details of Othello's narrative are taken from medieval and early modern travel books, some of which describe fantastic creatures.

A word of caution for copywriters: if the author constantly uses the past or present tense when discussing works, pause before following the impulse to change tenses, especially if such interference is extensive. The author may have good reasons for their choice, and you'd better make a request before putting one strain on another. If you encounter frequent time shifts for no apparent reason, checking for consistency is a good idea.



Conclusion

Having proved the actuality of our work, we would like to describe the composition of it. Our work consists of four parts: introduction, the main part, conclusion and bibliography. Within the introduction part we gave the brief description of our course paper. The main part of the work includes several items. There we discussed such problems as the formation and usage of the Present Tenses, its classification. In bibliography part we mentioned some sources which were used while compiling the present work. It includes grammar books and articles dealing with the theme, we defined the categories of Present Tenses and aspects. We also classified the Present Tense Forms and in what situations it can be used. This problem is really very interesting and is discussed by a lot of grammarians all over the world., Present tenses indicate slightly more easy time relations and are generally used to express Present actions , speech and writing are more simplistic than the same in English. Present tenses are easy but students make a lot of mistakes in them. The only way to overcome this unnecessary obstacle is to make yourself use simpler tenses. In certain cases, the Simple tenses can be used instead of the Continuous tenses, and the Present tenses can be used instead of the Perfect Continuous tenses, formal speech and writing, for example, in formal correspondence and in scientific literature, all tenses may be used. Good knowledge of all tenses is also required for various tests of English that you might want to take., at the end of our research we can say that Present Tense is a very important brunch of English grammar and the ways of it's usage are very important too, for our professional skills and knowledge in future.

In conclusion ,examining Indefinite aspect of tenses we have understood that this kind of aspect is the simplest but very important in communicating . People use it to express some facts, feelings, habits, repeated actions. Such items as now, today, yesterday, tomorrow express location of action in time.



Bibliograph

1. Blokh M.Y. «A Course in English Theoretical Grammar».

2. Bloomfield L. «Language», London 1935, p. 210.

3. Jerry Jill, Sammy Lovejoy, It's Not That Hard (An experience of English grammar). 1989.

4. Каушанская В.Л., Ковнер Р.Л. “A Grammar of the English Language”- М.: Айрис-Пресс, 2016, p. 384.

5. Morokhovskaya.E. “Fundamentals of Theoretical Grammar”.

6. Rayevskaya. L. Modern English Grammar, 1976.

7. Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in Use. A Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students. With Answers.

8. Volkova L.M. Theoretical English Grammar, K 2004.

9. Беляева М.А., Грамматика английского языка. 1984.

10. Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В., Почепцов Г.Г., Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. 1981.

11. Pakhotin, A.I. “All about tenses in English” - Moscow: publisher Kareva A.K., 2006.

12 "Simple Present Tense". Ginseng English. Retrieved 2018-08-16.

13. Sangmeister, Lisa. (2009). Past Tense in English: From OE to PDE, p. 11.

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