Semantic aspect of names of group of people

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Semantic aspect of names of group of people

Vashchenko

Стаття присвячена розгляду семантичних особливостей найменувань груп осіб, що неможливо без аналізу системи мовних форм, якими передається значення НГО, а також специфіки створюваних значень в НГО (відповідно до їх функціональних особливостей). Особливості мовних форм визначаються формальними мовними структурами. Специфіка семантики значень розглядається в різних семантичних теоріях - від теорії семантики лексичного значення, лінгвістичної семантики, і до когнітивної семантики. У статті вказані деякі аспекти розвитку семантичних теорій, щоб визначити їх відмінності з сучасною когнітивною семантикою, але в той же час представляти схожість завдань і методів лінгвістичної і когнітивної семантик. У питанні назв творчих колективів КВК-слів важливо визначати головне значення слова - те, яке в найменшій мірі залежить від контексту, тобто знаходиться в позиції мінімальної обумовленості від оточення. Контекст нами розуміється як відрізок тексту, необхідний і достатній для певного значення того чи іншого слова або поєднання слів. Головне значення слова є реалізацією первинної семантичної функції слова. У цьому сенсі воно може бути названо первинним. Вторинні (або часткові) значення слова більшою мірою обумовлені своїм оточенням: в них семантичному змісту головного значення як би приєднуються ще елементи контексту. Семантика номінацій груп осіб - система відносин між планом позамовних змісту (концептом) і планом формального мовного вираження позамовних змісту. В аспекті семантичного розгляду номінацій мова йде про сприйманих образах дійсності - в термінах когнітивної семантики говорять про семантику фреймів, про сценарії (предметів і ситуацій) дійсності і про семантичні прототипи - категорії базового рівня. Семантика номінацій груп осіб - система відносин між планом позамовних змісту (концептом) і планом формального мовного вираження позамовних змісту. План змісту - семантика концепту являє собою систему концептосфер простору фактичного матеріалу НГО. План формального виразу - семантика фреймів номінацій.

Ключові слова: найменування груп осіб, когнітивна семантика, концептосфера, фрейм, семантика, контекст, система, номінація.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению семантических особенностей найменований групп лиц, что невозможно без анализа системы языковых форм, которыми передается значение НГЛ, а также специфики создаваемых значений в НГЛ (в соответствии с их функциональными особенностями). Особенности языковых форм определяются формальными языковыми структурами. Специфика семантики значений рассматривается в различных семантических теориях -- от теории семантики лексического значения, лингвистической семантики, и до когнитивной семантики. В статье указаны некоторые аспекты развития семантических теорий, чтобы определить различия с современной когнитивной семантикой, но в то же время представлять сходство задач и методов лингвистической и когнитивной семантик. В вопросе названий творческих коллективов КВН-слов важно определять главное значение слова -- то, которое в наименьшей степени зависит от контекста, т.е. находится в позиции минимальной обусловленности от окружения. Контекст нами понимается как отрезок текста, необходимый и достаточный для определенного значения того или иного слова или сочетания слов. Главное значение слова является реализацией первичной семантической функции слова. В этом смысле оно может быть названо первичным. Вторичные (или частичные) значения слова в большей степени обусловлены своим окружением: в них семантическому содержанию главного значения как бы присоединяются еще элементы контекста. Семантика номинаций групп лиц -- система отношений между планом внеязыкового содержания (концептом) и планом формального языкового выражения внеязыкового содержания. В аспекте семантического рассмотрения номинаций речь идет о воспринимаемых образах действительности - в терминах когнитивной семантики говорят о семантике фреймов, о сценариях (предметов и ситуаций) действительности и о семантических прототипах - категориях базового уровня. Семантика номинаций групп лиц -- система отношений между планом внеязыкового содержания (концептом) и планом формального языкового выражения внеязыкового содержания. План содержания -- семантика концепта представляет собой систему концептосфер пространства фактического материала НГЛ. План формального выражения -- семантика фреймов номинаций.

Ключевые слова: наименование групп лиц, когнитивная семантика, концептосфера, фрейм, семантика, контекст, система, номинация.

The article deals with the consideration of the semantic features of the naming of groups of persons, which is impossible without an analysis of the system of linguistic forms by which the value of NGP is transferred, as well as the specifics of the values created in NGP (in accordance with their functional characteristics). The features of linguistic forms are determined by formal linguistic structures. The specificity of value semantics is considered in various semantic theories - from the theory of semantics of lexical meaning, linguistic semantics, and to cognitive semantics. The article describes some aspects of the development of semantic theories in order to determine differences with modern cognitive semantics, but at the same time represent similarities between the tasks and methods of linguistic and cognitive semantics. In the question of the names of creative groups of KVN-words, it is important to determine the main meaning of the word - the one that is least dependent on the context, i.e. is in the position of minimum conditionality from the environment. Context we understand as a piece of text, that is necessary and sufficient for a certain meaning of a word or a combination of words. The main meaning of the word is the realization of the primary semantic function of the word. In this sense, it can be called primary. Secondary (or partial) meanings of a word are more conditioned by their surroundings: in them the semantic content of the main meaning is, as it were, supplemented by elements of the context. The semantics of nominations of groups of persons is the system of relations between the out-of-language content plan (concept) and the plan for formal linguistic expression of extralinguistic content. In the aspect of semantic consideration of nominations, we are talking about perceived images of reality - in terms of cognitive semantics they speak about the semantics of frames, about scenarios (subjects and situations) of reality and about semantic prototypes - the categories of the base level. The semantics of nominations of groups of persons is the system of relations between the out-oflanguage content plan (concept) and the plan for formal linguistic expression of extralinguistic content. The content plan - the semantics of the concept is a conceptual space system of the actual NGP material space. The formal expression plan is the semantics of the frames of nominations.

Key words: name of groups of persons, cognitive semantics, conceptosphere, frame, semantics, context, system, nomination.

Problem statement. Consideration of the semantics of NGP is impossible without an analysis of the system of linguistic forms by which the value of NGP is transferred, as well as the specifics of the values created in NGP (in accordance with their functional characteristics). The features of forms are determined by formal linguistic structures. The specificity of value semantics is refracted in the light of different semantic theories -- from the theory of semantics of lexical meaning, linguistic semantics, semantics of frames, and to cognitive semantics.

The analysis of recent publications. Semantics as a theoretical doctrine of the created values was introduced and widely developed by French scientist J. Lyons [4]. Later N. N. Boldyrev [2] and M. A. Krongauz [3] reduce semantics to cognitive semantics, J. Lyons writes about "linguistic semantics", emphasizing the forms of expression of meaning in the language. I. A. Melchuk developed the theory of "Meaning - Text" [5]. This model lies at the root of the Russian semantics. We rely on the linguistic semantics of J. Lyons, accept the provisions of the theory of Yu. D. Apresyan, namely, "meaning determines the text" and we go into the cognitive semantics using examples of actual NGP material [1]. Yu. D. Apresyan investigated the compatibility of lexemes, creating a combinatorial dictionary. The semantics of words in this dictionary is described in the form of detailed formalized interpretations using a limited set of units; semantically more complex elements are interpreted through simpler ones, until it reaches the use of indissoluble elements - the so-called "semantic primitives". Both schools agreed that the meaning of linguistic units does not correlate directly with the surrounding reality, but with the representations of the native speaker of this reality (sometimes called concepts) [1, p. 549]. The task of semantic analysis of vocabulary was seen in discovering a "naive picture" of the world, describing its main categories. Scientists turned to concepts, the theory of conceptual analysis for understanding the problems of lexical semantics (ways of representing lexical meaning, reflecting the structure of the meanings of a multi-valued word in interpretation, etc.). The result of studies of this range of issues was Yu. D. Apresyan's monograph "Lexical semantics", "Meaning - text" with an overview of the world's semantic research of several previous decades.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the semantic peculiarities of names of groups of people.

The object of the article is the names of group of people.

The subject of the article is functional, structural and lexical peculiarities of names of groups of people.

The urgency of the research. It is necessary to dwell on some aspects of the development of semantic theories in order to understand the differences with modern cognitive semantics, but at the same time to represent a commonality of tasks and methods of linguistic and cognitive semantics. The meaning of "linguistic" is a variety of linguistic means: transfer of meanings, synonymy, stylistic means. The choice of means depends on the pragmatic settings of the nominator and the pragmatic features of the functioning of nominations.

The presentation of the main material. The semantics of the language unit includes the semantics of lexical meaning, but, it is not limited to this lexical meaning alone. J. Lyons speaks of the isomorphism of linguistic units and their invariant lexical meanings, and also emphasizes that linguistic semantics have a philosophical foundation", that is, a conceptual side in the broad sense of the word, and hence in the future we will invariably talk about the concept. Thus, when we talk about the philosophical foundation of a sign, we come to the "concept as a form of thinking and a category of logic -- this is the result of cognition, a result in which the experience of human knowledge about the world is generalized. in the system of language, reflects its national specifics and characterizes the word from the point of view of its emotionally expressive coloration.

There are two views on what is lexical meaning (LM). 1. Denotative concept (LM "goes" from word to subject). The lexical meaning (further LM) of a word represents the linguistic reflection of an object: this is a brief description of the object being indicated. The main function of the semantics of linguistic meaning is an indication of a certain extra-linguistic content, of some special knowledge that is available in human experience. Essential and important here is the delimitation of a given linguistic unit from others, especially those close in meaning and function in speech. As the content side of the linguistic unit, the lexical meaning is included the lexical meaning of the word correlates with the indicated object or concept. 2. Significative concept (LM is a concept). There is a connection between the word and the concept of the object. Communication is not immediate, but mediated. A lexical meaning is the realization of a concept by means of a certain linguistic system. LM of NGP is - the implementation of the concept means of the language system, which is used by the nominator. NGPs are used with a portable value. The semantics of such NGPs is dictated by the pragmatic function of NGP. An example (in our view of an unsuccessful NGP), which includes the term -- Children's Dance Ensemble "Arrhythmia". The failure in the creation of NGP is dictated by the incompatibility of the meaning of the term "arrhythmia" (heart disease) and the activities of the children's dance ensemble.

For the lexical meaning, the following are important.

1. A lexeme is a word in the totality of meanings and forms. 2. Word-usage is the use of one of the meanings of a word in speech. 3. Values -- an expression of additional properties, additional meaning.

4. Definition, which reveals the lexical meaning of the word. 5. The internal form of the word is the primary meaning, which reflects the attribute by which the object is named.

Motivation (or pragmatic correlation, as we understand it). Its types include 1) phonetic motivation. For example, in NGP Veterinary Clinic "Gav-Gav", a network of fast food cafe in Moscow - NGP "Mu". That is, NGP Gav-Gav is motivated by the phonetic similarity of the sounds of canine barking, realizing as the name of society, namely the veterinary clinic. The second kind of motivation (pragmatic correlation) is 2) the etymological motivation, which is realized in the examples of NGP Zernoprodukt (the company deals with grain trade -- hence the name Zernoprodukt), Lokomotiv (locomotive assembly company), Hunting dog breeding club. The above examples demonstrate the kind of etymological motivation insofar as the denotate (group of persons), their type of activity and the name of the NGP are directly correlated with each other and with the denotatum of the verbal sign of NGP in the "derived series" of this type: "Grain" -- "Zernoprodukt" -- "selling grain"; 3) lexico-semantic motivation, expressed in the VIA Kalina. Let us explain that communication (in our case, the activity of VIA Kalina, who represents Ukraine abroad) determines the semantic meaning of the word and carries the lexical meaning of "viburnum" (including: "viburnum is a symbol of Ukraine"), conveying its lexical and semantic potential denotate -- a group of persons.

An important role in understanding the semantics of this or that unit is played by its motivation. For a long time, beginning with Plato, the motivation of language was considered only as its motivation by reality, as a "natural" or "natural", necessary link between objects of reality and signs of language that was not supported by language in general. During the dominance of the psychological direction in linguistics, which revealed the dependence of language on the features and level of national thinking, A. A. Potebnya suggested, under motivation, to understand the inner form, the "nearest etymological meaning of the word," or the way to represent non-linguistic content [7, p. 124].

With the development of a functional approach to the study of language, many linguists began to talk about the textual motivation of language units as a determinism of a higher order due to its different communicative, extralinguistic factors, sometimes too sharply contrasting it with a linguistic, systemic one.

Conventionality, arbitrariness of the name does not exclude his motivation at the moment of appearance in the language. This is due to the fact that, at the nomination, the subject selects one or a number of characteristics in the object, which are used as the basis for the name. The attribute by which the object is named is motivating, and it performs an epistemological (cognitive) function.

The semantics of the inner form of a lexical unit is a way of presenting an extralinguistic content in a language. It is an expression of the national specifics of the language, a certain vision of the world that is peculiar to one or another people. In all the meanings of a word, one can theoretically identify a common content for them. This is the common (invariant) meaning of the word. As the most abstract (and therefore the poorest with semantic features, it is semantically simple), it is present in all meanings of the word under consideration, being their common content, as in the NGP of Zhuravl, NGP. The Children's Choir Zhuravushka is invariant "Crane", according to the dictionary interpretation "A migratory bird of gray color, arriving in the middle regions in the spring period”, whereas "Zhuravushka” has a greater semantic unfolding, introducing a diminutive suffix of the semantics of the relation to the named Itza. "The Crane” is affectionately referred to as birds carrying spring and joy.

It is necessary, in this connection, to speak about the development of the polysemy of the linguistic unit (the causes of polysemy) and about the basic ways of forming new meanings. Among the causes of polysemy are the following: 1) borrowing and the environment of another's language; 2) other variants of the national language; 3) the very rapidly developing system of the modern Russian language.

Conclusions and prospectives. Our appeal to semantic theories, and, as a consequence, to cognitive sciences in an attempt to reveal the true nature of such a linguistic phenomenon as NGP, and the concept represented in it, is due to the fact that semantic and cognitive theories are based, apart from thinking (its conscious element), even on the sensory experience (it affects the sphere of imagination, emotions, subconscious element of thinking), as well as on the features of the relationship between extralinguistic reality and its embodiment in linguistic forms.

The features of linguistic forms are determined by formal linguistic structures. The specificity of value semantics is considered in various semantic theories -- from the theory of semantics of lexical meaning, linguistic semantics, and to cognitive semantics. The article describes some aspects of the development of semantic theories in order to determine differences with modern cognitive semantics, but at the same time represent similarities between the tasks and methods of linguistic and cognitive semantics. In the aspect of semantic consideration of nominations, we are talking about perceived images of reality -- in terms of cognitive semantics they speak about the semantics of frames, about scenarios (subjects and situations) of reality and about semantic prototypes -- the categories of the base level. The semantics of nominations of groups of persons is the system of relations between the out-of-language content plan (concept) and the plan for formal linguistic expression of extralinguistic content. The content plan -- the semantics of the concept is a conceptual space system of the actual NGP material space. The formal expression plan is the semantics of the frames of nominations.

In the aspect of semantic consideration of nominations, we are talking about perceived images / objects of reality -- in terms of cognitive semantics they speak about the semantics of frames, about scenarios (objects and situations) of reality and about semantic prototypes -- categories of the base level. The semantics of nominations of groups of persons is the system of relations between the out-oflanguage content plan (concept) and the plan for formal linguistic expression of extralinguistic content. The content plan -- the semantics of the concept is a conceptual space system of the actual NGP material space. The formal expression plan is the semantics of the frames of nominations.

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