Pecularities of translation into ukrainian of english phraseological units in the texts of literary discourse

Transliteration - a letter-for-letter rendering of the words whichever the pronunciation: don't teach fishes to swim - не вчи раб плавати;

Loaned translation - власне переклад: extremes meet - протилежності сходяться;

Semi-translation: e. g. first lady, gentlemen argument, state duma, central rada;

Generalization: e. g. temple - церква, мечеть, костьол; spirit - горілка, водка;

Descriptive translation is based on denotative approach (the description of extra-lingual units).

2.2.1 Lexical transformations in the translation of phraseological units in literary discourse

Once an idiom has been recognized and interpreted correctly, the next step is to decide how to translate it into the TL. The difficulties involved in translating an idiom are totally different from those involved in interpreting it. Here, the question is not whether a given idiom is transparent, opaque, or misleading. An opaque expression may be easier to translate than a transparent one.

Baker (1992) asserts that the main problems posed by idiomatic and fixed expressions for translators relate to two principal areas: “The ability to recognize and interpret an idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the various aspects of meaning that an idiom or a fixed expression conveys into the TL” [24, 65].

She also mentions, “The first difficulty that a translator comes across in being able to recognize that s/he is dealing with an idiomatic expression” [24, 6]. She further states “the more difficult an expression is to understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a translator will recognize it as an idiom” (ibid, p. 65). The main difficulties involved in translating idioms are summarized by Baker [24, 68-71] as follows:

a) An idiom or fixed expression may have no equivalent in the TL;

b) An idiom or fixed expression may have a similar counterpart in the TL, but its context of use may be different; the two expressions may have different connotations or they may not be pragmatically transferable.

c) An idiom may be used in the ST in both its literal and idiomatic senses at the same time. Unless the TL idiom corresponds to the SL idiom both in form and in meaning, the play on idiom cannot be successfully reproduced in the TT.

(d) The very convention of using idioms in written discourse, the contexts in which they can be used and their frequency of use may be different in the source and target languages.

Even though Koonin and other scholars stress the lexical and grammatical stability of phraseological units, the figurative expressions are not completely frozen and usually allow certain structure transformations. PhUs can appear nearly as any element of syntax - from a phrase up to a full sentence, thus they have the syntactic structure similar to non-idiomatic elements. In fact, not all the idioms allow transformations, but the majority of them are transformable to a certain degree. The field of idioms' transformation still lacks linguists' attention. The scholars usually mention that possibility of transformation in their works, but only mentioning is not enough. Still, some scholars speak about ways of idioms transformation more extensively.

The reasons for lexical transformation are as follows:

Complete/partial discrepancies (lack of correspondence) in the lexical systems of the source language and target language. Many English words have no adequate counterparts in the Ukrainian language.

Differences in the semiotic structure of the individual source language and target language units and the scope of meanings e. g. to sell: this is not the equivalent lacking words but in Ukraine we use usually sell goods and services. In the English speaking world we also sell immaterial objects (ideas, theories…) : e. g. The new UN resolution on Iraq is carefully worded to be easily sold.

According to Retsger, the types of lexical transformation are as follows:

Generalization

Generalisation - is a subset of a word of narrower meaning for target language units of a broader meaning.

e. g. Charles was found guilty of high treason and beheaded (його старатили)

In the generalization of the features of the source language idiomatic expression: one's own flesh and bone - рідна кровинка.

In the concretization of some features of the original: a voice in the wilderness - глас волаючого в пустелі; you can not catch an old bird with chaff - старого горобця на полові не впіймаєш.

Lexical substitution, or putting one word in place of another. It often results from the different semantic structures of the source language and target language words. Thus the word молодий is not always translated as young; rather, it depends on its word combinability. This translation equivalent is predetermined by the word combination it

is used in. This type of translation can hardly be called substitution, since it is a regular equivalent for this phrase.

Differentiation

Differentiation is a rather rare technique of substitution. It takes place when we substitute a word by another one with parallel meaning, denoting a similar species: bamboo curtain - железный занавес. Both bamboo and залізо (iron) are materials known for their hard nature. They are used figuratively to denote the barriers between the Western and Communist countries (bamboo curtain in reference to China, залізна завіса in reference to other Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Aid) states. There are no hyponymic relations between the notions of bamboo and iron (though the referential area of залізна завіса is of course much wider than that of bamboo curtain.)

The need for differentiation is often called forth by the very abstract nature of many English words that have no adequate counterpart parts in Ukrainian and must be rendered by more concrete renomination.

Descriptive translation

In most cases it is the replacement of an equivalent lacking word or phrase of the source language text for its description employing the language units familiar to the target language speaker. E. g. friendly fire - вогонь по своїм.

Descriptive translation doesn't always involve equivalent lacking words sometimes it may be done for sociologic reasons as in the following:

e. g. Edward is surprised by what he hears from Mr. Smith ? Едвард здивований тим, що йому каже містер Сміт.

Antonymic translation is the substitution of lexical unit for it target language antonym with the corresponding changes in the lexic-grammatical structures of the target language sentence to preserve the original meaning of the message. Sometimes it's the only possible way of rendering the target language phrase: e. g. don't count your сhickens before they are hatched - не діли шкуру невбитого ведмедя, не на того натрапив - you've picked the wrong person; take your time - не поспішай; anything is better than treason - нема нічого гіршого за зраду.

But: the war is certain to come - що має бути, того не минути.

Omission is the transformation of mixed lexical-grammatical nature which occurs whenever some elements of the utterance are dimmed, communicatively redundant or irrelevant for the target language recipient In the omission (or adding) of a componental part in the target language: a lot of water had run under the bridge since then - багато води спливло відтоді:

e. g. there are reports that (a number of) people were killed but we don't know exactly how many

e. g. (earlier) today I spoke to managers

Some words of generalized meaning have a tendency of being omitted while their meaning is absorbed by the other target language lexical components:

e. g. the last thing I felt doing was dancing. Good manner seemed to be a thing of the past.

Compensation is a deliberate introduction of some additional element in the target text to make up for the loss of a similar element in the source text. The main reason for this transformation is a vocabulary lacuna in the target language. For example, one of the Galsworthy's characters was called a leopardess. But there is no one-word equivalent of the same stylistic coloring in. Therefore, the translator compensated the word by using the word тигриця to characterize the lady.

Metaphoric transformations are based on transferring the meaning due to the similarity of notions. The target language can re-metaphorize a word or a phrase by using the same image (Don't dirty your hands with that money! - Не брудни рук цими грішми!) or a different one (Він поверне Вам гроші, коли рак на горі свисне - He will pay us our money back when hell freezes over). The source language metaphor can be destroyed if there is no similar idiom in the target language: Весна вже на порозі. - Spring is coming very soon. Or, on the contrary, the target text is metaphorized either to compensate a stylistically marked word or phrase whose coloring was lost for some reason, or merely to express a source language lacuna: Він вирішив почати жити по-новому. - He decided to turn over a new life.

A contextual substitution is a target language unit which is of different referential meaning than the source language unit nevertheless performing in a given context similar communication function thus satisfying the requirements of communicational equivalence.

Unlike the equivalents and variants context substitution are normally not given in the dictionaries. They are chosen from the semantically or topically correlated lexical environment in the respective languages:

e. g. Newton was such a giant on the scientific field - був світилом

All sorts of communicational clichйs are also function as contextual substitutions:

e. g. Please, find enclosed and agenda of the meeting - при цьому надсилаємо порядок денний.

2. 2. 2 Grammatical transformations in the translation of literary discourse phraseology

Changeability of the grammatical tense form is the most frequently occurring type of PhUs' transformation. Verbal PhUs in all the dictionaries are presented in the infinitive form. As we use the language in various situations, we cannot speak or write using infinitives only.

Grammatical transformations are the changes of the grammatical elements of sentence structure or grammatical pattern of the sentence as a whole according to the requirements of the target language norms. The reasons for grammatical transformation:

- complete/partial discrepancy of grammatical categories, forms and features of source language and target language. Some grammatical categories and forms (articles, perfect tenses) simply do not exist in the Ukrainian language. Thus, the article which is non-existing in Ukrainian may be impossible to render correctly lexically: e. g. the barons were powerful enough not to need a king especially the king.

Different grammatical combinability of words in the respective languages. The same lexical unit may require different types of syntactic relationship in the source language and target language:

e. g. to kill doesn't combine well with an inanimate noun in Ukrainian, though it's ok in English. Recent flood killed thousands of people in Malasia. Killed - загинули.

Types of grammatical transformations:

Transposition is the change of the sequence of elements in the target language text as compared to that of the source language text. The standard position of the attributive noun is English is before the noun while in Ukrainian it's in post-position:

e. g. country music - музика кантрі

Types of transposition:

- Adverb-verb: I only defended myself / I did nothing but defend myself;

- Adverb-noun: I called you early this week / I called you at the beginning of the week;

- Adverb-adjective: He lives dangerously / He lives a dangerous life;

- Adjective-noun: He found it difficult to learn for exams / He had difficulties learning for the exams

- Possessive article-definite article: Your hair is too long / You have the hair too long;

- Verb or past participle-noun: I intended to give you a present / My intention was to give you a present;

- Adverb-noun: I wrote to you early this year / I wrote to you at the beginning of this year.

Transposition occurs very often and it's usually accompanied by the other types of transformation.

Substitution is the change of the grammatical category to which the source language unit belongs. These type of transformation falls into a number of sub-types depending on the grammatical categories that are substituted.

Substitution of one part of speech for another a widespread transposition is the substitution of an English verb for a Ukrainian noun: in the substitution of a feature (or image) of the source language phraseological/idiomatic expression for some other (more fitting or traditionally expected) in the target language: as pale as paper - блідий мов стіна; to know smth. as one knows his ten fingers - знати як свої п'ять пальців; we should have broken ten minutes before - ми мали зробити перерву ще 10 хвилин тому.

In a number of cases both transformed and untransformed variants can co-exist as equally valid options: e. g. the American embassy - американське посольство і посольство америки

Addition - transformation of the target language sentence structure when new elements non-existent in the original appear in the target language text in accordance with the requirements of the structural adequacy. These additions are either structurally or contextually motivated.

Structurally motivated additions are of completely regular type and therefore predicable. Contextually motivated additions are of relatively irregular nature. They mostly reflect the differences of combinability and peculiarities of social norms of the respective languages:

* Green Party federal election money - гроші Партії зелених, призначені на вибори на федеральному рівні;

* fuel tax protests - протести, пов'язані з підвищенням податку на паливо;

* peer-bonded goods - товари, розраховані на споживання певною віковою групою.

Word order change. Usually the reason for this transformation is that English and Russian sentences have different information structures, or functional sentence perspective. For example: A new press conference was held in Washington yesterday is naturally equivalent to - Вчора у Вашингтоні відбулася нова прес-конференція, where the adverbial modifiers, subject and predicate are positioned in a mirrorlike fashion.

Grammar compensation is a deliberate change of the grammar category by some other grammar means. Compensation takes place when a grammar category or form does not exist in the target laguage and, therefore, cannot produce the same impact upon the target text receptor. This can be illustrated by translating a sentence with a mistaken pronoun form from English into Ukrainian. Since a similar mistake in using the pronoun is impossible in Ukrainian, it is compensated by a mistaken preposition.

Lexical and grammatical transformations in the translation of literary discourse phraseology

This type of transformations concerns both the lexical (semantic) and grammatical level, i. e. it touches upon structure and meaning. The following techniques can be associated with lexical and grammatical transformations:

Explicatory translation, that is, rewording the meaning into another structure so that the receptor will have a better understanding of the phrase. Sometimes this transformation is named as explicitation, defined as the technique of making explicit in the target text information that is imlicit in the source text. This transformation is often accompanied by the extension of the structure, the addition of new elements:

I have a nine-to-five job. - Я працюю з 9 ранку до 5 вечора.

Leslie Mill's play, which was also included in the FORUM, was taken up with children from grades 1-5. - Пьеса Леслі Мілла, яка також була опублікована в журналі «Форум», була поставлена дітьми 1-5 класів.

The reason for which this transformation is made is that the target text receptor has different background knowledge. Sometimes this transformation is required because of the dissimilarity between the language structures, with the source language structure being incomplete for the target language, like gun licence is посвідчення на право носіння зброї.

Integral transformation is the replacement of a set phrase with another clichйd structure that has the same speech function: How do you do! -Вітаю! ; Wet paint. -Обережно, пофарбовано. Help yourself. - Пригощайтесь.

Antonymic translation is describing the situation by the target language from the contrary angle. It can be done through antonyms: the inferiority of friendly troops - перевага сил суперника. The reason for this transformation is the lack of a one-word translation equivalent to the word inferiority. This transformation can also take place when we change the negation modality of the sentence: She is not unworthy of your attention. - Вона цілком варта Вашої уваги. In the English sentence we deal with double negation, called understatement, which, according to logic rules, means the positive expressed in the Russian sentence. Through understatement, Englishspeaking people avoid expressing their ideas in too a categoric tone. Shifting the negation is another manifestation of the antonymous translation: I don't think I can do it. - Думаю, я не зможу цього зробити., which is a result of linguistic tradition peculiar to this or that language.

Metonymical is transference of meaning from one object to another one based on their contiguity. The word is derived from the Greek meta “change” and onoma “name”. Classified semantically, meanings can transfer from:

process to result (e. g. translation indicates the process of decoding and the result of this process)

material to a work (to drink from a glass)

location to people (Vladivostok greets honored guests)

cause to effect (The little horror never stops playing tricks on his mother)

part to whole and vice versa. This type of metonymy is called synecdoche (Little Red Riding Hood).

The last twenty years has seen many advances in our linguistic knowledge. - В останні 20 років спостерігається значний прогрес в лінгвістиці.

«The pen is mightier than the sword», this sentence has two examples of metonymy:

the «pen» stands in for «the written word. «

the «sword» stands in for «military aggression and force. «

«Lend me your ears!» - for giving attention (from Mark Antony in Julius Caesar)

In the English sentence, time is expressed by the subject of the sentence, whereas in Ukrainian it is more typical to express it by the adverbial modifier. This causes grammar restructuring of the sentence.

Complex compensation is a deliberate change of the word or structure by another one because the exact equivalent of the target language word or phrase is unable to produce the same impact upon the receptor as does the source language word or phrase. For example, we often have to compensate on the lexical level the meaning of the Past Perfect in the Ukrainian text translation, since there is no similar tense category in Ukrainian: Their food, clothing and wages were less bad than they had been. - Тепер їхня їжа, одяг і зарплата були не такими вже поганими, як колись. Puns, riddles, tongue-twisters are often compensated; for example: Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. Compensation exercises the еanslator's ingenuity; however, the effort it requires should not be wasted on textually unimportant features.

CONCLUSION

Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text that communicates the same message. Translation must take into account a number of constraints, including context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, their idioms and the like. Consequently, as has been recognized at least since the time of the translator Martin Luther, one translates best into the language that one knows best.

In this course work we have examined the source of phraseological expressions and peculiarities in its translation in the English and Italian languages. We think that every person must know general information about phraseological units. The «father» of phraseology, Charles Bally, gave the definition of phraseological unit: «combinations, which firmly came into language, are called set phrases». The linguist N. M. Shanskiy made out some difference between set phrases and free word combinations. Set phrases differ with readableness, integrity of the meaning, steadiness of composition and structure and also with structure tightness.

It is not great surprise that there are such phraseological expressions which can be translated variously into different languages. An important point is that different linguists offer different classifications of phraseological units and their translation. But we decided to use the classification in interpreter's point of view; we could divide phraseological units into two groups: phraseological units, which have the equivalence in transferable language, and phraseological units with no direct equivalents in other languages.

We should note here that phraseological expressions are translated in phraseological translation, if there are the equivalences or the analogues for phraseological expressions, or in non-phraseological translation, if there is a lack of equivalences and analogues.

We decided to use the modern classification of phraseological units, which consists of six ways of idiom translation: phraseological equivalents; analogue; calking; antonymous translation; combined translation; explication or descriptive translation.

In conclusion, we can say if we want to avoid curious moments in translation, we need to pay our attention to phraseological expressions, especially to Ukrainian ones, because the majority of them cannot be translated into English and other languages. Culture offers a big problem for interpreters and translators. Of course, it is impossible to know all detailed things in culture and traditions of any country, but we need to have some general idea about every country.

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Types of translation equivalence, stages of translation, the basic principles of a translator's strategy - 2015 - Режим доступу: https: //studfiles. net/preview/4511165/page: 2/ 18. I. V. Zykova. A practical course of English lexicology/ I. V. Zykova - М. : Академия, 2006. - 288 с. - Режим доступу: http: //englishlexicology. blogspot. com/2011/12/phraseology. html

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ANNEX A

“And we've got to save a bit if we are going to live here, until whoever decides the income tax come to his senses. ” - Якщо ми залишимося жити тут, то нам доведеться економити, доки не візьмутся за розум ті, хто вводить подохідний податок. ”

“Only in our case, you're the one who lied to me! Well, no use crying over spilt milk. ” - Вона чекає дитину, а він не хоче, він мерзотник, а вона свята. Та тільки у нас з тобою зовсім інша ситуація - це ти мене обдурила!

“The international community can offer the necessary assistance, but too much pressure and intervention will only add fuel to the fire, and will not be conducive to solving problems. ” - Міжнародне співтовариство може запропонувати необхідну допомогу, але занадто великий тиск і втручання лише піділлють масла в вогонь, що не сприятиме врегулюванню проблем.

“Go on - you're pulling my leg! ” - “Not at all. I know them by sight perfectly…” - Та годі тобі! Ти розігруєш мене! - Зовсім ні. Я прекрасно знаю їх.

They have been casting their minds back for quite a time trying to find any evidence to shake each other's fear of being guilty. - Вони ще довго поверталися подумки до тих подій, намагаючись знайти докази, які б позбавили їх страху бути звинуваченими.

He must have seen a lot of her and he'd know more than Josie would. Likely enough she'd loosen her tongue a bit to him. - Він, напевно, часто зустрічався з нею, і знає більше, ніж Джозі. Достатньо часто, аби вона могла розказати йому щось більше про себе.

“Look here, Bantry, got to get this off my chest. Is it a fact that you don't know from Adam who this girl is? ” - Послухай, Бентрі, я не хочу більше носити цей тягар на серці. Це правда, що Адам не сказав тобі, хто ця дівчина?

“I advise you to keep a civil tongue in your head, young man, or you'll let yourself in for trouble. ” - Я б порадив Вам, молодий чоловіче, висловлюватись більш пристойно, інакше на Вас чекатимуть неприємності.

She was the apple of his eye. He adored her. - Вона була зіницею його ока, він обожнював її.

Colonel Melchett stared at his subordinate coldly. His feeling was that Slack had taken leave of his senses. - Полковник Мелчетт окинув свого підлеглого холодним поглядом. Йому здавалося, що рештки здорового глузду залишають його.

“I thought she'd turn up all right - and I was going to give her a good dressing down when she did. ” - Я думав, що вона все виправить, і навіть збирався дати їй гарного прочухана після цього.

“Emily never could bear to put herself in the wrong. But I know her. She wanted me back. ”- Емілі ніколи не підведе сама себе. Але я знаю її. Вона хотіла мене повернути.

From the evidence at the inquest, Mr. Inglethorp murdered his wife as sure as I stand here, and if anyone but you hinted the contrary, I'd laugh in his face. - Показання свідчать, що містер Інглторп вбив свою дружину, - це так само певно, як і те, що я тут стою, - і якщо хтось скаже мені протилежне, я розсміюсь йому в обличчя.

“She is the very person. But I am in her black books, since I cleared Mr. Inglethorp. Still, we can but try. ” - Вона ідеально підходить. Але з тих пір, як я виключив містера Инглторпа зі списку підозрюваних, я впав до неї в немилість. Але все ж ми можемо спробувати.

And quite spontaneously the thought flashed across my mind: “She is gaining time! ” - Несподівано в моїй свідомості спалахнула думка: “Вона просто виграє час! ”

“I'd take your word, but there's others over me who'll be asking what the devil I mean by it. ” - Я повірив тобі, але наді мною є інші, які питатимуть, що я, в біса, хочу цим сказати.

I always thought that a friend in need is a friend indeed, the obstacles in our life can play a role of a good test for friendship. - Я завжди думав, що друг пізнається в біді, життєві перепони можуть грати роль доброго випробування для дружби.

One person can't have too many good and reliable friends - books and should be friends few, but good. - У однієї людини не може бути занадто багато хороших друзів - друзів, як і книг, повинно бути декілька, але хороших.

After many years of being together since school they broke up, I guess it was just puppy love. - Після стількох років стосунків зі школи вони розлучилися, я думаю це була всього лише дитяча любов.

When people are meant to be together and truly want this, even if there are many difficulties, love will find a way. - Коли люди призначені одне одного і по-справжньому хочуть бути разом, нехай навіть є багато труднощів, кохання все здолає.

It is impossible that she still believes him after all what he had done. Obviously, love is blind. - Неможливо, щоб вона досі йому довіряла після всього, що він зробив. Очевидно, любов сліпа.

They were always getting along very well, their match made in heaven. - Вони завжди дуже добре ладнали, їхній шлюб справді укладений на Небесах (тобто щасливий).

Thank you for coming to help me with this task, two heads are better than one. - Спасибі, що прийшов допомогти з цим завданням, адже одна голова добре, а дві - краще.

He had to fulfill a difficult task, be he wasn't nervous and was as cool as a cucumber. - Йому необхідно було виконати важливе завдання, але він не нервував і був спокійний.

You have called him already and told everything what was on your mind, it's no use crying over a spilt milk now. - Ти вже подзвонила йому і сказала все, що було в тебе на думці, - що зроблено, те зроблено.

We spent the whole evening trying to persuade him to tell us the truth, he is a hard nut to crack. - Ми витратили весь вечір, намагаючись переконати його розповісти нам правду, проте він міцний горішок.

We met only once, but I already know that he is not my cup of tea. - Ми зустрічалися лише один раз, але я вже знаю, що він мені не цікавий.

I have told that my friend the evening was wonderful which was, frankly speaking, a white lie. - Я сказав своєму другові, що вечір був чудовим, що було, чесно кажучи, білою брехнею.

When my mom visits us I roll out the red carpet. - Коли моя мама відвідує нас, я ставлюся до неї як до королівської персони.

I was as happy as a clam when I opened the parcel and saw my birthday gift from a very close friend. - Я була задоволена як слон, коли відкрила посилку і побачила подарунок на мій День народження від дуже близького друга.

My fiancйe kept me in the under about out vacation destination until the very last moment. - Мій наречений приховував від мене, куди ми поїдемо у відпустку до самого останнього моменту.

My brother's face turned beet red when I caught him writing a diary. - Обличчя мого брата почервоніло, як буряк, коли я зловила його за заповненням щоденника.

The trip was long and dangerous, but all is well that ends well. - Поїздка була довгою і небезпечною, але все добре, що добре закінчується.

Inviting him to party you will kill two birds with one bullet - you will have a chance to talk to him personally and you will show him that you didn't forget about him. - Запрошуючи його на вечірку ти вб'єш одразу двох зайців - в тебе буде шанс поговорити з ним особисто і ти покажеш йому, що не забула про нього.

Talking to her like this you are dancing on thin ground. - Розмовляючи з нею в такому тоні, ти ходиш по тонкому льоду.

I know what prize they are offering - believe me, the cake is not worth the candle. - Я знаю, який приз вони пропонують - повір мені, гра не варта свічок.

He can be trusted, he has clean hands. - Йому можна довіряти, він чистий.

To search for a person in a big city is like to search for a needle in a haystack. - Шукати людину у великому місті - це як шукати голку в копиці сіна.

They bothered him but all day he remained calm, he has nerves of steel. - Вони набридали йому цілий день, але він залишався спокійним, у нього залізні нерви.

He was that lucky the director took him under the wing because he has many rivals in the company. - Йому пощастило, що директор взяв його під крило, тому що в компанії у нього багато суперників.

Your words were very harsh, like salt in a wound. - Твої слова були дуже грубими, як сіль на рану.

Ellen lives in a heart of the city and has a wide choice of places to go out to eat without taking car. - Еллен живе в центрі і в неї великий вибір ресторанів і кафе, куди можна сходити, не добираючись при цьому на машині.

I found a number of useful books in that bookstore, just what the doctor ordered. - Я знайшла безліч корисних книжок в тому магазині, те що лікар прописав.

I had a day off yesterday and was able to spent some quality time with my son, we went to the park and had fun. - Вчора у мене був вихідний і я змогла провести час зі своїм сином, ми пішли в парк і повеселилися.

That second-hand car I bought was a real lemon - Те потримане авто, що я купив вияиволся справжньою розвалюхою.

Lucy is just nuts about penguins, because they are so sweety that you can't unlove them. - Люсі просто в захваті від пінгвінів - вони такі милі, що їх просто неможливо не любити.

Yesterday Jim bought DVD with the cream of the crop of this season's movies. - Вчора Джим купив DVD з найкращими фільмами цього сезону.

I was afraid of the test, but it was a piece of cake. - Я боявся тесту, але він виявився елементарним.

Teaching is my bread and butter. - Я заробляю на життя викладанням.

I used to go to the beach once in a blue moon. - Мені вдавалося вибратися на пляж раз у п'ятирічку.

ANNEX В

Philip passed the next two years with comfortable monotony. He was not bullied more than other boys of his size; and his deformity, withdrawing him from games, acquired for him an insignificance for which he was grateful. He was not popular, and he was very lonely. He spent a couple of terms with Winks in the Upper Third. Winks, with his weary manner and his drooping eyelids, looked infinitely bored. He did his duty, but he did it with an abstracted mind. He was kind, gentle, and foolish. He had a great belief in the honour of boys; he felt that the first thing to make them truthful was not to let it enter your head for a moment that it was possible for them to lie. `Ask much, ' he quoted, `and much shall be given to you. ' Life was easy in the Upper Third. You knew exactly what lines would come to your turn to construe, and with the crib that passed from hand to hand you could find out all you wanted in two minutes; you could hold a Latin Grammar open on your knees while questions were passing round; and Winks never noticed anything odd in the fact that the same incredible mistake was to be found in a dozen different exercises. He had no great faith in examinations, for he noticed that boys never did so well in them as in form: it was disappointing, but not significant. In due course they were moved up, having learned little but a cheerful effrontery in the distortion of truth, which was possibly of greater service to them in after life than an ability to read Latin at sight. Then they fell into the hands of Tar. His name was Turner; he was the most vivacious of the old masters, a short man with an immense belly, a black beard turning now to gray, and a swarthy skin. In his clerical dress there was indeed something in him to suggest the tar-barrel; and though on principle he gave five hundred lines to any boy on whose lips he overheard his nickname, at dinner-parties in the precincts he often made little jokes about it. He was the most worldly of the masters; he dined out more frequently than any of the others, and the society he kept was not so exclusively clerical. The boys looked upon him as rather a dog. He left off his clerical attire during the holidays and had been seen in Switzerland in gay tweeds. He liked a bottle of wine and a good dinner, and having once been seen at the Cafe Royal with a lady who was very probably a near relation, was thenceforward supposed by generations of schoolboys to indulge in orgies the circumstantial details of which pointed to an unbounded belief in human depravity. Mr. Turner reckoned that it took him a term to lick boys into shape after they had been in the Upper Third; and now and then he let fall a sly hint, which showed that he knew perfectly what went on in his colleague's form. He took it good-humouredly. He looked upon boys as young ruffians who were more apt to be truthful if it was quite certain a lie would be found out, whose sense of honour was peculiar to themselves and did not apply to dealings with masters, and who were least likely to be troublesome when they learned that it did not pay. He was proud of his form and as eager at fifty-five that it should do better in examinations than any of the others as he had been when he first came to the school. He had the choler of the obese, easily roused and as easily calmed, and his boys soon discovered that there was much kindliness beneath the invective with which he constantly assailed them. He had no patience with fools, but was willing to take much trouble with boys whom he suspected of concealing intelligence behind their wilfulness. He was fond of inviting them to tea; and, though vowing they never got a look in with him at the cakes and muffins, for it was the fashion to believe that his corpulence pointed to a voracious appetite, and his voracious appetite to tapeworms, they accepted his invitations with real pleasure.

Philip was now more comfortable, for space was so limited that there were only studies for boys in the upper school, and till then he had lived in the great hall in which they all ate and in which the lower forms did preparation in a promiscuity which was vaguely distasteful to him. Now and then it made him restless to be with people and he wanted urgently to be alone. He set out for solitary walks into the country. There was a little stream, with pollards on both sides of it, that ran through green fields, and it made him happy, he knew not why, to wander along its banks. When he was tired he lay face-downward on the grass and watched the eager scurrying of minnows and of tadpoles. It gave him a peculiar satisfaction to saunter round the precincts. On the green in the middle they practised at nets in the summer, but during the rest of the year it was quiet: boys used to wander round sometimes arm in arm, or a studious fellow with abstracted gaze walked slowly, repeating to himself something he had to learn by heart. There was a colony of rooks in the great elms, and they filled the air with melancholy cries. Along one side lay the Cathedral with its great central tower, and Philip, who knew as yet nothing of beauty, felt when he looked at it a troubling delight which he could not understand. When he had a study (it was a little square room looking on a slum, and four boys shared it), he bought a photograph of that view of the Cathedral, and pinned it up over his desk. And he found himself taking a new interest in what he saw from the window of the Fourth Form room. It looked on to old lawns, carefully tended, and fine trees with foliage dense and rich. It gave him an odd feeling in his heart, and he did not know if it was pain or pleasure. It was the first dawn of the aesthetic emotion. It accompanied other changes. His voice broke. It was no longer quite under his control, and queer sounds issued from his throat.

Discourse parameters of the text:

In this text are no extralingual factors: neither pictures, nor diagrams, nor formulas.

The text belong to the fictional (aesthetic) discourse, which is co-called literary.

Stylistic characteristics of the text:

To analyse linguistic specifics of the story, one of which is creation of mood of loneliness, melancholy, sadness, tention and, at the same time, warm-heartedness and sweetness, using such words as pain or pleasure, troubling delight, melancholy cries, wanted urgently to be alone, foliage dense and rich, an abstracted mind, He was kind, gentle, and foolish, He took it good-humouredly;

Figures of speech used it the text:

Metaphors: His voice broke, He looked upon boys as young ruffians, troubling delight, a little stream, that ran through green fields, abstracted gaze, it was disappointing, but not significant, to let it enter your head, lay the Cathedral, for space was so limited, something in him to suggest the tar-barrel..

Epithets: fine trees with foliage dense and rich, melancholy cries, was a little square room, a cheerful effrontery, man with an immense belly, a black beard turning now to gray, and a swarthy skin, vaguely distasteful, voracious appetite, He was kind, gentle, and foolish, great central tower.

Idioms: the boys looked upon him as rather a dog, to lick boys into shape, got a look in, to learn by heart, hand in hand, arm in arm, he lay face-downward on the grass, acquired for him an insignificance,

Hyperbole: looked infinitely bored, unbounded belief in human depravity, immense belly.

Repetition: “Ask much and much shall be given to you”; He was not popular, and he was very lonely; He did his duty, but he did it with an abstracted mind, easily roused and as easily calmed.

Ways of lexical cohesion on the text: repetition link like he - him, had a great belief - had no great faith, Turner - a short man, Tar - tar-barrel, the most vivacious - the most wordly, easily roused and as easily calmed - have no patience, Turner - tar-barrel.

Types of translation transformation applied in the text:

Transсription

Его настоящее имя было Тернер - His name was Turner.

…однажды его видели в кафе «Ройял» с какой-то дамой - возможно, это была его родственница - once been seen at the Cafe Royal with a lady who was very probably a near relation.

Philip was now more comfortable - Филипу жилось теперь куда привольнее.

Descriptive translation

1. with the crib that passed from hand to hand - шпаргалке, передававшейся из рук в руки.

2. you could hold a Latin Grammar open on your knees while questions were passing round - когда задавали вопрос, можно было держать на коленях раскрытую латинскую грамматику.

3. “Ask much, ” he quoted, “and much shall be given to you. ”- “Просите, и дано будет вам”, - цитировал он.

4. His voice broke - Его голос ломался.

5. There was a little stream, with pollards on both sides of it, that ran through green fields, and it made him happy, he knew not why, to wander along its banks. - Невдалеке средь зеленых полей бежала речка; по обе стороны ее росли подстриженные деревья; сам не понимая почему, Филип испытывал радость, бродя по ее берегам.

Generalization

…and Winks never noticed anything odd in the fact that the same incredible mistake was to be found in a dozen different exercises. - Соня не видел ничего странного в том, что одна и та же несуразная ошибка попадалась в добром десятке ученических упражнений.

He had no patience with fools, but was willing to take much trouble with boys whom he suspected of concealing intelligence behind their willfulness - Тупиц он не терпел, но не жалел сил на шалуна, если подозревал, что тот обладает живым умом.

Substantiation

When he was tired he lay face-downward on the grass and watched the eager scurrying of minnows and of tadpoles. - Устав, он ложился ничком в траву и наблюдал за возней пескарей и головастиков.

2. …was thenceforward supposed by generations of schoolboys to indulge in orgies... -.. но с тех пор целые поколения школьников не сомневались, что он страшный повеса..

Modulation

He was not popular, and he was very lonely. - Его недолюбливали, он чувствовал себя очень одиноким.

.. boys used to wander round sometimes arm in arm, or a studious fellow with abstracted gaze walked slowly, repeating to himself something he had to learn by heart. -.. лишь изредка встретишь гуляющих мальчиков да какого-нибудь прилежного ученика, который с отсутствующим взглядом на ходу заучивает что-нибудь наизусть.

Replacement

There was a little stream, with pollards on both sides of it, that ran through green fields, and it made him happy, he knew not why, to wander along its banks. - Невдалеке средь зеленых полей бежала речка; по обе стороны ее росли подстриженные деревья; сам не понимая почему, Филип испытывал радость, бродя по ее берегам.

Integration

And he found himself taking a new interest in what he saw from the window of the Fourth Form room. It looked on to old lawns, carefully tended, and fine trees with foliage dense and rich. - С новым интересом стал он глядеть на вид, открывавшийся из окна четвертого класса: на тщательно подстриженный газон и высокие деревья с пышными густыми кронами. (об'єднання двох речень в одне).