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Psychological characteristic of social mobility of subjects with different type of vital resources

Kotova I.B.

Kozelskaya A.V.

Now the “vital resource” concept is widely used in psychological researches in connection with consideration of adaptable opportunities of person (L.A. Aleksandrova, O.I. Babich, V.F. Berezin, K.V Karpinsky, D.A. Leontyev, V.D. Nebylitsin, A.A.Nalchadzhyan, etc.); behaviour of person in difficult vital and extreme situations (Aydaraliev A.A., Maksimov A.L.; Antipov V.V., Vasilyuk F.E., Zagaynov R.M.; Kanep V.V., Slutsker D.S., Shafrom L.M.; Selie; Kartseva T.B.; Kogan B.M.; Magomed-Eminov M.S.; Maklakov А.Г.; Melnikova N.N.; Sarason, Sarason and Shearin; Vaux).

More often this concept is applied to an explanation of various psychological phenomena. however, its contents remains uncertain enough (L.I. Antsyferova, V.A.Bodrov, etc.). In a broad sense the “vital resource” concept is used for description of vital opportunities, potential of person; in narrow treatment it is used for estimation of personal ability to cope with various stress, extreme, psychotraumatic situations, and also for understanding an opportunity of behaviour self-control, vital problems' meeting.

The analysis of native and foreign researches has allowed to characterize a vital resource of a person as a complex psychological formation integrating different on a level of complexity phenomena, allowing to achieve vital success and to overcome difficulties and extremenesses. Into its structure there enter: self-acceptance, acceptance of others, emotional comfort, value orientations, flexibility of behaviour, sensitiveness towards self, spontaneity, self-esteem, ideas of human nature, development of cognitive needs, creativity, general internality, stress resistivity, intellectual development, intensity of psychological protections, vital purposes, interest and emotional saturation of life, satisfaction in self-realization, `I' locus of control, `life' locus of control, level of empathy and other psychological phenomena.

In the structure of vital resources of personality they distinguish invariant and changeable components providing success in various kinds of activity. Invariant components of personal vital resources are cognitive and intellectual, willed, motivational and value components of personal psychic, given help of the others. Changeable components of personal vital resources are material resources, health, emotions.

For studying the features of contents and structure of vital resources of person the wide list of experimental methods and techniques has been used. The initial information allowed to plan a space of the psychological phenomena forming vital resources of personality, it has been collected on the basis of questioning examinees on some questions. There was offered indirect and direct questions on sources of vital activity and success of some categories of people.

The collected data underlied selection of psychodiagnostic test techniques, allowing to reveal a psychological status of examinees. The received characteristics were compared with a quantity of integrated parameter of vital resources of each examinee and on the basis of factorisation they were divided into three groups.

Each group united most similar phenomena according to psychological effect, therefore we defined three types of personal dominants of vital resources of personality - vital resources with dominants of intellectual and cognitive, emotional components; vital resources with dominants of value and semantic components; vital resources with dominants of social and psychological components. Dominants of these groups of vital resources underlie the intersubject differentiation reflecting a typological peculiarity of a person.

Comparison of individual and psychological characteristics of examinees with the contents of each group of vital resources has allowed to divide the most part of examinees into three corresponding groups. A part of examinees have bimodal dominants of vital resources and were excluded from the further experiment for preservation of its cleanliness.

At a following stage of experiment on the basis of a biographic method (causometric strategy) features of social mobility of the examinees concerning different groups according to their contents of dominants of vital resources were examined.

We gave psychological characteristics of social mobility of examinees of three groups on the basis of elucidation of features of their status, career and territorial mobility. Attraction of the methods of mathematical statistics allowed to come to conclusion, according to which the greatest social mobility (especially status and territorial) is typical for representatives of the third group, i.e. persons with dominants of social and psychological components of vital resources. Representatives of the first (cognitive and intellectual, emotional components of vital resources' dominants) and (of social and psychological components of vital resources' dominants) groups have shown high parameters of career mobility.

Among the subjects belonging to different groups of dominants of vital resources, there were established vital facts indicating a level of their social mobility. For this purpose within the limits of interview they were given some questions. Answers on these questions are presented in the table 1.

Table 1 Comparative features of social mobility of examinees

By results of processing the collected data the empirical data forming psychological portraits of social mobility of subjects with different type of dominants of vital resources were received.

1 group - dominants of internal vital resources with prevalence of cognitive and intellectual, emotional components (n=90).

Subjects of this group are characterized by a low enough status mobility. The analysis of social roles designated by them in continuation of a phrase “I am … (who?)”, has shown, that, on advantage, they concern standard roles executed by a person. Average extent of associative line, reflecting positions occupied by a subject in society, has made 3,8 scores. Its semantic kernel was made with components: person, husband (wife), father (mother), son (daughter). In this group of examinees an estimation of simplicity of transition from one social role to another received high enough point, equal on the average value to 7,8 scores.

Examinees have not shown clear plans on expansion of role repertoire. The majority of them (71,1 %) could not name possible variants of finding new social roles. however, they have designated high readiness to accept probable changes (average value of readiness to this has made 6,9 scores).

The significant part of examinees (83,3 %) of examined group has designated the changes reflecting career mobility which have happened to them. horizontal career growth have noted 75,6 % of all selection, vertical career growth have noted 26,7 %. An average value of satisfaction in career in the selection has made 6,7 scores; among persons who have made horizontal career - 5,9 scores; among persons who have made vertical career - 8,7 scores.

The desire to realize further changes in professional career has shown 95,6 % of structure of all selection. An average level of this desire in the selection is 8,8 scores.

During a life time a place of residence changed 18 persons from all selection (20 % of an aggregate number). As examinees have explained, change of a place of residence has been connected with entering a higher educational establishment. Average value of satisfaction in temporary removal has made 4,6 scores.

Now examinees easily enough make temporary movings. Basically, these movings are connected with trips during holiday (95,6 % of examined selection, the average value of satisfaction makes 6,8 scores) and official journeys (27,8 % of examined selection, the average value of satisfaction is 4,2 scores).

Examinees of this group in the majority (91,1 %) are not ready to change constant place of residence at any moment. An average estimation of satisfaction from such probability is 2,6 scores.

Generalizing obtained empirical data on the selection of examinees characterized by cognitive and intellectual, emotional dominants of components of vital resources, we should note, that concerning them low enough status and territorial mobility was revealed. It is unlike career mobility which is most expressed concerning the horizontal version.

Examinees of this selection are characterized by relatively low status mobility. Designating in a semantic line “I am … (who?)” social roles which are typical, they also have presented limited enough repertoire. Average quantity of associations which have been revealed at interviewing form 5,3 scores. The semantic kernel was made with following role positions: person, man (woman), father (mother), son (daughter), citizen, inhabitant. Examinees have not noted a special complexity of transition of one role execution to execution of the other: an average estimation of simplicity of this action forms 8,6 scores.

The significant part of examinees of this selection (95,1 %) has no plans on expansion of role repertoire. At the same time, readiness to accept these changes is high enough among them - on the average 7,2 scores.

Career changes for last 5-7 years have noted 56 persons (68,3 % of number of examined selection). Among them these changes have happened in horizontal (48 persons, i.e. 58,5 % of all selection) and vertical (10 persons, i.e. 12,2 % of all selection). Among examinees of this selection general satisfaction in career mobility on the average has made 7,9 scores; 7,2 scores among the persons who have made horizontal career; 8,6 scores among the persons who have made vertical career.

Expectation of significant changes in the professional career in the near future have specified 76 persons (92,7 % of examinees of selection). Average value of readiness has made 9,6 scores for them. Examinees of this selection have shown low enough territorial mobility. During life time 26 persons (31,7 %) changed a place of residence at own will: among 23 persons (28,0 %) removal has been caused by entering a higher educational establishment, among 3 persons (3,7 %) it has been caused by family circumstances. Satisfaction in a removal has made 6,2 scores.

62 persons (75,6 %) have shown inclination for to territorial mobility during the current period of time: all of them connect moving with holiday travel, and, besides with business trips (14 persons (17,1 %)). An average value of satisfaction in current trips has made 8,2 scores in the selection.

Only 8 persons (9,8 % of the selection are ready to change the constant place of residence for the other at any moment. Average satisfaction in such mobility has made 2,4 scores in the selection.

Thus, domination of internal vital resources with prevalence of a value and semantic component is combined with low enough social mobility of respondents. The greatest mobility is marked in professional sphere (horizontal career), the least is marked in migratory sphere.

3 group - dominants of social and psychological components of vital resources (n=96). life resource psychological extreme

The analysis of associative lines made by the examinees in reply to stimulus “I am … (who?)”, allowed to establish significant status mobility of representatives of this group. Unlike representatives of the other selections, role positions have appeared more various and numerous among them. Average number of the designated role positions has made 10,9 scores. Besides the standard roles executed by the majority of people, there also have been noted ones: for example, pathbreaker, traveller, thinker, friend, inhabitant of the planet, neighbour, adherent, reader, etc. In this case, semantic kernel of status positions made following elements: person, family man, citizen, comrade, professional. Examinees of this selection have noted their sufficient ease of transition from one role position to another: an average value has made 9,4 scores.

Unlike representatives of the other selections, examinees of selection 3 have shown readiness for the further expansion of the status positions, readiness “to become more good … (family man, professional, comrade, etc.)”. At the same time, really new roles finding of which is obviously possible for the examinee also have been named. The average level of readiness for similar changes has made 9,8 scores in the selection.

Overwhelming majority of participants of the selection (95,8 %) noted favorable career changes which have happened to them. From 98 persons 76 persons (77,6 %) marked an increase of professional status within the limits of horizontal career, 16 persons (16,3 %) marked career growth within the limits of vertical career. An average self-estimation of success of changes in the sphere of professional work has made 8,3 scores.

Despite of significant career mobility, desire for further changes continue 84 persons (85,7 % of selection). Representatives of the selection estimate expectations on the average in 7,8 scores.

42,9 % of all examined selection changed a place of residence at own will. Examinees have marked some reasons of change of a place of residence: entering in high school (32,7 % of all selection), change of family status (6,1 %), search of more suitable place of work (4,1 %). An average estimation of satisfaction in a change of a place of residence has made 8,3 scores.

Members of selection have estimated ease of fulfillment of removals in a current period of time in 8,6 scores on the average. 95 persons (96,9 %) have shown inclination for such removals, having coordinated them with holidays (95 persons (96,9 % of the selection)) and with business trips (62 persons (63,3 %)).

18 persons (18,4 % of the selection) has shown readiness to change a constant place of residence for the other at any moment. In the selection an average value of satisfaction from such action has made 3,8 scores.

Comparison of parameters of social mobility among examinees belonging to groups with different type of vital resources, allows to note its greatest expressiveness among subjects with prevalence of social and psychological components of vital resources.

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Picture 2. Average amount of role positions on groups

Great mobility among examinees of the third group is shown in their status mobility (pic. 2).

Application of ч2 criterion allowed to reveal statistically significant distinctions (p<0,05) between a number of status positions which are peculiar to examinees of different groups. It indicates that the persons possessing vital resources with prevalence of a social and psychological component have more social roles in their arsenal. Their greater status mobility confirms also the fact that they pass from one social role to another (fig. 3) easier than others, they are ready to take new social roles (fig. 4).

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Pic. 3. Average values of examinees' self-estimation of ease of transition from one social role execution to execution of other social role.

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Pic. 4. Average values of examinees' self-estimation of the readiness to gain new social roles

Among representatives of the third group greater career mobility is also marked. In comparison with other groups, a greater professional success for the past 5-7 years is noted among them (fig. 5).

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Pic. 5. Percentage distribution of examinees of three groups who have achieved professional successes for a last period

Application of ч2 criterion allowed to reveal statistically significant distinctions between a quota of successful members of 1 and 3 groups (p<0,05), and also of 2 and 3 groups (p<0,01).

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Pic. 6. Distribution on vertical and horizontal careers

At the same time, if to compare quantity of successful members of groups of types of professional career, horizontal and vertical (fig. 6), it is possible to find out some nuances: advantages of 3 group over 1 and 2 groups in horizontal career, but advantages of group 1 over group 3 in vertical career.

Application of ч2 criterion allowed to establish, that at statistically significant level (p<0,05) satisfaction in a current status of professional career prevails among examinees of the third selection (pic. 7).

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Fig. 7. Average values of self-estimation of current career success and its prospect

According to graphically presented empirical data, among examinees of the third selection an estimation of career prospects is a little below than among persons of the first (p<0,01) and the second (p<0,05) selections.

Representatives of the third selection have shown the greatest territorial mobility. In comparison with members of the first and the second selections, they changed a place of residence most often (fig. 8). Application of ч2 criterion has allowed to establish, that representatives of the third selection removed more often, than representatives of 1 group (p<0,01), and they removed more often, than representatives of 2 group (p<0,05). Probably, openness to social environment peculiar to representatives of the third group, their orientation on reception of support from relatives, friends, familiars and other people makes a change of a place of residence and renovation of a circle of social contacts more acceptable for them.

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Pic. 8. Distribution on groups of persons shown territorial mobility in practice

Thus, examinees of the third selection have shown the highest self-estimation of the past, current and prospect (pic. 9).

Thus, in this part of research work we present the description of features of social mobility of subjects with different type of vital resources: with domination of intellectual and cognitive, emotional components; with domination of value and semantic components; with domination of social and psychological components.

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Fig. 9. Average values of a current career success and its prospect self-estimation

On the basis of the methods of mathematical statistics we have established, that, in comparison with the other, the greater social mobility have representatives of the third group possessing vital resources with prevalence of a social and psychological component.

Subjects with different dominants of vital resources differ in characteristics of social mobility examined in unity of its status, professional and territorial changes. The greatest social mobility is shown by subjects with dominants of social and psychological components of vital resources inherent in them.

The Literature

1. Ananyev B. G. Selected psychological works. In 2 volumes. М.: Pedagogica, 1980.

2. Brushlinsky A.V. Problem of psychology of subject. М.: Institute of psychology of Russian Academy of Science, 1994. 109p.

3. Bodrov V.A. Psychological stress: development and overcoming. М.: PER SE, 2006. 528p.

4. Vasilyuk F.E. Towards search of practical ways of overcoming of crisis situations // Psychology with a human face / under the edition of D.A. Leontyev. M., 1998. 232p.

5. Vilyunas V.K. Psychological mechanisms of motivation of a person. М.: Publishing house of MSU, 1990. 288p.

6. Vlasova O.G. Mental resource of a subject of activity: the system approach // News of Taganrog state radio engineering university. Thematic issue “Psychology and pedagogics”, 2006, №1.

Abstract

In the article results of experimental research of social mobility of subjects having different types of vital resources are revealed. It was examined containing and structural features of personal vital resource as a complex psychological construct integrating different on a level of complexity phenomena, allowing to reach vital success and to overcome difficulties and extremenesses. It is given a substantiation of experimental methods and techniques which have allowed to distinguish three types of personal dominants of vital resources of personality - vital resources with dominants of intellectual, cognitive and emotional component; vital resources with dominants of value and semantic component; vital resources with dominants of social and psychological component. Among the subjects belonging to different groups according to dominants of vital resources, vital facts testifying a level of their social mobility were established. Dominants of these groups of vital resources have been put in a basis of intersubject differentiation reflecting a typological peculiarity of person. Comparative features of examinees' social mobility are revealed. It is established, that domination of internal vital resources with prevalence of a value and semantic component is combined with low enough social mobility of respondents.

Key words: vital resource, social mobility, extremeness, stress resistivity, self-control, invariant and changeable components, satisfaction in self-realization, psychological protections, vital activity, status and territorial mobility, potential of a person.

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