Peculiarities of international words translation

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Peculiarities of international words translation

Bobrovnyk S.М.

Introduction

The development of historical language study, inter-language relations have always been in the focus of researchers' attention.

At different times, the problems of language contact and bilingualism is in the sphere of interest of such researchers such as: L.V. Scsherba, Y. Zhlukten- ko, V.Yu. Rozentsveig, E. Haugen, V.V. Akulenko, L.I. Borisova, V.V.Vinogradov, V.I.Karaban, I.V. Ko- runets and many others. At the moment, a direction of linguistics as “interlinguistics” has started its formation; one of the tasks is to find a natural language that could serve as a common language of communication for the peoples of the world. There are two trends in the formation of lexical stock of various national languages. One ofthem reinforces the national elements of the vocabulary; the second one highlights the international lexical fund, i.e., “an international word stock”. “International word” or “internationalism” is a word which was borrowed from other languages.

Therefore, international vocabulary fund is created and includes terms of various areas of human activity: politics, philosophy, science, art and etc.

The aim of the article is to study international words and identify the ways of translation for inter- cultural communication. The achievement of the set aim stipulates the research of the notion of the term “international word” or “internationalism” and the study of the ways of their penetration into the languages and to specify the peculiarities of international words' translation from English into Russian.

The main part

The material of the research is scientific terminology. In terminology we can observe the tendency of internationalization, i.e. the number of international words is constantly increasing. Intemationality of terminology has a positive effect on language development. We can note that internationalism is an inter-language category, which appears only by comparing languages. Comparative study of international words is conducted mainly on the material of two or three languages.

However, an important feature of internationalisms is their vector character, i.e. a particular word can be considered as international only in terms of the particular language. The topicality of this topic is that translator faces with the problem of false identification of individual system elements of the foreign and native languages in translation. This is due to similarities in pronunciation or writing of these elements. The novelty of this topic is stipulated by the fact that investigation is done on the material of technical discourse. The analysis is carried out using the English-Russian lexicographic sources.

According to the “Dictionary of linguistic terms” edited by O. Akhmanova, internationalism or international word is a word or phrase, belonging to the fund of many languages, or similar to its historical development. International word is a word borrowed by the majority of world languages and began to be used by other languages [2].

Internationalization of public life has received accelerated development under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, the evolution of society in economic, social and cultural terms, reinforces the need for the study of international vocabulary. The question of internationalism in linguistics never lost its relevance, especially in a view of the increasing role of international words in various areas of language activity associated with the processes of contact and comparison of languages.

Within the huge number of borrowed words in any language, we can select a group of words, called internationalisms. Internationalization is a special phenomenon among various forms of cross-language communities on the planet. Such signs significantly bring together languages and play an important role in information exchange processes. In addition, the international lexicon is the most visible and recognized manifestation of international commonness in language dictionaries. The particular importance of internationalism in the development of modem languages is due to the fact that they are generally recognized forms of lexical-semantic expression of the most important concepts of modem culture. Undoubtedly, their importance is in overcoming the language barrier, either in language training or in translation, and the creation of international auxiliary language. Strengthening the interaction of languages at the growing role of cultural and economic ties between nations leads to the formation of a special fund of international words available in related and unrelated languages. Words that coincide by its outward form, subject to the regular correspondence of sounds and graphical units in certain languages, with fully or partially coinciding sense, expressing the concept of the international nature from the field of science and technology, politics and culture, art, and functioning in different, first of all, in unrelated languages are united in the concept of internationalism. Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary gives the following definition to international words, i.e. they are the words that involve two or more countries, made up of people or groups from different countries, active or known in many countries [10].

In European languages, the main fund of international words constitutes borrowed words from Greek and Latin languages. For example, in S.M. Barinov's dictionary [3]: thesis, hypothesis, theory, crisis, lexicon, atom, autonomy, automatic, democracy, philosophy, dialectic, thesis, synthesis, analysis have Greek origin, and much more, from Latin - nation, republic, matter, nature, principle, federation, progress, university, faculty, subject, object, liberal, radical. International words are predominantly related to the field of special terminology of different fields of science and technology. For instance, in physics: atom, proton, radio, diode, detector, focus; in mathematics: plus, integral, theorem; in chemistry: cation, anion, amorphism, concentration; in medicine: influenza, virus, syndrome.

According to D. Rozental international lexicon is from Latin “inter” - “between” + “nation” - nation- is - “people”. International words are the words of common origin existing in many languages with the same meaning, but usually are formed in accordance with the phonetic and morphological rules of the language [9]. internationalization linguistics technical word

The influx of words from one language to another is a spontaneous process. It is caused by many factors and above all, by historical development, the need to communicate with other people regardless of the reason trade, war, friendly relationships and so. Vocabulary reacts to all the changes taking place in different spheres of human life, captures them in thesaurus and is updated much faster than the other structural tiers of language. The contact of one nation with another is the contact of two tongues at the same time and leads to borrowing of words from one language to another.

Active and passive vocabulary of modem man today inevitably includes a substantial number of special vocabularies, allowing it to follow the technology and science. These technical terms and expressions used to have a narrow field of spreading and have been known for a very limited circle of people. Nowadays it is known for all the people. For example such words as device - девайс, install - инсталироватъ, are used by ordinary people in everyday life. Some words have got suffixes from the native language and came into existence in the Ukrainian language. Borrowing is a productive way to enrich the stock of linguistic language of the recipient, along with the internal capabilities: affixation, compounding, do not change existing words values.

It is easy to translate international words into native language by the root of such words knowing the

Latin alphabet. The main part of the international lexicon comprises such terms of science and technology as atom, atomic, cosmos, physics, mathematics, geography, geology, ion, element; or the terms of social life, for example: party diplomat, communism, revolution, confrontation, parliament, coalition, constitution, resolution, federation, capitalist, assembly, import, export, bank, credit; or literature and art terms, for instance: comedy poet, drama, etc.

Nowadays, the problem of translation of international words is one of the most important, but unfortunately, it has not been much studied. Translator has to fear not only the numerous pseudo-internationalisms that can confuse even a qualified professional, and completely distort the meaning of the utterance, but also the difficulties can arise when choosing between maintaining of international form and the selection of not single-rooted equivalent in the native or foreign language. The problem arises when international words have synonyms. In this case, international word has more scientific terminological nature and the choice between two synonyms will depend on the nature of the text and its addressee. There can be some common mistakes that await an interpreter when dealing with this kind of vocabulary, their causes and ways to avoid them. The research is aimed at the selection of the optimal translation of the international vocabulary.

The problem of translator's “false friends” can be applied to the translation of scientific and technical texts; it has its characteristic peculiarities. It is possible to note that the translator's “false friends” in the scientific and technical texts are characterized by certain specific properties.

This specificity is manifested both in the quantitative composition of “false friends” and their quality characteristics. Since a large percentage of words related to the translator's “false friends” category are considered to be international words. Speaking about quantitative specificity of the translator's “false friends” in the scientific and technical texts, we can see a “classic” example ofthe translator's “false friend” - the word “accurate”; it has another meaning - «точный». There are other examples in S.M. Barinov's dictionary [3]: “comfort” - “підтримка, утішання”, not only “комфорт”; “director” - “голова, режисер”, not only “директор”, “figure” - “цифра, ілюстрація, креслення”, not only “фігура”, “party” - “вечірка, свято”, not only “партія”, “adequatepressure”- “адекватное давление, правильный выбор давления”; “candidate fumer compositions” - “кандидатные газообразующие составы”,“представляющие интерес газообразующие составы”; “ideal delivery promise date” - “идеальная гарантийная дата выпуска продукции”, “теоретическая гарантийная дата выпуска продукции”; “is only marginally larger” - “только маргинально больше”, “лишь немного больше”; “massive tube failures” - “массированные разрушения труб, “сильные повреждения труб; “permanent change” - “перманентное превращение, “необратимое превращение”; “laboratory control plays a critical part” - “лабораторный контроль играет критическую роль”, “лабораторный контроль играет важную роль”, “criterion failure” - “критерий общего разрушения”, “control criterion” - “критерий управления”, “критерий регулирования”, “column failure” - “общая потеря устойчивости стойки”, “contamination failure ” - “отказ вследствие загрязнения”; “device operatingfailure ” - “отказ в процессе работы устройства” [3,р. 446].

As it is shown in the examples that literal translation turns out to be inaccurate and causes to semantic distortions. Many international general scientific words, for example, analysis, candidate, scenario, critical, originally, history, pioneer, revolutionary, practical, signal, traditionally, etc., are regularly found in scientific and technical texts and they act as “false translators' friends”.

These English words coincide with Russian and Ukrainian parallels in their international significance and therefore they are easily identified in the translation. As a result of these identifications either the meaning of the utterance or stylistic norms of the target language are broken. With regard to international terminology, the meaning volume of international terms in different languages is often the same as, for example, the words: reactor, proton, electron, resonance, they sound the same in many other languages. The difference is in the volume of meaning. In case of general scientific parallel internationalisms there is a significant descripensy of semantic content. Almost all English common scientific internationalisms are ambiguous. In comparison with Ukrainian or Russian languages internationalism have a wider scope of values.

There are three main conversions in translation of international words which are of natural character. They are the specialization of English common scientific international words and de-specialization in their translation. Specialization of lexis is the substitution of the common English word by the appropriate word in the native language which has more specific general meaning.

The result of specialization in translation is a common equivalent. Such equivalents reflect the content of the appropriate English words in the form of expression in scientific vocabulary in the native language. For example, “the power of the approach” - “достоинство подхода”, “contributor of unreliability” - “источник ненадежности”, “the entire world of biological structures” - “вся совокупность биологических структур”; “the above insights are obtained mostly from... ” - “приведенные выше выводы получены главным образом на основании... ”; “the major attraction of the active filter” - “основное достоинство активного фильтра”; “these cars feature a radar sensor system” - “эти автомобили оборудованы радиолокационной системой” [5]. These examples illustrate the specialization of the meaning of the common words in scientific translation. De-specialization is manifested in substitution of English common scientific international words into Russian non-international word. This process does not concern scientific terms. For example, “era” - “период”, “phase” - “фаза”; “analitical” - “расчетный”, “теоретический”). It can result to information distortion ofthe original [5].

Conclusion

It follows that the existence of international lexis, and mainly understanding of the conditions of its functioning, its system-structural relationships can help to optimize the cognitive processes in any sphere of human activity.

International lexis as a product of history and as a linguistic phenomenon occupies the minds of many linguists.

However, we can not say that the existing books on linguistics, lexicography, theory and practice of translation abound with a variety of material on the subject of internationalism. It is necessary to establish the fact of uniformity in the supply of information material on internationalisms issues. It gives foundations for further research of this topic.

Literature

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Annotation

Peculiarities of international words translation. Bobrovnyk S. М.

Анотація

Особливості перекладу інтернаціональних слів. - Стаття. Бобровник С. M.

Аннотация

Особенности перевода интернациональных слов. - Статья. Бобровник С.Н. В статье рассматривается понятие слое-интернационализмое, дается определение интернациональным словам, их происхожению и особенностям перевода. Материал исследования -- технические термины, полученные в результате обычного отбора источников, -- технических инструкций и текстов технических дисциплин. Знание особенностей перевода интернациональных слов поможет справиться с задачей перевода. Из огромного количества заимствованых слов в любом языке мы можем выбрать группу слов, которая называется интернационализмами.