Italian loans in the course of time as the demonstration of democratization of italian language
Conducting a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the introduction of new lexical terms and units in the Italian language. Study of the process of democratization of language through the media. Credits as sources of lexical enrichment of vocabulary.
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Kyiv Borys Grinchenko University
UDC 81'373.613(=131.1):316.77
Italian loans in the course of time as the demonstration of democratization of Italian language
Moskalenko A.O.
Introduction
Problem statement. Analysis of the entry of new lexical items from foreign languages into Italian via publications in 2012-2016 years as demonstration of democratization process of Italian language.
Analysis of recent research and publications. Y. Shtaltovna The impact of democratization on derivative processes in the cultural sphere of modern English / The Fifth European Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics. -- Vienna, 2015. -- P. 29-33; L'italiano contemporaneo / Dispense di Linguistica italiana. -- Universitadegli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015-2016. -- 63 pp.; Del Gaudio S. Italian lexical component in Ukrainian / Journal «Ukrainian language» № 2. -- Kyiv, 2015. - P. 111-125.
Selection of previously unsolved parts of the common problem. The process of democratization of modern Italian language throughout the loans, the classification of the entry of new lexical items from foreign languages into Italian.
Aims of the article. To analyze the entry of new lexical items from foreign languages into Italian via publications in 2012-2016 years as demonstration of democratization process of Italian language.
Statement of basic material
Italian language prides itself with rich Latin foregrounds and time-spanning incorporating evolution from the XI-XII centuries until the modern age. The Italian lexis enrichment attracts equal interest to its history and its present state, and includes all the changes and innovations of the Italian language.
Yuliya Shtaltovna considers that «extralingual aspect in the enrichment of the vocabulary is a reflection of the need to nominate new, relevant concepts of every time and cultural period of a nation, and the total list of new formations during a certain era of human being distinguish the worldview of native speakers» [6, p. 29]. It means that by using the language of a certain period it is possible to define main concepts and the way of speakers living. If there is a need to nominate new concepts, but there are no according equivalents in the native language, people are used to insert foreign ones - the word loans that nowadays tend to expand standard Italian vocabulary and language norms in general. To understand the history of Italian loans fully, it is necessary to refer to its origin and relationships with Latin and ancient Greek.
The object of our research is the relationships of Italian with other languages over the centuries. The subject of the study is the analysis of Italian loans as the demonstration of contemporary Italian language democratization.
The purpose is the analysis of the lexical loanword process into Italian language via publications of the years 2015-2016.
The tasks of our research are:
- To examine the reasons and the dynamics of the loan entry process into lexical system of Italian language in chronological terms;
- to explore foreign words functioning basing on the publications of the years 2015-2016;
- to analyze the loanwords use in modern Italian language as the demonstration of its democratization.
As one of the Romance languages, the Italian language incorporated words of Latin origin, but most notably of the Vulgar Latin. The Italian is indeed a kind of transformation of the Vulgar Latin. According to G. D'Achille, the basic vocabulary and «di alto uso» that one of high use (used both in speech and in written form by educated speakers: pregiudizio, privilegio, definire etc.) both include words that derive from Latin since the early centuries. In particular, the total number of documented lexical Latin units until the XIV century was over 80% [2, p. 69]. Therefore Italian is the language that has kept Latin comparatively to other Romance language, including even present day language, and with the access to interfere with other foreign languages, it continues the development in order to maintain the direct relations with them.
Italian throughout the history of its development takes in elements on different levels, especially with regard to the lexis. Born as a transformation of Vulgar Latin, it accepts also ancient Greek, but to a lesser extent. Then it acquires the units from the other languages (for example, from Arabic, French, Spanish and so on) by people getting through Italy in the past, causing the linguistic exchange. In the opinion of G. D'Achille «the Latinisms in Italian, until the XX century, become embedded in the lexis with small graphic, phonetic and most of all morphological adaptations, which generally do not tarnished the transparency of their etymological relationship with the corresponding popular words, for example, acquoso - acqua» [2, p. 24]. That is why Latinisms together with Grecisms (words derived from ancient Greek) to a lesser extent, have a special status and we can define them as the neoclassical compositions (le composizioni neoclassiche).
According to G. D'Achille, mainly popular or vulgar words are identified with the Latin component, those of direct or uninterrupted tradition, that have transferred from Latin into Italian, often remaining there permanently until today; these are words that have been formed or that have developed new meanings in Vulgar Latin [2, p. 74]. Italian has adopted from spoken Latin that are called Latinisms or parole dotte, among which there are altered lemmas (filia «figlia», aqua «acqua», pater «padre», laudare «lodare») and unaltered (poeta, amica, casa). With regard to morphosyntax, there is the formation of the superlative of synthetic type from Latin, with suffix -issimo added to the base of adjective (bello - bellissimo). Italian lexis takes derived adjectives from Classical Latin and from Greek, in terms of their significant deprived of relationship with the corresponding nouns, for example, equino e ippico for cavallo [2, p. 24]. So cavallo comes from Vulgar Latin and is a noun; the adjective ippico, vice versa, is related to the Classical or standard language. There is also the popular adjective cavallino, adopted by Vulgar Latin.
Latin and Greek lexis has played an important part in the modern Italian language, having accepted a number of words many centuries ago; Italian continues to retain almost all of them. Thus, according to G. D'Achille, «the Latinisms are well integrated, because they mostly are admitted to the Italian phonological and morphological level, even if they had some remarkable transformations in the phonosyntactical plan, such as the acceptance of originally not allowed consonant sequences, for example prorogatio, par condicio, curriculum vitae, lectio brevis, disposition» [2, p. 76].
Italian, continuing to include words from both Vulgar and ancient Greek, at the same time has got the relatively new Latin words, those that came into usage recently from the chronological point of view, for example, political terms (referendum, referendario). The words of this type have become internationalisms, those used in majority modern languages. According to G. D'Achille «Grecisms (apart from those already entered in usage in ancient times through Latin, as crisi, enigma, basilico) were in fact introduced mainly in the modern era via scientific way as they are often proper in the international scientific language» [2, p. 76]. They reflect contemporary reality ant its requirements through the appropriate words, while earlier there was no need in them. Here we can consider language a reflection of the real world.
As regards the development of Italian language, we can detect the presence of two factors that have influenced on it: internal and external factors. Internal factor includes changes in the language itself, while external one includes the influence of politics, social life or other foreign languages, with which Italian has contact. This means that there has been interference in the language, mainly in the lexical system. lexical term italian language credit
Neologisms expand Italian vocabulary and called loans or foreign words, i.e. words that have entered into Italian language, but that come from the others. According to the encyclopedia «Treccani», the concept of loan is usually reserved for those most important phenomena that affect the interference between linguistic systems of in terindividual character, or between national languages, between a language and its dialects, between different registers or several phases of the same language (internal loan), between languages of the past and living ones [7; o.s.]. This means that loans are the words that come into a language from others, usually without changing their meaning, pronunciation or spelling, well then without adaptation. This phenomenon is a kind of linguistic level interference as from foreign languages as from other components of the same language, which touches especially on Italian's relationships with its dialects.
One of the first scholars who defined the loan phenomenon in the Italian language was G. Ascoli claiming that the loans are «by far the most important sources for the lexical enrichment of our language» [1, p. 18]. Among bilingual speakers who seek to push the boundaries of language ability, there is always a need to widen also the vocabulary component and in this process, new words interfere in Italian. Therefore it enriches the language by cultural or scientific reasons most of all, because a large number of terms in Italian is represented by foreign words. That is why this phenomenon causes enrichment and interchange between languages, and between different cultures, too.
There are many reasons providing the interference from one language to another. According to S. Del Gaudio «investigation of the ways of forming the lexis of each particular language is the important task for extend understanding of the process of its development, especially from the historical point of view and cultural contacts with other people, nations, and languages [3, p. 111]. As for the historical situation, the most important reason is the conquest of new lands, when winning people inculcate their language and culture to another land. So the Romans ruling brought Latin into the various tribes.
Then, another cause is the geographical location, when two countries are territorially close to each other and in both languages there are foreign lexical units, at least in a small amount. There have also been many waves of emigrations and immigrations, even in Italy there were 4 of them, the latest one after the World War II. There are other reasons, which began long time ago, but also continue today, e.g. political, economic and cultural.
At the present time the influence of both lingual and extralingual factors is present, but with the prevalence of the ultimate ones. The democratized language of modern society depends most of all on its different changes. In the opinion of Yuliya Shtaltovna these new extralingual factors are «privation of censorship and limitations, and therefore a sense of freedom of expression, scientific progress, intensified by the development of technology and by the importance of the culture in the society» [6, p. 33].
In such a way the means of democratization tend to mix different languages and cultures when one language influence the other straight and publicly and provoke linguistic interference in the generally accepted way. New lexical items enter in the language and become common and are used by its society. Such means of democratization process, according to Yuliya Shtaltovna are: «the notion «access to» as causative-consecutive demonstration of tourism development and the creation of European area without borders that makes access to classical art, so expression of tendencies of modern art and access to the Internet resources from anywhere in the world, access to the cultural heritage and the possibility of expansion of information about it, which increases the education of masses and provokes changes in cultural and language preferences [6, p. 33]. Among other modern extralingual factors of democratization of Italian language we can also admit student exchange programmes such as Erasmus programme that influence and expand modern Italian and bring new lexical items that become common, especially between youth. It leads to free expressions without linguistic limits and makes Italian language modern, democratized and open to changes.
New lexical terms and units, including loanwords appear in the language depending on the stage of development of its population. Currently important factor is the development of science and technology that cause the appearance of new words without equivalent in other languages. According to G. D'Achille a very important role for today has also the concept of prestige: it is the superiority of nation in a certain field that increases the acceptance of the words of that people's language into the other languages [2, p. 66]. That is why in modern incorporates numerous terms that come from French and especially from English.
The loan is also a phenomenon of modern society who can speak many languages, knows distant lands and has a strong cultural exchange. The foreign words enter into the spoken or popular language and after being accepted by society, become included into a written form, showing the strong process of democratization of Italian language.
As G. D'Achille explains, among loans you can distinguish those of necessity or luxury: the first ones are explained by the need to name foreign referents previously unknown, for which, therefore, we resort to the language of their origin; the others can substitute existing terms in the language that imports them, particularly in keeping with fashion factors [2, p. 66]. Thus the loans from the first group are entered due to objective reasons, such as the terms computer and bar, while others have no important function (such as speaker, design, match), because there are also Italian equivalents.
According to the analysis on Italian vocabulary basis performed by A. M. Thornton and C. Jacobini, 52.2% of lexemes attributed to Latin origin, 34.3%correspond to Italian formations, 11.3% -to foreign languages. L. Lorenzetti claims 10,38% of items are of Latin origin, 74.86% belong the Italian formations and 14.76% to the units taken from other languages, whilst notice that Latin component holds an absolute majority in attested words from its origins to the XIII century [2, p. 73]. Therefore, the number of Latinisms as neoclassical composition and loans in Italian language is not the same according to different scholars. We might assume that the percentage of foreign words has great value in the formation of the Italian lexis and does not exceed 15%.
The loan can be a word that already exists in a language or a completely new word, unknown. The latter is also possible when an already existed word acquires a new meaning. According to G. D'Achille this kind of loans is called semantic loans, among which there are two following groups:
• homonymic -- based on the similarity of significant, for example the word opportunita has got a new meaning from the English word opportunity;
• synonymical -- in which the similarity is only in the meaning, like stella in the sense «diva and show or movie star» based on English star [2, p. 78].
Following the data of the encyclopedia «Treccani», in the contemporary Italian lexis there are more than 6,000 loans (about 4,500 of which compose technical and specialized language) [7, o.s.]. It means that most of them are loanwords of necessity, as they appear because of certain reasons, for example the development of art or science. Today Anglicisms have the greatest success which are the prestigious phenomenon, then proceed French, German, Spanish and exotic loanwords.
The English language greatest influence on contemporary Italian anglicisms (anglicismi) among others Italian loans have a bigger space and frequency. Today anglicisms find place for example in the field of information technology; then also in the cinema, Internet, music languages etc. It is also the language of economy and generally there is the dominance of the USA culture that is represented by English language. There is a large number of anglicisms in publicity in many Italian cities. The Italian press also includes many words of English origin both in newspapers and in magazines of all kinds and this shows that Italian is a democratized language. In addition, the popularity of English is growing every day. Therefore, anglicisms form the part of the Italian basic vocabulary.
Many anglicisms have entered into Italian in two different ways as adapted and non-adapted. The first group includes the words that transferred from the original language without changing their meanings and spellings, that are indeclinable, for example, bar, film, trend, mouse, sms, call center etc. In fact, most of the words in Italian that end in consonant, are of foreign origin (except for the phonetic phenomenon truncation -- il troncamento).
The words that have been adapted may include some letters more or typical suffixes of the language that adopt them. For example, the English word computer gave birth to an Italian verb com- puterizzare, taking the corresponding verbal ending and coming into the usage in such a way; other examples: google - googlare, chat - chattare, tag - taggare. According to the opinion of D'Achille foreign words can have different connotations from Italian corresponding units, for example after the discovery of America to indicate potatoes Italians began to use an indigenous word mediated from Spanish; today's babysitter is a professional figure that is differ from yesterday's bambinaia [2, p. 66]. This means that in course of time people create new words that depend on changes in society, also they change word structure or the significance, and the synonyms of existing lexical units appear most commonly used with the same meaning.
Anglicisms, as loans of necessity as luxury ones, form a part of different fields. According to the research of G. D'Achille, Anglicisms include specialized languages, such as [2, p. 82]:
• informatics: Internet -- L'affitto degli ap- partamenti con le piattaforme Internet integra il reddito...; mouse -- «Tendinite da mouse»: aumen- tano i casi, donne a rischio; e-mail -- Le e-mail dei lettori; modem -- ...e utile togliere password WiFi al modem; browser -- ...dei titoli offerti, che sono di fatto elaborati attraverso il vostro browser; server -- ...al punto di spiare le loro mail e i loro documenti intrufolandosi nel server del gruppo;
• economicsand finance: futures -- Futures su azioni; spin-off -- Snam, via libera dei soci allo spin off di Italgas; bond -- Due scenari per i bond;
• business structureandadministrative arrage- ment: report -- Michael Jackson, pubblicato il report sulla perquisizione...; budget -- ...gli italiani sono al nono posto della classifica mondiale per budget dis- ponibile...; target -- Alfa, Altavilla: «Per la Giulia in 9 mesi abbiamo raggiunto il target di un anno;
• medicine: by-pass -- Avezzano, muore una donna durante l'intervento per un bypass intesti- nale; dayhospital -- In DH (DayHospital) vengono ricevute prestazionidi cura relative a patologie o problemi acuti...;
• sport: goal -- Sheva, stakanovista del calcio Ha 40 anni la macchina da gol; corner -- Con il fondo Atlante i banchieri italiani si salvano «incorner»; tie-break -- ...finisce 3-2 al tiebreak dopo un match tiratissimo, combattuto punto a punto...; trekking -- Fanno trekking in Libano, morto un italiano, ferito un altro; windsurf -- ...in spiaggia regnano i kiters mentre molti prima avevano il windsurf;
• automobilism: pole position -- MotoGp a Sil- verstone: poleposition «bagnata» per la Honda, Valentino secondo; pit-stop -- Il pitstop da record di Felipe Massa: cosм veloce che e difficile vederlo;
• pop music: hit -- Salvini balla «Andiamo a comandare», la hit conquista la festa della Lega; pop -- La musica pop italiana e finita; soul -- Da Londra e Parigi il re del jazz & soul; band -- Il «Plenilunio» con le band nelle piazze;
• telephoneand mobile industry: cordless -- Sм ai cordless Swatch; roaming -- Roaming, oneri via entro il 2017;
• mass media: talk show -- La modella Karlie Kloss al Mose per un talkshow su Netflix; audience -- Anticipт il Capodanno per fare audience; spot -- La nonnina che a 103 anni diventa la pro- tagonista di uno spot; trash -- Sul red carpet raffi- natezza ma anche super trash;
• fashion and customs, youth: t-shirt -- magli- ette nere varie taglie maniche corte (t-shirt); top -- Negli Usa il top delle universita; piercing -- Cerco giovani senza piercing.
In Italian there are also English words that are used in spoken and common language, so English ok becomes okay and is often used in Italy between speakers of different age. Young people use a lot Anglicism sms, which is much shorter, compared to Italian messaggio, week-end instead of fine-settimana. These Anglicisms are used because of their popularity and, in some cases, convenience.
Contact with English manifests also syntactic or phraseological aspects. For example, the «multiple» interrogative, of the type chi ha visto chi?, in the past unknown in Italian, entries into the certain texts, or the adverb position in the phrase politi- camente corretto, shaped in the form as well as in the meaning like corresponding English «politically correct» [2, p. 33]. This is caused by rich linguistic relationships, covering various fields. Indeed a whole sentence can arrive from one language to another adapted or not.
With its linguistic changes, modern Italian is not totally the same as many centuries ago. During the 1980s the new variety of Italian has been identified and defined as «Italian of average use» (italiano dell'uso medio) by F. Sabatini and «neostandard» by G. Berruto in 1987 [2, p. 36].
This name is given because Italian is in progress even today, because it is an alive language and there are changings in standard Italian as «concept model, the reference language of a certain community of speakers» [5, p. 3]. The changes in Italian, both in written and spoken forms are remarkable, that is why there are new forms and modes of expressions, and their use depends on the speakers' classes. In any case, the changes in the language depend on the changes in society. In our time in Italy English is the most studied language, because it has its own importance and prestige.
The concept of prestige increases its influence every day in modern and democratized Italian language and Italian enriches itself especially thanks to the English «fashionable words». Referring to the Italian fashion publicism, following words are common: brand, shopping, store, megastore, it-girl, low cost, il look, di hot, fare la «queen of the night», il red carpet, fashion victim, casual, le celebrities, etc. Other examples: l'hotel, la location, la hall, always on, wellness, relax, stress, il partnership, il performance, il self training, ilmood, la horror story, party, la disco music, la nailart, il first date, help etc. which exist together with the Italian cor- respondings and are used in their place in some cases. Those their use can be explained by an attempt to make a text modern and democratized to the greatest possible extent.
The foreign language that has begun to affect Italian many centuries ago in the beginning of the XIV century and from that out is French. Its role is linked to the Sicilian School and the languages d'oil and d'oc. Occitan language (d'oc) of Romance language group is derived from the Southern France and is territorially close to Italy, and was used by poets to write their love literature.
Since that time French words enter in Italian language that are called francesismi or gallicismi, for example dama, viola, gioiello, burro, giallo, cavaliere. In the following XVIII, XIX and XX centuries this influence continues. Among the French foreign words that are used also nowadays we can mention, for example: deja vu -- Vive da 8 anni dentro un deja vu; manicure -- Come si fa la manicure con il gior- nale?; pedicure -- Dallo scrub e la pedicure e allo smalto...; parquet -- Sondaggio in Europa: la casa ideale e con il parquet; limousine -- Le limousine non bastano mai; toilette -- Invasione di topi nella toilette del comando vigili; decoupage -- ...in cui scovare oggettistica in legno, prodotti in decoupage e scrap booking, ...; chance -- Con questo modulo poche chance; pardon -- ...tutelato dall'omonimo Consorzio aprira le porte, pardon gli stand, ven- є^м 9...; sofa -- tanto quanto una busta di biscot- tini e ossetti da sgranocchiare in pace sul sofa and many others.
There are many words of Italian origin, which now have become internationalisms, for example, gastronomical language discourse concepts. On the other hand, there are also Gallicisms that give denotation of typical elements of French gastronomy, such as: menu, champagne, dessert, buffet, baguette, omelette, cordon bleu, brioche, croissant, barbecue, profiteroles, and champignon. Then in reference to the high fashion, there could be used following Gallicisms: pret-a-porte, a pois, tailleur, jabot, plisse, frac, papillon, gilet, collier, collant, boutique, charme and so on.
In the opinion of G. D'Achille today however there are many French loanwords that tend to be replaced by Anglicisms: maquillage by make-up, coiffeur by hairstyle in the shop signs of hairdressers, pot-pourri by medley `musical fantasy', gorilla by bodyguard, etc. [2, p. 80]. This means that there are many French loans that are also used today because there have always been contacts between Italy and France more or less continuous.
Nevertheless, some of them are going to be replaced by English words because the prestige phenomenon has weight in the today's language. English ones are used in many cases and so there is no more need of foregoing terms. However, in any way the loanwords of French origin take part of the Italian lexis and have significant weight even today.
An important value has also German language, which influence began after the Roman Empire through the Vulgar Latin and Germanic population. The other important step was in the Middle Ages and even later, during the numerous Germanic invasions that led the foreign words into Italian language.
There is a large number of military loans, because the German influence is related to the war, for example following terms: la guardia, la guerra, l'elmo, lo sgherro. As for Germanisms, i.e. the words that come from standard German from the beginning of the XI century, there are 708 lexical units (374 are adapted; 474 belong to technical and specialized language) according to GRADIT data, the unabridged dictionary of Italian usage. Among them there are brindisi, borgomastro, cobalto, wolframio, super-io freudiano, aspirina, allergia, autismo, schizofrenia, gene etc. [4, o.s.].
In addition to the invasions, Italy and Germany are geographically located close to each other and words have crossed borders. According to the encyclopedia «Treccani» between words of this type we can find knodel, a word that was not adapted and has even other Italian variants canedolo or canederlo, which means «big dumpling bread, milk and meat, cooked in the broth» [8, o.s.]. This phenomenon takes place when in lexical units that pass from other language there is reference to the country's national culture. Most of the lexis of this type has no equivalent in Italian and that is why they rest indeclinable.
According to G. D'Achille there are many Germanisms that appear in the basic vocabulary and among them there is a division into different types:
• those that refer to the parts of human body (guancia, milza, anca, schiena).
• domestic objects (roba, sapone, stalla, zolla, banco, balcone, fiasco, tappo, albergo, nastro).
• general concepts (guerra).
• abstract concepts (astio).
• among adjectives most important are those related to colors (bianco, biondo).
• between verbs we should remember at least guardare, rubare, recare, scherzare, guarnire [2, p. 79].
As for Spanish language, according to the survey of G. D'Achille the influence of this language has been strong especially in the XVI and XVII centuries, when the first Spanish loans (is- panismi, iberismi) entered into Italian, for example quintale, flotta, brio, etichetta, regalo, sangria, patio [2, p. 80]. The late entry of the loans can be explained by weaker contact with Spain than with France.
The major cause is the Spanish government in those centuries, when Spain ruled some Italian regions, bringing its language and culture. That is why there are Spanish loanwords related to the Spanish culture not only in Italy, but also all over the world. This concerns the famous dances (tango, samba, rumba) and also the national Spanish show la corrida and its protagonist il toreador. Nevertheless, despite of the similarities between the two languages, some loans are spelled in the Italian manner, as floscio that in Spanish is flojo.
Together with Spanish, Italian was also influenced by the Portuguese language and brought in words like banana, cocco, cacao, marmellata, and even words that originally come from China: man- darino, pagoda. These words of Portuguese origin are also called lusismi and they entered into Italian language to a significantly lesser extent than Spanish loanwords themselves. We can explain it according to the indirect relationship between Italy and Portugal.
The Arabic loanwords have obtained the denomination Arabisms (arabismi) and represent another particular group of the loans in Italian language. There is the most important influence of Arabisms since the Middle Ages and further. In addition, many of them are included into Italian language even today and take the place of the contemporary Italian lexis.
There are many reasons for the Arabic expansion; among them, we can identify the Arab government on the part of Spain and Sicily, which is why there is the presence of Arabic words not only in Italian standard, but also in the dialects.
Then there were commercial relations between the two countries in the Middle Ages that caused the exchange between languages. So in Italian there are the following loans: spinaci, cammello, sciroppo, sorbetto, zibibbo, materasso, ze- rbino, zucchero, tariffa, sultano, alfiere, elisir, algebra, algoritmo, cifra, alchimia, kebab. Most of them mean food, commercial or scientific terms because definitely this was the purpose of relationships with the Arab world.
Fig. 1.
In general, Arabisms take part of Exoticism (esotismi), or the loans from exotic languages. Among them important role have Japan loanwords or nipponismi. Surely they are linked to the culture of that country and represent its reality, for example, karate, sushi, origami, ikebana, karaoke, kamikaze.
As for the complex lexis, we can use the table of Italian loans from other languages, presented by GADI. It isa calculated word list of over 230,000 entries, sorted by numerosity [4, o.s.]. obtained space in the modern time and that represent both necessary and luxury loans.
Therefore, we can confirm that among the Italian loanwords anglicisms prevail (26.7%) that have The second place is taken by the French loanwords (21.1%), and then follow loans from Spanish (4.5%), German (2.8%), Arabic (2.7%) and Japanese languages (0.9%). According to the table of GrADIT the largest number of lexemes have Grecisms (35.5%) that we have defined as neoclassical composition. This is caused by the presence of many Greek terms, which have become Italian mostly via Latin.
Conclusions from this research
The process of adopting new lexical units in Italian from other languages as the demonstration of democratization process has its own history of development since the 11th century, because this process began with the first lexical changes in Italian, provoked by its relationships with Latin and ancient Greek languages. As a Romance language, Italian devotes a special place for Latinisms and Greek loans that we can denote as the neoclassical compositions. Italian includes other foreign words into the basic vocabulary, depending most of all on extralinguistic factors and relations with other countries in various stages of its development. This includes English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and Exotic languages in accordance with their impact on the Italian.
As we have examined the reasons and the dynamics of the loan entry process into lexical system of Italian language in chronological terms, we found out that the linguistic interference and the adoption of new units is possible in the society that has no limitations in expressions for its speakers, that tends to make its language modern and full of new lexical items, which become common.
The means of democratization process of Italian language are scientific progress, access to Internet, permanent relationships with other countries, student exchange programmes that make Italian change from the linguistic point of view. That is why there is no censorship and new lexis is common to use by different speakers and media. So we can call Italian modern, expended and democratized language.
In our opinion, the loan process is important for the history and the significant of modern Italian. The confirmation of Italian loans depends on their popularity, especially when there are lexical equivalents of new elements, but Italian as an alive language, tends to constant change and continues its enrichment through lingual and extralingual factors.
These factors are interconnected with each other, but we can assume the prevalence of the second ones. Therefore, there are foreign words in Italian basic vocabulary, both adapted and not adapted.
The extralingual factors are used without changings in the foreign words and usually they are loans of necessity without equivalent in Italian language, while adapted have been converted into Italian way. Most luxury loanwords have their equivalent in Italian language, but their application depends on their popularity. In any case, it is important that the Italian words remain in use.
The present loanwords that enter into Italian language mostly base on the factor of prestige. These are «fashionable words» and loans of necessity to a lesser extent that could be noticed in the democratized language of mass media. They are used to attract the attention of modern readers, based mainly on common Anglicisms and sometimes on omission of their Italian equivalents. In such a way democratization of Italian language shows accessibility in the modern era where everyone has an integral right to be a creator of new lexical units and loans in the language.
Explored foreign words functioning basing on the publications of the years 2015-2016, we got the conclusion that the language of the modern international society, of science and technology is English that has its own reflection in Italian, mostly in the language of youth.
It means that the most frequent loanwords in the publications of the years 2015-2016 are Anglicisms that are used in journals and magazines of different kinds, for example brand, shopping, store, it girl, low cost, il look, il red carpet, il partnership, il performance, il self training and others.
Other loans that are common at the present time, but that appeared in Italian many years or even centuries ago are French (manicure, pardon, chance), German (guancia, milza, anca), Spanish (quintale, flotta, etichetta), Portuguese (cocco, cacao, marmellata), Arabic (spinaci, scirop- po, sorbetto) and Japan loans (karate, sushi, origami). After the research we can assume that the most used and important language in contemporary Italy is English, and then follows French and the others: German, Spanish and Exotic languages which have influenced Italian mainly in the past.
After having done the analysis of the loanwords use in modern Italian language as the demonstration of its democratization, we arrived at conclusion that Italian loans which entered from other foreign languages are common and used nowadays in spoken an also in written form (in mass media and modern literature). That shows that Italian is a rich language that tends to expend its lexis and in such a way we can consider modern Italian democratized language. The democratization process deals with all the sectors of life, but according to national characteristics and it approves the freedom of expressions and privation of linguisticlimitations and shows scientific and technological advancement and developed culture.
In the next article we intend to propose a research on the value of neologisms which in their turn suggest the entering of new words into the language to represent new concepts that influence and expand the Italian lexis in the other way.
References
1. Ascoli G.I. Scritti sulla questione della lingua / a cura di C. Grassi. - Torino: Einaudi, 1975.
2. D'Achille P. L'italiano contemporaneo. - Il Mulino, 2006. - 288 pp.
3. Del Gaudio S. Italian lexical component in Ukrainian / Journal «Ukrainian language» № 2. - Kyiv, 2015. - P. 111-125.
4. GRADIT, vol. 6 - 1170 pp.
5. L'italiano contemporaneo / Dispense di Linguistica italiana. - Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015-2016. - 63 pp.
6. Shtaltovna Y. The impact of democratization on derivative processes in the cultural sphere of modern English / The Fifth European Conference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics. - Vienna, 2015. - P. 29-33.
7. L'enciclopedia Treccani. - Modalita d'acceso: http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prestiti_%28La-grammatica- italiana%29/
8. L'enciclopedia Treccani / Germanismi. - Modalita d'acceso: http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ germanismi_%28Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano%29/
Annotation
UDC 81'373.613(=131.1):316.77
Italian loans in the course of time as the demonstration of democratization of Italian language. Moskalenko A.O. Kyiv Borys Grinchenko University
The article revises the process of loans adoption in Italian language over the centuries and depicts its today's status as the demonstration of democratization of Italian. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the loans entrance into Italian is given in the article and its connection with the process of democratization through the mass-media is shown.
Keywords: the loans, loanwords, democratization, Italian language, mass media.
Анотація
Запозичення в італійській мові протягом історії розвитку як вияв демократизації італійської мови. Москаленко А.О. Київський університет імені Бориса Грінченка
У статті розглядається процес прийняття запозичень в італійську мову протягом століть та описується його сьогоднішній статус як виявлення демократизації італійської мови. Проведено кількісно-якісний аналіз входження запозичень в італійську мову та показано зв'язок з процесом демократизації через масс медіа.
Ключові слова: запозичення, демократизація, італійська мова, масс медіа.
Аннотация
Заимствования в итальянском языке на протяжении истории развития как проявление демократизации итальянского языка. Москаленко А.А. Киевский университет имени Бориса Гринченко
Статья рассматривает процесс принятия заимствований в итальянский язык на протяжении веков и описывает его сегодняшний статус как проявление демократизации итальянского языка. Проведено количественно-качественный анализ вхождения заимствований в итальянский язык и показано связь с процессом демократизации через масс медиа.
Ключевые слова: заимствования, демократизация, итальянский язык, масс медиа.
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