English for road builders
Development and improvement of communication skills, letters in English by the subject "Highways". Safety road construction work zones. The history of bridge and tunnel building. Construction vehicle blind spots. Flexible (asphaltic concrete) pavements.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | методичка |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 20.02.2017 |
| Размер файла | 2,1 M |
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Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Tashkent Institute of Design, Construction and Maintenance of Automotive Roads
English for road builders
Done by: students of 415-15 group
Beketov Amir, Pyagay Ilya
Checked by: Rasulova Z.X.
Tashkent 2017
1. ROAD CONSTRUCTION
1.1 Read and translate the text
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways (British English: carriageways) each with one or more lanes and also any associated sidewalks(British English: pavement) and road verges, Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as public roads or highways.
For purposes of international statistical comparison, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) defines a road as "a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels," which includes "bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.
Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel. Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.
english road tunnel communication
In the United Kingdom there is some ambiguity between the terms highway and road.
The Highway code details rules for "road users". For the purposes of the English law, Highways Act 1980, which covers England and Wales but not Scotland or Northern Ireland, the term road is defined to be "any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes.
This includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks.
Vehicle Excise Duty, a road use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road.
1.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
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1. thoroughfare 2. conveyance 3. junctions 4. interchanges 5. smoothed 6. ambiguity 7. highway 8. access 9. footpath l0. bridleway |
магистральная улица перевозка перекрёсток развязка сглаженный двузначность автомагистраль подъезд пешеходная дорожка дорога для всадников |
1.3 Answer the following questions
1. Who defines a road as "a line of communication (travelled way)?
2. What is Vehicle Excise Duty?
3. What is British word for “sidewalks”?
Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
|
road |
международный |
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public |
двигатель |
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|
travel |
дорога |
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international |
тротуар |
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|
motor |
дорожное покрытие |
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|
communication |
общественный |
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|
sidewalk |
охватывать |
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|
include |
эксплуатация |
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pavement |
путешествовать |
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|
maintenance |
связь |
Combine the words with the help of the preposition of.
1.4 Translate these word combinations
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a line |
road motor vehicles running |
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for the purposes |
international statistical comparison |
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|
roads consist |
any other road |
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any length |
communication |
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for purposes |
one, or sometimes two, roadways |
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any length of highway or |
the English law, Highways Act 1980 |
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|
for the use |
highway |
2. Road Construction 2
2.1 Read and translate the text
The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, however there is no formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1984 ruling said "the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction. Another legal view is that while a highway historically included footpaths, bridleways, driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those ways that allow the movement of motor-vehicles, and the term rights of way can be used to cover the wider usage.
Road construction requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel. and may be required to meet standards set by law or official guidelines. The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) and followed by the laying of pavement material. A variety of road building equipment is employed in road building.
Old road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention. These protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of the tree's drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment. Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetation may be mulched and put aside for use during reinstatement. The topsoil is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins. Final rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas.
2.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
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1. driftway 2. permit 3. guidelines 4. embankment 5. variety 6. surface 7. fence 8. damaged 9. reinstatement l0. rehabilitation |
дорога для скота пропуск рекомендации насыпь разнообразие поверхность ограждение повреждённый восстановление реконструкция |
2.3 Answer the following questions:
1. What ruling said “the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway”?
2. What does the final rehabilitation after road construction include?
3. What does the road construction require?
2.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
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creation |
характерный |
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definition |
создание |
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permit |
земляные работы |
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relevant |
определение |
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digging |
взрыв |
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movement |
пропуск |
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blasting |
движение |
2.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations
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1. the creation |
a. way exist over footpaths |
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2. a public right |
b. earth and rock |
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3. the removal |
c. a made road |
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4. most easements |
d. motor-vehicles |
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5. removal |
e. a continuous right-of-way |
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6. the presence or absence |
f. way exists |
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7. the laying |
g. vegetation |
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8. a variety |
h. the tree's drip line |
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9. the movement |
i. road building equipment |
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10. the area |
j. pavement material |
3. Road Construction 3
3.1 Read and translate the text
Processes during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, compacting, construction and trimming. If rock or other unsuitable material is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to meet the design requirements (generally 90-95% relative compaction). blasting is not frequently used to excavate the road bed as the intact rock structure forms an ideal road base. When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. The fill is made by the "compacted layer method" where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to specifications, the process is repeated until the desired grade is reached.
Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to accumulated damage from vehicles, however environmental effects such as frost heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute. According to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the AASHO Road Test, it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the Fourth power of axle weight. A typical tractor-trailer weighing 80,000 pounds (36.287 t) with 8,000 pounds (3.629 t) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329 t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds (0.907 t) on each axle. Potholes on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction works. Failure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society, in a 2009 report released by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (USA) about 50% of the roads in the USA are in bad condition with urban areas worse. The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of $746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/ye
3.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
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1. excavation 2. compacting 3. trimming 4. specifications 5. deterioration 6. oxidation 7. passenger 8. significant 9. condition l0. maintenance |
выемка грунта уплотнение выравнивание технические условия изнашивание окисление пассажир значительный состояние эксплуатация |
3.3 Answer the following questions
1. What does the process during earthwork include?
2. Who released report in 2009 which says that about 50% of the roads in the USA are in bad condition with urban areas worse?
3. According to what test (name of the test) made in the late 1950s it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the Fourth power of axle weight?
3.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
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1. potholes |
a. влияние |
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2. environmental |
b. действительный |
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3. earthwork |
c. выбоина |
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4. effects |
d. понижение |
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5. unsuitable |
e. окружающий |
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6. effective |
f. неподходящий |
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7. depression |
g. земляные работы |
3.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations
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1. a layer |
a. State Highway and Transportation Officials |
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2. the Fourth power |
b. experiments |
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3. removal |
c. fill is spread |
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4. on both |
d. axle weight |
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5. about 50% |
e. material to spoil |
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6. a series |
f. the tandem axle groups |
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7. the American Association |
g. the roads in the USA |
4. Surfacing
4.1 Read and translate the text
With unsealed roads, naturally well bonded fine materials such as sand-clays and granite-sands can be used. These aggregate mixtures should contain both wear resistant stone and natural binder, such as clay. For the surface course the maximum stone size should be less than 40 mm. Larger stones interfere with maintenance of the surface and give a poorer ride. On the other hand, an excess of fines can produce a surface which is slick when wet and dusty when dry. To control dust such techniques are used: water spraying, application of modified bitumen to the road surface, use of calcium chloride and others. All these techniques are relatively unsatisfactory and so road surfaces are usually sealed with a thin bitumen and stone film. In addition to suppressing dust, the initial sealing of an unbound pavement will reduce the moisture content and protect the pavement materials from damage due to traffic, wind and water and water erosion. From a user's viewpoint, sealing provides a better driving surface.
The process of sealing (or seal coating, or surface dressing) is the application to the surface of a thin layer of bitumen into which aggregate is then incorporated. In most cases the bitumen is applied by spraying and the one-sized aggregate is then rolled in.
The aggregate pieces protrude both above the bitumen film, providing surface texture and protection the bitumen film from traffic damage; and below the film into the base course, to provide bearing independent of the bitumen. The aggregate placement is subsequently rearranged by traffic action.
The three types of spray seals are:
1. One application of binder and one layer of aggregate;
2. One application of binder and two layers of aggregate;
3. Two applications of binder and two layers of aggregate.
Spray seal construction is best undertaken in warm, dry weather. The spraying equipment must be capable of providing uniform spray.
4.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
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1. surfacing 2. wear resistant 3. excess 4. slick 5. to seal 6. to bond 7. to interfere with 8. to spray 9. to reduce l0. to damage |
покрытие износостойкость избыток гладкий уплотнять связывать вмешиваться в разбрызгивать понижать повреждать |
4.3 Answer the following questions
1. What materials are used with unsealed roads? 2. What should these mixtures contain? 3. How does stone size for the surface course influence on the characteristics of the surface? 4. What techniques are used to control dust?
5. Are these techniques satisfactory?
6. What are the advantages of sealing?
4.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
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1. protection |
a. высовываться |
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2. placement |
b. поверхность |
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3. aggregate |
c. защита |
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4. protrude |
d. неудовлетворительный |
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5. binder |
e. агрегат |
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6. unsatisfactory |
f. размещение |
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7. surface |
g. зажим |
4.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations:
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1. use |
a. fines can produce |
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2. maintenance |
b. the bitumen |
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3. the process |
c. calcium chloride |
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4. an excess |
d. the surface |
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5. the surface |
e. sealing |
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6. application |
f. an unbound pavement |
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7. types |
g. providing uniform spray |
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8. bearing independent |
h. modified bitumen |
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9. the initial sealing |
i. a thin layer of bitumen |
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10. capable |
j. spray seals |
5. Flexible (asphaltic concrete) pavements
5.1 Read and translate the text
Asphaltic concrete surface layers can have thickness down to 25 mm. Full depth asphalt is a term used to describe a pavement in which all the courses are comprised of asphaltic concrete.
Asphalt concrete is a bitumen-aggregate mix produced at a plant or on site. A plant mix is a mixture of bitumen, as a binder, and mineral aggregates, prepared hot at a mixing plant and maintained at about 150°. Fly ash, Portland cement and ground limestone are used as fine fillers.
The objective of asphalt mix design is to determine the proportion of bitumen, filler and aggregate which will produce a mix which can be spread and compacted, will have a suitable surface with respect to skid resistance and which will be stiff (particularly in hot weather), durable and waterproof. It is common to base the structural design of the pavement on properties obtained from tests on the proposed mix.
Bituminous mixtures require compacting during placement. The main purposes of compaction are (1) to increase stiffness and strength, and (2) to protect mixes from rapid bitumen hardening.
The basic equipment consists of an asphalt mixing plant, an asphalt paver, a roller and a finisher.
If strength or stiffness of pavement must be corrected, a new layer of material is required. This process is called resheeting and the added layers are called overlays. A thin overlay of asphaltic concrete can be used for the correction of surface deteriorations - roughness, excessive permeability, low skid resistance, etc. These overlays are generally either 25 or 40 mm thick. The overlays are produced by applying a layer of plant mix to the road surface.
5.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
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1. flexible pavements 2. mixing plant 3. fly ash 4. fine filler 5. texture 6. stiff 7. durable 8. placement 9. paver 10. finisher |
упругое дорожное покрытие смесительная установка с добавкой зольной пыли наполнитель структура жёсткий долговечный размещение бетоньерка отделочная дорожная машина |
5.3 Answer the following questions
1. What is the thickness of asphaltic concrete layers?
2. What is full depth asphalt?
3. What are the components of a plant mix?
4. What temperature is the mix prepared at?
5. What is the objective of asphalt mix design?
6. What are the main purposes of compaction?
7. What does the basic equipment consist of?
5.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
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1. compaction |
a. толщина |
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2. thickness |
b. агрегат |
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3. overlay |
c. уплотнение |
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4. aggregate |
d. долговечный |
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5. paver |
e. битумный |
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6. bituminous |
f. наложение |
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7. durable |
g. автогудронатор |
5.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations:
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1. the main purposes |
a. surface deteriorations - roughness |
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2. comprised |
b. bitumen |
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3. the basic equipment consists |
c. plant mix |
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4. a mixture |
d. asphaltic concrete |
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5. a new layer |
e. compaction |
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6. the objective |
f. the pavement |
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7. the correction |
g. an asphalt mixing plant |
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8. the structural design |
h. material |
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9. a thin overlay |
i. asphalt mix design |
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10. a layer |
j. asphaltic concrete |
6. Maintenance of roads
6.1 Read and translate the text
The behavoiur of a road passes through a number of stages. After construction has been completed and the road is in operation, it enters a setting down stage which may last for one or two years. During this time construction imperfections become evident, particularly after a wet season. Such faults can usually be corrected by routine maintenance means such as minor patching and pot-hole repair.
As a road is subjected to traffic it is progressively damaged. The road enters its next life cycle stage when the surface deficiencies have worsened to the extend that they require some major repair effort, usually in the form of resealing or overlaying.
The final stage in the life of the road occurs when deformation-related deficiencies, indicating structural failure, begin to occur. These can only be rectified by major rehabilitation of the road structure such as ripping up the existing base course and either replacing it or adding additional material.
The role of experience and judgement in pavement design, construction and maintenance is so great that good engineering practice demands that the performance of all roads be consistently evaluated. The basic aims of this evaluation are:
1. To check the pavement function and performance;
2. To provide guidance for planning maintenance;
3. To detect condition changes from one year to the next.
6.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
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1. maintenance |
эксплуатация |
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2. behaviour |
свойства |
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3. imperfection |
недостаток |
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4. fault |
дефект |
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5. patching |
ямочный ремонт |
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6. repair |
ремонт |
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7. pot-hole |
яма на дороге |
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8. deficiency |
дефицит |
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9. failure |
неисправность |
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10. judgement |
экспертиза |
6.3 Answer the following questions
1. When does the road enter a setting down stage?
2. How such faults can be corrected?
3. When does the road enter its next life cycle?
4. What repair does the road require?
5. When does the final stage occur?
6. How can the structural failure be rectified?
7. What does the good engineering practice demand?
8. What are the basic aims of this evaluation?
6.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
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to occur |
быть в действии |
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evaluation |
подрывать |
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to worsen |
заканчивать |
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performance |
требовать |
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to rectify |
характеристика |
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to complete |
устранять |
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to rip |
оценка |
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to be in operation |
становиться явным |
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to demand |
залегать |
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to become evident |
ухудшать |
6.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations
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1. the form |
a. the road occurs |
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2. major rehabilitation |
b. a road passes |
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3. the behavoiur |
c. experience and judgement |
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4. the life |
d. roads |
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5. the performance |
e. the road structure |
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6. maintenance |
f. stages |
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7. the role |
g. resealing or overlaying |
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8. a number |
h. this evaluation |
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9. the basic aims |
i. all roads |
7. Road construction equipment
7.1 Read and translate the text
New compaction products mclude the DD-22, DD-23 and DD-32 tandem vibration rollers. Based on a modern design they dram widths of 1.0, 1.2 and 1.32 m respectively. The rollers are fitted with Deutz cylinder engines. High levels of operator comfort are provided by isolating the seat from machine vibrators. Controls are easy to operate and both the seat and control console can be moved for optimum visibility.
TV 100 and TV 120 are new hydrostatic drive, centre articulated tandem vibrating rollers with corresponding drum widths of 1.0 and 1.2 m.
Weighing in at 2215 and 2660 kg, both rollers quality for inclusion in DTp-s 700-1300 kg/m compaction category as contained in their "Specifications for Road and Bridge Works", and are designed to meet the more demanding requirements involved in road surfacing repair and highway maintenance work.
Capable of compacting a wide variety of materials including sub-base, road base and blacktop, these rollers are used on many light to medium duty applications such as sports grounds, car parks, tennis courts.
Both rollers are powered by Deutz twin cylinder air-cooled diesel engines.
The world's first self-propelled oscillatory asphalt compactor is 2315 SDO. Powered by a 49 kw engine, the machine has an operating weight of 7.951 and a working width of 1.8 m.
7.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. tandem roller 2. vibratory 3. drum 4. engine 5. hydrostatic drive 6. centre articulated 7. specification 8. self-propelled 9. to meet requirements |
двухвальцовый дорожный каток вибрационный барабан двигатель гидростатическая передача шарнирно-сочленённый спецификация самоходный удовлетворять техническим требованиям |
7.3 Answer the following questions
1. What are the specifications of DD-22, DD-32 tandetfi vibratory rollers?
2. How are high levels of operator comfort provided?
3. What are the specifications of TV 100 and TV 120 rollers?
4. Are these rollers designed to meet high requiremetfts in road construction?
5. What engines are both rollers powered by?
6. What are the specifications of DD-22, DD-32 tandetfi vibratory rollers?
7. How are high levels of operator comfort provided?
8. What are the specifications of TV 100 and TV 120 rollers?
9. Are these rollers designed to meet high requiremetfts in road construction?
10. What engines are both rollers powered by?
7.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
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1. respectively |
a. требующий |
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2. to offer |
b. спроектированный |
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3. to be powered |
c. сдерживать |
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4. demanding |
d. способный |
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5. oscillatory |
e. цилиндр |
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6. to contain |
f. регулирование |
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7. controls |
g. внести предложение |
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8. to be capable |
h. колебательный |
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9. cylinder |
i. механизированный |
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10. to be designed |
j. соответственно |
7.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations
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1. a wide variety |
a. operator comfort |
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2. capable |
b. 1.8 m |
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3. an operating weight |
c. 1.0, 1.2 and 1.32 m respectively |
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4. high levels |
d. materials |
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5. a working width |
e. compacting |
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6. widths |
f. 7.951 m |
8. Safety in road construction work zones
8.1 Road construction hazards
8.1.1 Read and translate the text
Workers in temporary traffic control work zones are exposed to risk of injury from construction vehicles and motorized equipment:
§ operating in and around the active work zone(s)
§ operating in traffic control or secondary areas that support the work zone ( ex. - temporary batch plants)
§ entering and leaving the work zone
Workers in the roadway are at risk of injury from a variety of general traffic vehicles entering the work zone:
• Drunk drivers
• Sleepy or impaired drivers
• Impatient, reckless drivers
• Drivers using cell phones; other inattentive drivers
• Law enforcement and emergency vehicles
• Disabled vehicles pulling in and parking
• Lost drivers looking for directions
8.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. exposed 2. motorized 3. batch plant 4. injury 5. impatient 6. reckless 7. rollover 8. collision 9. being caught l0. struck |
незащищённый моторизованный дозаторная установка травма нетерпеливый неосторожный переворачивание столкновение попадаться наполненный до краёв |
8.3 Answer the following questions
1. How are roadway workers exposed or at risk?
2. How are roadway workers at risk?
3. How are workers on foot at risk?
4. How are equipment operators at risk?
8.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
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enforcement |
пьяный |
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temporary |
движение транспорта |
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injury |
принуждение |
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drunk |
переворачивание |
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traffic |
временный |
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directions |
неполноценный |
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sleepy |
повреждение |
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rollover |
сонный |
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impaired |
невнимательный |
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inattentive |
направление |
9. Roadway worker fatalities
9.1 Read and translate the text
Worker Fatalities in Roadway Work Zones
§ The trend in worker deaths showed an increase...
– 90 deaths/yr average between 1992-1997
– 120 deaths/yr average between 1995-2002
§ Construction vehicle related accidents are responsible for the increase in worker deaths
§ Construction equipment accidents accounted for as many “worker on foot” deaths as traffic vehicles
Dump trucks were responsible for 41% of the “worker on foot” related deaths
52% of these involved dump trucks backing up!
9.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. fatality 2. trend 3. deaths 4. increase 5. average 6. dump truck 7. involved |
несчастье простирание авария возрастание среднее число самосвал участвующий |
9.3 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
|
1. vehicle |
a. авария |
|
|
2. roadway |
b. выставка |
|
|
3. accident |
c. транспортное средство |
|
|
4. worker |
d. между |
|
|
5. responsible |
e. шоссе |
|
|
6. show |
f. на обратной стороне |
|
|
7. related |
g. строительство |
|
|
8. between |
h. рабочий |
|
|
9. backing up |
i. связанный |
|
|
10. construction |
j. ответственный |
10. Traffic control measures
10.1 Read and translate the text
Traffic Control Around the Work Zone
Flaggers and other workers assigned traffic control responsibilities work very close to motor vehicles and are at risk of getting struck or run over by them.
Flaggers:
§ must be trained in traffic control techniques
§ must have a valid Washington Traffic Control Flagger card (or card from a state with reciprocal flagger training)
Safety within the Work Zone:
Temporary Traffic Control Plan
In the Temporary Traffic Control zone, construction vehicles and equipment moving inside create a risk to workers on foot requiring additional protection planning and policies to minimize backing-up maneuvers in the “activity area”
The Temporary Traffic Control “Activity Area” is the section of the highway where the work activity takes place. It is comprised of the work space, the traffic space, and the buffer space.
The “work space” is that portion of the road closed and set aside for equipment, workers, and material. Work spaces are usually delineated apart from the traffic space, to exclude vehicles and pedestrians, by channelizing devices or temporary barriers and signs.
10.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. assigned 2. responsibility 3. techniques 4. reciprocal 5. additional 6. protection 7. maneuver 8. aside 9. delineated l0. pedestrian |
назначенный ответственность методы обратная величина дополнительный защита маневр в стороне очерченный пешеход |
10.3 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
|
1. valid |
a. карта |
|
|
2. inside |
b. вокруг |
|
|
3. measure |
c. действительный |
|
|
4. card |
d. устройство |
|
|
5. around |
e. мера |
|
|
6. require |
f. внутренняя сторона |
|
|
7. run |
g. обученный |
|
|
8. planning |
h. требовать |
|
|
9. trained |
i. планирование |
|
|
10. device |
j. пробег |
10.4 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations
|
1. portion |
a. the highway |
|
|
2. at risk |
b. the work space |
|
|
3. comprised |
c. getting struck |
|
|
4. the section |
d. the road closed and set aside |
11. Construction vehicle blind spots
11.1 Read and translate the text
Working at Night. Visibility is greatly reduced at night. Your risk of getting injured or killed increases in the dark. Drivers may be more tired, sleepy, and less attentive. Hazards & Problems:
• poor visibility
• glare off lights
• adverse weather conditions
• tired drivers
• inattentive workers
• Protect yourself when you must work at night by:
• being aware of your surroundings at ALL TIMES
• wearing High Visibility Apparel
• arranging good work area lighting
• setting up proper traffic controls
• knowing the traffic flow plan/pattern
Working Around Vehicles/Heavy Equipment
Vehicle and Heavy Equipment Blind Spots
A blind spot (or blind area) is the area around a vehicle or piece of construction equipment that is not visible to the operator, either by direct line-of-sight or indirectly by use of internal and external mirrors.
Vehicle Blind Spots Tools/Attachments on vehicles can create greater blind spots, reduce visibility, or swings that increases the risk to workers being struck or pinned. How can you protect yourself when working near heavy equipment?
§ Do not cross directly in front of or immediately behind large heavy equipment or trucks where the operator sits higher in the vehicle.
§ Communicate with an operator (verbally and/or by eye contact) before entering any area near heavy equipment or large trucks.
§ If you have to stand near parked equipment or trucks, stand in front or on operator side so if equipment comes into use, the operator can see you and you can see them.
11.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. visibility 2. hazards 3. inattentive 4. protect 5. surroundings 6. blind spot 7. attachments |
видимость опасность невнимательный защищать окрестности участок обзора приспособления |
11.3 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
|
tired |
внимательный |
|
|
greatly |
повреждённый |
|
|
attentive |
уставший |
|
|
injured |
ослаблять |
|
|
heavy |
возвышенно |
|
|
kill |
внешний |
|
|
external |
тяжёлый |
11.4 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations:
|
1. piece |
a. internal and external mirrors |
|
|
2. risk |
b. your surroundings |
|
|
3. use |
c. -sight |
|
|
4. being aware |
d. getting injured |
|
|
5. direct line- |
e. construction equipment |
12. How to protect roadway workers
12.1 Read and translate the text
Employers must have...
§ A comprehensive Site-specific Safety Program (APP)
§ A Temporary Traffic Control Plan in place for the project site
§ Conducted crew meetings and trained all workers on work zone safety; discussing potential hazards, equipment blind spots, movement precautions in the activity area
Workers must:
-- Wear high-visibility safety apparel
(vest & head gear in photos)
-- Be alert for construction vehicles and equipment as well as general traffic
-- Check surroundings often for hazards
-- Know the plan for traffic flow
-- Keep a safe distance from traffic
-- Communicate with other workers, especially when there are changes in procedures, locations, or traffic flow pattern
More Roadway Work Zones protective measures
Pedestrian Workers
§ Keep in eye contact with operators when working near moving equipment
§ Remember equipment blind spots and limited visual areas
Equipment/Vehicle Operators
§ Keep windows and mirrors clean
§ Watch for workers on foot; know where they are
§ Remember equipment blind spots and limited visual areas
§ Stay behind protective barriers where possible
§ Do not linger or cross into areas around moving equipment if you have no reason to be there
§ Use extra precautions and additional safety apparel at night and during poor weather conditions
12.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. Employer 2. precautions 3. apparel 4. surroundings 5. locations 6. protective 7. conditions |
Работодатель меры предосторожности наряд окрестности местонахождение защитный условия |
12.3 Answer the following questions:
1. How do you protect workers in Roadway Work Zones?
2. How else can workers protect themselves in Roadway Work Zones?
12.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
|
1. discuss |
a. расстояние |
|
|
2. roadway |
b. предосторожность |
|
|
3. blind |
c. обсуждать |
|
|
4. Conduct |
d. заседание |
|
|
5. precaution |
e. шоссе |
|
|
6. meeting |
f. руководство |
|
|
7. distance |
g. слепой |
13. The history of bridge and tunnel building. Bridges I
13.1 Read and translate the text
One of the outstanding statesmen once said in his speech, "There can be little doubt that in many ways the story of bridge-building is the story of civilization. By it we can readily measure an important part of a people's progress." Great rivers are important rneans of communication for in many parts of the world they have been, and still are, the chief roads. But they are also barriers to communication and people have always been concerned with finding ways to cross them.
For hundreds of years men have built bridges over fast-following rivers or deep and rocky canyons. Early mаn probably got the idea of a bridge from a tree fallen across a stream. From this, at a later stage, a bridge on a very simple bracket or cantilever principle1 was evolved. Timber beams were embedded into the banks on each side of the river with their ends extending over the water. These made simple supports for a central beam reaching across from one bracket to the other. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan, and in India. A simple bridge on the suspension principle2 was made by early man by means of ropes, and is still used in countries such as Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river, with a platform of woven mats laid across them, made a secure crossing. Further ropes as handrails3 were added. When the Spaniards reached South America, they fund that the lncas of Peru used suspension bridges made of six strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two served as rails. All these bridges made possible crossings only over narrow rivers. The type of temporary floating bridge4, the pontoon bridge, has been used for military purposes; military engineers can construct a temporary bridge on this principle, able to carry all the heavy equipment of a modern army, in an extremely short time.
13.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. outstanding |
выдающийся |
|
|
2. readily |
с готовностью |
|
|
3. to evolve |
развёртывать |
|
|
4. by means of |
посредством |
|
|
5. rope |
канат |
|
|
6. to suspend |
подвешивать |
|
|
7. military |
военный |
13.3 Answer the following questions
1. From what did early man get an idea of a bridge?
2. What kind of bridge is a cantilever one?
3. For what purpose is a temporary floating bridge used?
13.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
|
1. further |
a. кронштейн |
|
|
2. statesmen |
b. безопасный |
|
|
3. bracket |
c. поток |
|
|
4. measure |
d. политик |
|
|
5. secure |
e. лесоматериал |
|
|
6. stream |
f. дальнейший |
|
|
7. timber |
g. мера |
13.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations
|
1. for hundreds |
a. a people's progress |
|
|
2. the story |
b. the river |
|
|
3. bridges |
c. ropes |
|
|
4. an important part |
d. bridge-building |
|
|
5. the type |
e. years |
|
|
6. on each bank |
f. woven mats |
|
|
7. the heavy equipment |
g. Peru |
|
|
8. means |
h. this type |
|
|
9. the lncas |
i. a modern army |
|
|
10. a platform |
j. temporary floating bridge |
13.6 Bridges II. Read and translate the text
The idea of driving wooden piles into the bed of the river in order to support a platform was put into practice 3,500 years ago. This is the basis of the 'trestle' or pile bridge5 which makes it possible to build a wider crossing easier for the transport of animals and goods.
With the coming of the railway in the 19th century there was a great demand for bridges, and the railways had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. In many places long lines of viaducts were built to carry railways; for instance, there are miles of brick viaducts supporting railways to London.
The next important development in bridge-building was the use of iron and, later, steel. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain.
The idea of a drawbridge6, a bridge hinged so that it can be lifted by chains from inside to prevent passage, is an old one. Some Leningrad bridges were built on this principle.
A modern bridge probably demands greater skill from designer and builder than any other civil engineering project. Many things should be taken into consideration, and these may vary widely according to local conditions. In deciding what type of bridge is most suitable the designer has to consider the type and weight of the traffic, and width and depth of the gap to be bridged, the nature of the foundations and the method оf erecting the bridge. The designer has to calculate carefully how the various loads would be distributed and to decide which building materials are more suitable for carrying these loads.
13.7 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. suitable |
пригодный |
|
|
2. width |
ширина |
|
|
3. depth |
глубина |
|
|
4. to erect |
выпрямлять |
|
|
5. drawbridge |
разводной мост |
|
|
6. foundation |
фундамент |
|
|
7. distributed |
распределённый |
13.8 Answer the following questions
1. For what purpose are piles driven into the bed of the river?
2. Why was there a great demand for bridges in the 19th century?
3. Where was the first iron bridge built in Great Britain?
13.9 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
|
1. decide |
a. стойка |
|
|
2. driving |
b. широкий |
|
|
3. supporting |
c. решать |
|
|
4. pile |
d. путепровод |
|
|
5. wide |
e. вождение |
|
|
6. viaduct |
f. условия |
|
|
7. conditions |
g. поддерживающий |
13.10 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations:
|
1. the transport |
a. the 'trestle' or pile bridge |
|
|
2. the coming |
b. viaducts |
|
|
3. the bed |
c. a drawbridge |
|
|
4. type |
d. animals and goods |
|
|
5. miles |
e. the river |
|
|
6. the basis |
f. the foundations |
|
|
7. weight |
g. the traffic |
|
|
8. lines |
h. the railway |
|
|
9. the nature |
i. brick viaducts |
|
|
10. the idea |
j. bridge |
14. Tunnels
14.1 Read and translate the text
Tunneling is difficult, expensive and dangerous engineering work. Tunnels are built to provide direct automobile or railway routes through mountain ranges, under or over rivers. They can also provide underground channels for water, sewage or oil. Before the 19th century men had not acquired enough skill in engineering to carry out extensive tunneling. Tunnels, however, were known in ancient times. They were, for instance, driven into the rock under the Pyramids of Egypt, and the Romans built one in Rome for their chief drain, parts of which still remain. One of the earliest tunnels known was made in Babylon. It passed under the Euphrates River, and was built of arched brickwork being 12 feet high and 15 feet wide.
Other ancient tunnels were built for water supply and for drainage.
Modern tunnels are often very long and deep. The Simplon Tunnel on the France-to-Italy railway, for example, is 12 miles long and in one place the peaks of the Alps rise over 6,000 feet above it. Some tunnels are over 50 feet in diameter. Many are circular in cross-section. Others are horseshoe-shaped7, with a level floor on which it is easy to lay permanent roads and railways.
14.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. instance |
пример |
|
|
2. brickwork |
кирпичная кладка |
|
|
3. drainage |
дренаж |
|
|
4. circular |
круглый |
|
|
5. cross-section |
поперечное сечение |
|
|
6. horseshoe-shaped |
подковообразный |
|
|
7. permanent |
долговечный |
14.3 Answer the following questions
1. What are tunnels built for?
2. Where did one of the earliest tunnels pass?
3. How long is the Simplon Tunnel?
14.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
|
1. however |
a. благоприобретённый |
|
|
2. ancient |
b. век |
|
|
3. difficult |
c. дорогой |
|
|
4. acquired |
d. диапазон |
|
|
5. expensive |
e. тем не менее |
|
|
6. century |
f. обширный |
|
|
7. provide |
g. древний |
|
|
8. range |
h. опасный |
|
|
9. extensive |
i. трудный |
|
|
10. dangerous |
j. обеспечивать |
14.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
Translate these word combinations:
|
1. parts |
a. the earliest tunnels |
|
|
2. the Pyramids |
b. Alps |
|
|
3. built |
c. which still remain |
|
|
4. one |
d. arched brickwork |
|
|
5. the peaks |
e. Egypt |
15. Tunnel under channel
15.1 Read and translate the text
«Will There Be a Tunnel under the English Channel?», «A Tunnel -- to Be or Not to Be», «A Tunnel or a Bridge?» -- articles with such headlines appeared in the press abroad. English and French experts are considering projects created by the specialists of both countries. The authors of the projects offer different solutions. One of them is a bridge/tunnel combination.
A tunnel under the English Channel was first suggested in 1856. It was agreed in 1875 to build it and work was actually begun. However, the British War Office objected that an enemy on the European mainland could easily invade England through such a tunnel, and the British Government objected to the scheme.
In 1957 interest revived in the idea of a Channel Tunnel and the question was studied afresh by a group of French and British engineers. Such a Tunnel between Dover and Sagatte would have a length of about 36 miles of which 24 miles would be under the sea, and would run through a layer of dense chalk which is known to be free from tracks and allows water to penetrate it slowly. It would probably have to be a twin railway tunnel. There are several difficulties in having a road tunnel of this length, the chief of which is the enormous cost of ventilating it. Total cost is estimated at between 450 and 560 million dollars, to be shared by Britain and France with possibly some other European country. No dates have so far been mentioned definitely but it might be completed at the end of our century.
15.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. suggested |
внушённый |
|
|
2. scheme |
схема |
|
|
3. revived |
оживать |
|
|
4. layer |
слой |
|
|
5. penetrate |
проникать |
|
|
6. ventilating |
вентиляционный |
|
|
7. so far |
до сих пор |
15.3 Answer the following questions
1. Why did the British War Office object to the building of the tunnel under the English Channel? 2. How long will the tunnel across the English Channel be?
3. What countries will share the cost of the construction?
15.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
|
1. definitely |
a. учитывая |
|
|
2. headline |
b. приведённый |
|
|
3. considering |
c. определённо |
|
|
4. enemy |
d. предмет |
|
|
5. probably |
e. заголовок |
|
|
6. mentioned |
f. вероятно |
|
|
7. objected |
g. противник |
15.5 Combine the words with the help of the preposition of
|
1. the idea |
a. the projects |
|
|
2. a group |
b. this length |
|
|
3. the specialists |
c. about 36 miles |
|
|
4. a layer |
d. which |
|
|
5. a road tunnel |
e. both countries |
|
|
6. the authors |
f. our century |
|
|
7. one |
g. a Channel Tunnel |
|
|
8. a length |
h. dense chalk |
|
|
9. the chief |
i. them |
|
|
10. the end |
j. French and British engineers |
16. Some facts about british roads
16.1 Read and translate the text
British roads are classified in there groups. The arterial roads, so called because they are designed as arteries in the human body, known as ”A” or Class I roads include the principal roads radiating from London to far parts of the country and many roads jointing big cities. The second group of classified roads consists of “B” or Class II roads, which are less important than “A” roads. The third group has no official name. Each road of the two first classes -“A” and “B” - has different number, which appears on all signposts. The crowed state of British roads caused many accidents even before World War II and became much worse now. After the World War II, little was done for widening the roads and making by-pass roads around towns to avoid jams in busy streets. In the late 1950-s a program was introduced for building some 400 miles of motorways. This scheme of motorways was designed in the form of a network over the country, the chief roads radiating from London to the industrial areas in the South Wales, the Midlands and Lancashire. Such modern double - track highways are being built with fly - over junctions and crossings; they will form a part of a system of motorways across Europe.
16.2 Read out the following words and memorize them
|
1. artery 2. signpost 3. widening 4. avoid 5. chief 6. junction 7. crossing |
магистраль указатель расширение избегать заведующий перекрёсток переезд |
16.3 Answer the following questions
1. How many classification groups British roads have?
2. When was a program for building 400 miles of motorways introduced?
3. Why are Class I roads called arterial roads?
16.4 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents
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