Peculiarities of translation of Russian borrowings in English

Of other temporary structures, which are based on the word in, humorous note falsely classical Sputnikitis - name of the disease, which was to enthusiasm companion : Sputnikitis is on the Increase ("Daily Herald ", Nov. 8, 1957). Also appeared in print, such as neoplasms protestnik and limpnik (tactics demonstrators limp hands of the police), poetnik: ... Mr Allen Ginsberg and other Beat poets ... I need not stop to illustrate these linguistic features in the work of Ginsberg and other poetniks (Randolph Quirk , The Study of the Mother Tongue, 1961, 20). Another small group of like - Nik -formations refers to popular music and perhaps the result of "youth" part beatnik coupled with an understanding of the word beat in the musical sense: folknik , popnik , rocknik , discothequenik . In these examples - Nik expresses enthusiasm: What is mysterious force that makes fervent boatmen? ... "" Out there, "says one boatnik huskily, "A man's A boy and A boy's A man ..." ("Time", Athlantic end, May 18, 1959); For ten years now, each March has brought from 30,000 to 50,000 greaseniks of the Sports car Persuasion here for the 12-hour orgy of noise and grime called the Sebring International Grand Prix of Endurance («Herald Tribune», New York, March 28, 1960). Words with the suffix - Nik used by American employers for names garments: Beachniks at sea by Jantzen. Surfing pants (Harder, 1966).

This fashion for the formation of new words using the suffix - nik was short-lived and gave birth to a temporary formations. However, - Nik was already familiar to the Americans by the words of Yiddish, came from Russia as nudnik 'dull, stupid person', where - nik gives the word a negative connotation neglect; nogoodnik : Nerts to these Average Guys, Harry, they 're just a set of peanut - circuit nogoodniks (Len Deighton, Horse Under Water, 1965, 77); allrightnik : Only Allrightniks Eat with the Capitain - so you don 't appreciate all that High Society? Well, excuse me, no kikes wanted, hein? (Katherine Anne Porter, Ship of Fools, 1962, 254); holdupnik : "Telephone the Police", Cried Karp. "The car is parked Across the Street." "What car?" "The holdupniks . "(Bernard Malamud, The Assistant, 1967, 26). In all these examples, the people - the Jews.

Interesting use - Nik 's poem "Little Sputnik "Alan Max representing paraphrase the famous poem:

Twinkle, twinkle little Sputnik,

How I wonder where you are atkin!

Up above the world so highnik,

Like a candle in the skynik.

As you travel in the spacenik,

Shall we start a new arms-racenik,

Or match the Spirit of the Sputnik

With a global all-arms cutnik?

(«Daily Worker», New York, Oct. 11, 1957).

Russian nominal word companion, while serving as a proper name for the first Soviet spacecraft, became a household word in the English language, and as a common noun has again turned to their own names. For example, Sputnik masculine Sputnikja feminine. These names fans of equestrian sport called their favorite horses, etc. Formed the new definitions in the English language, as the pre-Sputnik ERA ' dosputnikovaya era '("America Aviation ", Dec. 2, 1957) and Post - Sputnik Russia ' poslesputnikovaya Russia '("Popular Science ", 1958, № 1).

This is how the new history of the old Russian word sputnik - ' artificial satellite '. New value, as shown by numerous examples, the word stuck and put the satellite into many languages of the world. However, the satellite was only the first space word borrowed from the Russian language. The first Soviet satellite orbit brought to the world even whole groups of Russian words.

In November 1970 the newspaper, radio and television reported soft landing on the moon automatic station "Luna-17", which took the lunar self-propelled vehicle " Lunokhod -1 ". November 22, 1970 and hosted radio telebeseda dedicated to the achievements in space. On Air word sounded rover .

Word rover was vital not only for the Russian language. And although there were different languages and their names for the new spacecraft (for example, in English moon car , etc.), the Russian word rover then as a synonym, then as a kind of proper name entered in many languages: English Moon - car Lunokhod - moonlit carriage - Lunokhod ("Morning Star ", 1970, November 19); The Lunokhod -1 ("The Canadian Tribune ", 1970, November 25).

Again Russian word milestone in outer path of eternal progress omen Soviet science and technology.

As we could already see one word its sound has a certain social information ( satellite ) , but this information races opens the fuller, deeper semantic be disclosed teak words than fully and accurately reflected the connection between the word and the life history of a people.

Russian words penetrate into other languages. They represent our lives, our achievements. Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, produced in the Soviet Union, as it led to linguistic neologisms orbit space: Satellite, moonwalker ... transplanted to a different environment, they can be painted with different colors of life, is exposed to another language . In a word, even a special, terminological reflected manifold sity of human life, international contacts, but still present, the national identity, which allows loanword call Russism, sovietisms ( satellite, honesty, rover, astronaut, spaceport - Sputnik , Lunik, lunochod - Lunokhod, Cosmonaut, e cosmodrom ) . Noteworthy that Russian borrowings expressing concepts related to consumer side of Soviet life, in English, after the October Revolution in fact. In describing the Soviet everyday life English writers and publicists bypass their language, using existing or equivalent lexical equivalents, or descriptive techniques. In rare cases - seems to give a kind of national color when describing any household items - used the original Russian name of these parts in the Roman alphabet, printed in italics in quotation marks, often with accompanying explanations, for example, social tasks, Called nagruzka ( load); pamyatka - A list of instructions. Generally, it is characteristic that such "italic" words are used most often when describing pre-revolutionary Russia. For example, the winner of the International Stalin Peace Prize Hewlett Johnson, describing the scarcity of life of the poor peasants in Tsarist Russia, said that the poor are forced to feed their children only with the Inevitable kasha , ie 'Inevitable porridge'. Also: povivalnaya Babka - Midwife, paranja - woman's Veil.

Words, leaving his native language, as if the casts are imprinting the life they had witnessed. Troika, samovar, sable king, then Decembrist, nihilist, the district council - these individual words spoken about the country - rich trading partner, the growing political cal consciousness of the people and the difficulties of this growth. But still prevailed Russianisms-ekzotizmy: soup, borscht, kvass, Sapo gi, his cap. And flow Sovietisms: Tips, Soviet, Bolshevik work day, voluntary Sunday, five-year plan, the hero of labor, the right to rest - changes color borrowing Russian words.

Loanword - it's not just a bar of life nor the people of the country, but also the key to understanding this life in a certain time period. At one time, VI Lenin stressed that the Russian word Tips to understand all the generations of the world, and in our days are symbolic soulful strings Alexander Twardowski:

Sound in all the edges of the planet

Without translation, as Moscow,

Bolsheviks in October, Tips

World, satellite - Russian word.

FIFTH PERIOD. Russian words that reflect the restructuring of the Soviet Union, in English . Revolutionary nature of the changes taking place in the life of Soviet society, reflected in the large number of Russian words. The exceptional importance of the concepts designated by these words, determines their internationalization.

Russian first time new borrowing is the word publicity . It is used in English since 1986, registered in the dictionary of neologisms of the same year, which is interpreted as follows orazom: "the willingness of the Soviet Government to be more Open about its affairs "(Longman Guardian New Words Ed. by S. Mort. - Bristol. - 1986. R. 4.). Many Western newspapers and magazines also began to write about the publicity as a "willingness to be more open," explaining or replacing the word glasnost English word openness («openness"): Glasnost , Mr. Gorbachev 's policy of openness, caused an even bigger Buzz ("Economist", 1987); This year, the Russians are working on openness ("New York Times ", 1987). There are other synonyms for the word glasnost: ... Under the Protection of the Campaign for glasnost , or Frankness ("Economist", 1988); His Strategy: openness, candor, publicity - All Summed up in the Russian word glasnost ("Newsweek", 1987).

Some Western journalists tried to interpret the publicity within capitalist values. In connection with this interesting example cited in the newspaper Ameri p ikanskih Communists: ACCORDING to the British Correspondent in Moscow the success of glasnost depends on making Rock music, blue jeans and avan-garde art freely available to Soviet Citizens ("People's Daily World" , 1987).

The idea that the notion of transparency is different from concepts correlated with bourgeois democracy, is present in the magazine publication of the Communist Party USA: Glasnost differs from the expansion of Bourgeois Democracy ("Political Affairs ", 1988). Westerners, especially those who have visited the Soviet Union in the last years of its existence, aware that the concept of openness is not confined to the concepts 'openness', 'honesty': David Winn from Dallas, Taxas, Said: I have come here to see glasnost and openness ("People 's World ", 1988).

Furthermore, among the citizens of Western countries view was that in their countries there is no transparency as concepts of social life: In the name of peace we could do with some glasnost from Mrs. Thatcher ("Morning Star ", 1987); "I don 't want the FBI to visit me, "one Said. Another person Pointed out: "We do not have glasnost here "(" People's Daily World ", 1987). These examples show that the word glasnost begins to use the English language and is "Russian" context of developing foreign language inclusions in loanword necessary lexical and semantic sitemy English in connection with his concept bezekvivalentnoy transmitted. Examples of this use of the word glasnost are increasingly common in the Western press: Spain: More glasnost , Please. Cool unconcern is Mr. Felipe Gonzalez 'reaction to the muttering audible in his socialist party («Economist», 1987); Edinburgh Film Festival - Edinburgh glasnost ("New Statesman", 1987).

The assimilation of the word glasnost in English evidenced by his participation in the processes of word-formation: ... Thoughts Expressed That Would have Been unprintable in pre-glasnost times ("Economist", 1987). Since under the influence of the press word glasnost associated in English speakers with the word openness, as well as in connection with the phonetic proximity English suffix - ness and part of the Russian word ("- completely "- nost ), this part is perceived in the English language as the derivation , as evidenced, for example, the creation of the word closenost by analogy with the word glasnost and openness under the influence of the word: Glasnost Versus closenost ("Political Affairs ", 1987).

Gradually the word glasnost began to be used in the English language in a generalized, symbolic sense, ie denote our country as a whole, the Soviet people. Thus, held in October 1988 in the English city of Birmingham Festival of Folk Art in the Soviet brochures and newspapers described as "the arrival of glasnost ": Glasnost comes to Birmingham ("Morning Star ", 1988).

Since 1987, English has become the word of the restructuring , and it is often interpreted as 'economic reconstruction, economic reconstruction' and passed the word or phrase restructuring Economic Reform.

Restructuring as capitalist propaganda and publicity considered within their realities, assuming, for example, that the restructuring should entail unemployment: So Long as Unemployment cannot be Accepted Openly, it Will be hard to believe that perestroika in the Sovi e t Union Will be ("Economist", 1987). At the same time the press, explaining the word Perestroika , emphasizes that restructuring is not limited to conversion of the economy and is a revolutionary reconstitution of society: Perestroika - the new Soviet revolution ("Canadian Tribune ", 1988); Perestroika involves much more than Economic restructuring of the Soviet Union. It involves renovations in the Political, social and Cultural Life ("People's Daily World", 1988).

It should be notice that on West concept of restructuring was used by respect to some events of his social life: Right-wing Labour Leader Bryan Gould WAS Accused of ditching the Party's Commitment to Public ownership After A Controversial speech on Labour's " Perestroika " ("Morning Star", 1988). Therefore, we can conclude that the word Perestroika , as well as the word glasnost , becomes an attachment to the lexical-semantic system of English. Confirmation of this conclusion is also part of speech in word-formation processes: Among the Most Determined Perestroika - blockers are ... ("Economist", 1988).

On the pages of Western newspapers and magazines appeared, and other words that reflect the restructuring of the СССР: novoye muishleniye , democratizatsia ( democratizatsiya ), hozraschot ( khozraschyot ), uskoreniye , gospreyomka .

About word democratizatsia ( democratizatsiya ) Canadian Communist newspaper writes: Democratizatsia ... does not Mean the Same thing as ITS English equivalent - Democratization. Fact in the Soviet concept of Democracy is quite different and May Turn out to be Far more Comprehensive and liberating ("Canadian Tribune", 1988). Thus, using the word democratizatsia , progressive press representatives stressed going beyond the concept of "Western democracy" (which assatsiiruetsya in English speakers with the word). However, in some Western newspapers and magazines word democratizatsia explained or is replaced by democratization.

Word hozraschot ( khozraschyot ) often replaced or explained the English word cost - accounting. However, the concept of progressive press self-financing is usually transmitted by joining the words cost - accounting and self - management (thus emphasizing samouprpvlenie, independence of enterprises in the USSR): ... the first Major Enterprises to be placed on the hozraschot system of full Cost - accounting and Self - Management ("Canadian Tribune ", 1988).

Although the word uskoreniye usually due or replaces the word acceleration, in fact it introduced a broader concept, is writing about, for example, the newspaper of Canadian Communists: Essentially uskoreniye Means the Soviet State is turning to the people to create for themselves the Preconditions for scientific and Technological Transformation ("Canadian Tribune ", 1988). Word gospreyomka explained by descriptive translation: ... or returned by the State quality control agency ( gospreyomka ) ("People's Daily World", 1988).

Media . Newspapers, advertising popularize certain names, and help them get used to the new language environment: The Second section of the Druzhba oil pipeline ... (1971 Novosti Press Agency Publishing House Moscow) (The second section of the oil pipeline "Druzhba" ...). The word friendship enters the English text without translation though as a proper name, but with an open internal form-value. Already do not require explanations and Russianisms, inner form which is hidden. So, in the British newspaper "Morning Star "read: Matrioshkas . Morning Star International Bazaar ("Morning Star", 1974, November 29). This kind of ads are already calculated on the awareness of the reader: Matrioshkas the festive Bazaar 's dedicated newspaper "Morning Star ", is therefore familiar phenomenon, unknown word name is already connected with certain realities. As a tribute, as a recognition of Russian ballet combination Bolshoi Ballet spared many languages without translation.

American newspapers that wrote about the Soviet ballet called one word - Large . It contained combinations of the three Grand Theater, the Bolshoi Ballet, the artists of the Soviet Union, Soviet ballet. Russian word is already designed for mass perception and no longer require explanation.

RUSSIAN NAMES ON MAP Russian names, Russian names seas, straits and bays, islands and headlands, ridges and glaciers and, of course, towns, villages - large and small - are scattered across the world map, there are far beyond the Russian lands. It would seem that these geographical names, proper names belong to geography - the science of the earth, not the science of language. Indeed, at first glance, the names of cities, seas, like people, are arbitrary. And if they say anything about the subject, the very reality that bears the name of one or the other, of those who gave it? Can you tell us about the language, from which are taken?

Russian names on the map of the world - is a milestone on the difficult path of Russian explorers - explorers and navigators. Try to approach from the standpoint of geographical names linguist. Own name - Russian geographic name - a word of Russian.

Boats, schooners, ships brave Russian sailors passed the Arctic Ocean, the Great, or the Pacific ocean, and then the Atlantic. Russian people climbed humped ridges Pamir, Altai, first made maps coast of North America. Not always their way marked milestones Russian names as Russian explorers sought to preserve local names if they already existed. Part of the same Russian names buried in chrede renaming commonly produced subsequent researchers new lands comes from other countries. Yet even a cursory glance at the world map on the dotted Russian words would present historical map heroic journeys, discoveries, settlements, and later bitter migrations in search of a better life.

Map United States about 400 and not more than 200 of Canada map Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian names. Frequent names Russia, Russian and Russian land (in Ohio, Massachusetts, North Dakota, California, Texas, Illinois, Wisconsin). The first settlers in America gave their towns names with a transparent inner form: Fort Russian . Created the illusion of proximity homeland: Fort Russian river Slav , later renamed the Russian . Thirteen towns and localities are named Moscow . The biggest American Moscow in the state Oydaho. Interestingly, the new city could not recall his older brothers. Thus, St. Petersburg , Florida - opposite Russian city. Instead fogs "Northern Palmyra" American Saint Petersburg offers numerous tourists sun, no cloudy days. Therefore, St. Petersburg, Florida called 'solar city'. Not less contrast Black Sea Odessa is Odessa , Texas. This city oilfields, naked, nothing resembling a green Black Sea Odessa. Such a contrast, no external resemblance especially emphasizes the importance of the word and its national-local nuances that make up the essence of the name - a geographical name.

Native name for immigrants finds attractive force. This allows for entrepreneurs industrialists, naming cities and towns names, prompts memories of home. So, in a wave of migration to America Ukrainians in Florida originated Odessa and in Arkansas - Moscow . Pacific Railway Company has made the correct calculation: the name of the village to attract Russian immigrants, provide inflow of workers.

Native names were spokesmen and patriotic feelings. In Michigan appeared Moscow during the Napoleonic wars. While Moscow was the center of attention as a symbol of resistance to Napoleon.

Residents Kaktvelli Bridge (Atlantic Coast, Delaware) in 1855 renamed their town by the name of Odessa . It was during the Crimean War, and Odessa was a symbol of resistance to the enemy.

There are American Kyiv, New Kiev, Poltava, Galich . Numerous villages are named after Russian rivers Volga, Oka, Kama, the Danube, Dnieper .

Part names - a characteristic of the new place, but this native language: Mountains, fertile, Celina, Ditch . Names reflect the impressions received by settlers in their new life in a new place. Here they had and shag, and drain swamps. Outside the world reflected in the word-title.

But there is a name, as if the inner world of dedicated people who suffered, who hoped for a better life in a new place. These are the names Vera, Liberation, Truth, Patience, Praise, peaceful (from 'the world to us'), etc.

The social nature of language is found in the operation of any of the national language in all fields and areas of his life. Geographical names on the world map although representing a small and incomplete picture of language - some words, names, but they show how the world of thoughts, beliefs, feelings Russian man is reflected in the names of the world - geographical names.

Among the stars and planets on the star chart also have Russian names. They also perpetuate our history.

Tell me more one small but symbolic story about the name of the planet number 1900.

During the Great Patriotic War, September 12, 1941 in a dogfight lost military aviator Yekaterina Zelenko. It was the first ram air, aviatrix-perfect woman selflessly fought for the freedom of their homeland. And in memory of Katya Zelenko planetary International Centre approved the new name of the minor planet number 1900 - Katyusha. Opened planet "Soviet astronomer TM Smirnov, she suggested the name ... Every 17 months of "Katyusha" is closer to the Earth, sending its residents pure light of youth, gave the battle for freedom "(" Komsomolskaya Pravda ", 1976, November 7). Katyusha name - is the name of a symbol of our pilots and victory over the enemy in the Great Patriotic War. "Katyusha, Katyusha" - the so-called famous Soviet rocket launchers. "Katyusha" - this is one of the most popular Soviet songs, leafless, probably the whole world. Own name became a symbol of the glorious, generalizing and human feat and feat of the people. Name notes and our scientific advances in the study of the sky.

CONCLUSION

Russian interest in everything, as we could see the affects in various linguistic borrowing, internationalization and diverse Russianisms Sovietisms, manifests itself in many different language areas, captures different areas of human communication: from book to everyday language, household everyday speech.

To paraphrase Anatole France: "Dictionary - a universe arranged in alphabetical order", we can say that the series of borrowed words arranged in a time sequence - a chronicle of the country's growth, the growth of its international prestige, its political, cultural and scientific technical capacity; comparable number: sundress, salmon, kvass, honey, triple cart with another nearby: Decembrist populist intelligentsia and: Tips, Lenin, Leninism, farm, farm, labor day, satellite, honesty, moonwalker, soft landing, irreversible discharge and Finally, with very different next words that gave us 90 years and some of which even we still are neologisms: lzhedemokrat, lawlessness ( absolute illegality ) , privatization ( Privatisation ) , grabbing ( robbing Privatisation ) , CIS and abroad , openness ( glasnost ), fraud ( machinations ) . Russian Life in all its stages led to life Russian words in the languages of the world.

Russian word samovar, cart, matryoshka national and also cause certain picture of Russian life. But none of these words can not be described in any way characteristic of our country. They belong to history. Words can tell about people, and about his life and the nature of communication between peoples. Borrowed Words - variance worldwide Russianisms - is a milestone for the development of international contacts, marking the movement of Russian culture, science, progressive thought. The process of borrowing words from different languages in different languages - the process of living and never-ending. Do not stop the movement of Russian and other languages in the word. Every time noted for its milestones on the road Russian foreign words. Russian word, which goes beyond the Russian language - and it's a keeper of Russian history and the conductor material and spiritual culture of the country, an authorized representative in the language of international communication.

Word - the conductor of thoughts, feelings, ideas conductor. Word is able to tell a lot of stories of peoples encountered on its historical path. Word can connect, but can disconnect and if one and the same word is interpreted from different ideological positions, with different political, cultural and historical awareness. Welcoming the flags of different countries, listening and sensing multilingual speech, it should be remembered that "every nation can and should learn from others" (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. 2nd ed. T. 23. S. 20). But not to the detriment of their own language.

Now there is a rapid process of Americanization of Russian society and the Russian language in particular. As for the clogging of modern Russian inostranschinoy, in print and on the radio from it literally expelled native words: review, sketch, drawing, and many hundreds of others. "Our compatriots entire Soviet period invariably lost, and now actually lost obrushno Russian language" / 17, 239 /. "Russian question" to the end of the twentieth century is very nedvesmyslenno: our people to be or not to be?

Language, by definition MV University - is an immense field. According Ivshin VD if the agricultural field for bad care, then it rapidly grow weeds. And the language boundless field appear word-weeds, homegrown and especially outlandish, which must fight and which should be removed from the printed strips linguistic field. More IS Turgenev wrote that the Russian language is so rich that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than we are called to protect and Russian language and never use foreign words.

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