Especially the use of verbs in the sentence

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL OUTLINE OF TNE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB IN ENGLISH

1.1 The problem of definition and general characteristics of the verbals

1.2 Controversy in the usage of non-finite forms of the verb in modern English

1.3 The gerund and the infinitive

1.4 The participle I and the gerund

CHAPTER 2. THE USAGE OF THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB IN MODERN ENGLISH MEDIA DISCOURSE

LIST OF REFERENCE MATERIALS



INTRODUCTION

Every language consists of different word classes which are called Parts of Speech. They are a mixed lexical and grammatical phenomenon because these words are characterized by a certain lexical meaning and each generalized word-class possesses a unifying general abstract meaning [Volkova: 67; 2009]. In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of three criteria: semantic, formal and functional, so each part of speech is different from another by its meaning, morphological features and syntactic functions.

Verb is undoubtedly one of the most important parts of speech not only in English, but also in other languages of the world. It is conditioned by its functional role of predicate in the sentence.

Grammatically verb is the most complex part of speech due to the structure of its grammatical categories and it is falling into two sets of forms profoundly different from each other: the Finite set and Non-Finite set. They are sometimes also called verbals or verbids [Блох: 103; 1983].

While using in the sentence the finite verb can perform the function of the predicate, expressing the categorical features of predication. At the same time the verbals perform different functions according to their intermediate nature. In other words they constitute the centers of the secondary predication in the sentence, so they refer to the subject which can be shown implicitly or explicitly.

The non-finite forms unlike the finite forms of the verbs do not express person, number or mood. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence. Like the finite forms of the verbs verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ from those of the finite verb. The forms that are called tenses in the verbals comprise relative time indication; they usually indicate whether the action expressed by the verbal coincides with the action of the finite forms of the verb or is prior to the action of the finite forms of the verb. Thus, they can be combined with verbs like non-processual lexemes (performing non-verbal function in the sentence), and the can be combined with non-processual lexemes like verbs (performing verbal functions in the sentence).

In Modern English the question concerning the classification and practical usage of non-finite forms of verbs is still under discussion. There are a lot of peculiar features which should be known for using the verbals in a proper way. The actuality of this paper is in researching the correct use of verbids in Modern English, especially media discourse.

So the aim of this paper is to give the general characteristics of the verbals, study their common and distinct features, functions in the sentence in Modern English media discourse.

The object of the paper is a differentiation of Modern English verbs according to their functions and practical application.

The subject of the research is to give the detailed distribution of the gerund, the infinitive, the participle I and II in Modern English media discourse due to their functions in the sentence.

The main tasks are:

1. To analyze the theoretical material concerning the given problem.

2. To characterize the classification of non-finite forms of verbs in Modern English.

3. To name the conditions of the proper grammatical use of the verbals.

4. To show the effective examples of the usage of the gerund, the infinitive and the participle in Modern English media discourse according to their functions and created effect.

For this topic's research such methods were used:

1. The theoretical analysis of the literature;

2. The comparative method;

3. Methods of induction and deduction.

4. Systematization and summing up of the received results.



CHAPTER 1. GENERAL OUTLINE OF TNE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB IN ENGLISH

1.1 The problem of definition and general characteristics of the verbals

One of the most striking features of modern English is the system of non-finite forms of the verb. Their dual grammatical nature, both verbal and nominal (or adverbial-adjectival), and their wide use in some predicative constructions have been described in great detail by the authors of scientific grammars.

The strict division of functions clearly shows that the opposition between the finite and non-finite forms of the verb creates a special grammatical category.

The differential feature of the opposition is constituted by the expression of verbal time and mood: while the time-mood grammatical signification characterizes the finite verb in a way that it underlines its finite predicative function, the verbid has no immediate means of expressing time-mood categorical semantics and therefore presents the weak member of the opposition. The category expressed by this opposition can be called the category of “finitude” [Strang, 143; Бархударов, (2), 106].

As it is known, the verbals, unable to express the predicative meanings of time and mood, still do express so-called “secondary” or “potential” predication, forming syntactic complexes directly related to certain types of subordinate clauses [Блох: 110; 1983].

So we may say that the opposition of the finite verbs and the verbids is based on the expression of the functions of full predication and semi-predication. While the finite verbs express predication in its genuine and complete form, the function of the verbids is to express semi-predication, building up semi-predicative complexes within different sentence constructions.

He shares tips about “gaming” and grabbing women, including casually pulling their heads toward the crotch[30].

The transformationalists discuss the use of the non-finite forms of the verb, especially in the constructions containing secondary predication as transforms, derived from source-sentences by the processes of nominalizations or double-base transformations.

In so far as the verbals make up a part of the English verb system, they have some features in common with the finite forms, and in so far as they are singled out admit the forms of the verb, they must have some peculiarities of their own.

Let us first consider the system of verbal categories which are expressed in the English verbals. They have some of them, and they lack some others. We must also observe that it is by no means certain in advance that all the verbals are in the same position as regards the verb categories.

It is clear that none of the verbals has any category of person or mood. The English verbals have no category of number either, though this is not so in some other languages. What we must examine is the categories of aspect, correlation, and voice. [Ильиш: 131; 1974]

The infinitive has the category of aspect, though there is a distinction between the common and the continuous aspect. With the gerund and the participle, on the other hand, the things are different. Generally speaking, they have no such distinctions. Neither in the one nor in the other we do find continuous forms. Occasionally, however, a continuous participle is found. It shows that a continuous first participle is at least potentially a part of the morphological system of the English verb.

The problem of the category of tense and that of correlation have to be considerate together, for the reasons which will become clear immediately. In the infinitive, we find the following oppositions:

(To) speak - (to) have spoken

(To) be speaking - (to) have been speaking,

And in the gerund and the participle the oppositions:

Speaking - having been spoken.

The category of correlation is much more universal in modern English verb than of tense: correlation appears in all forms of the English verb, both finite and non-finite, except the imperative, while tense is only found in the indicative mood and nowhere else.

Like the finite forms of the verb, the verbals have a distinction between active and passive.

“I just want to apologize, you know, to anybody I've offended in any way,” Mr. Blanc said [30].

Ukrainian officials say they are prepared to be repulsed by a new offensive [30].

As to other possible voices (reflexive, reciprocal and middle) there is no reason to treat the verbals in a different way from the finite forms. Thus, if we deny the existence of these voices in the finite forms, we must also deny it in the verbals [Ильиш, 132; 1974].

To sum up, what we have found out concerning the categories of the verbids, we can say that all of them have the categories of correlation and voice; the infinitive, in addition, has the category of aspect. None of the verbals has the categories of tense, mood, person, or number.

1.2 Controversy in the usage of non-finite forms of the verb in modern English

In the use of forms, however, there are some peculiarities which present certain theoretical difficulties, and which are still a matter of dispute among grammarians. Typical of the discussion in scientific grammar are the difficulties which the scholars experience in distinguishing such homonymous forms as gerund and the verbal noun in -ing. Another treatment of the gerund and the present participle is to unite them under the common term “the -ing form”, though their nominal features differ widely. A third treatment, which arose in English scientific grammar, is to analyze the non-finite forms of the verb as clauses. This analysis found favor among some structural linguists.

The consideration of the English verbids in their mutual comparison, supported and supplemented by comparing them with their non-verbal counterparts, puts forward some points of structure and function worthy of special notice [Iofik, 1981].

As it was already previously mentioned, one of the most controversial classes of verbals is the gerund. Its practical usage is constantly complicated by the great possibility of being confused with other verals or being misused.

Photos he had shared on social media showing him pretending to choke a series of women went viral on Twitter under the hashtag #ChokingGirlsAroundTheWorld [30].

That is why the attention is paid to the peculiarities of non-finite forms distinction.

1.3 The gerund and the infinitive

The most important problem which faces non-native speakers concerning non-finite forms of the verb is gerund-infinitive distinguishing. Since a corresponding gerund/infinitive contrast does not exist in most languages, non-native speakers, who do not appreciate the subtle semantics that distinguishes the two constructions, frequently fail to select the appropriate complement.

The infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way. As such, it is naturally treated as the initial form of the verb, which represents the verb in dictionaries.

One tip suggests that men make derogatory comments about other women's bodies to flatter their prey [30].

In all its forms and functions the infinitive has a special marker, the particle to. The particle to is generally used with the infinitive stem and is so closely connected with it that does not commonly allow any words to be put between itself and the stem. However, there are some cases when an adverb or particle may appear between them. Such infinitive is called split and it is used in the sentences to give the verb more emphasis.

As executive coach for Real Social Dynamics, a dating seminar company, Mr. Blanc promises to teach men how to “make girls beg to even sleep with you after short-circuiting their emotional and logical mind... [30].”

Although the particle “to” is very closely connected with the infinitive, sometimes the bare infinitive stem is used.

I suspect “Interstellar” will leave many people with a radical openness to strange truth just below and above the realm of the everyday [30].

The cases where the infinitive loses its marker are very few in number.

The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb with some noun features. The grammatical meaning of the gerund is that of a process. Thus to some extent it competes with nouns of verbal origin, however the nouns tend to convey the fact or the result of an action, which in certain circumstances may be something material, whereas gerunds convey the idea of action or process itself. [Кобрина; 1985]

Observations of the actual uses of the gerund and the infinitive in texts does not show the clear-cut semantic difference between the forms, which consists in the gerund being, on the one hand, of a more abstract nature than the infinitive, i. e. of a nearer to the thingess-signification type; on the other hand, of a more abstract nature in the logical sense proper. Hence, the forms do not repeat, but complement each other, being both of them inalienable components of the English verbal system.

The traditional method for distinguishing gerund/infinitive usually involves long lists of head verbs and their respective complements. The problem is that lists do not account for those verbs that can occur with either construction. Since these verbs are clearly not amenable to listing, most grammar books often appeal to explanations for such verbs as forget, regret, and try, where there is a perceptible difference in meaning depending on complement choice. On the other hand, in the case of verbs like begin, like, and cease, where a semantic difference is not so obvious, complementation is frequently regarded as essentially a matter of free variation, i.e., either the gerund or infinitive may be chosen `with little or no change in meaning'[Azar, B.S.; 1989.].

The basic difference in their meaning is that the gerund is more general, whereas the infinitive is more specific and more bound to some particular occasion. When they combine with the same verb the difference in their meaning and use should be fully realized.

1. With the verbs to like, to hate, to prefer the gerund expresses a more general or a habitual action, the infinitive a specific single action.

2. With the verbs to begin and to start either form may generally be used, but again the gerund is preferable when the action is more general.

No gerund is used:

· when the finite verb is in the continuous form.

· with the verbs to understand and to see (meaning to understand).

· when the subject denotes a thing, not a living being.

3. after to stop the gerund is used when it suggests the end of the action denoted by the gerund, whereas the infinitive is used as an adverbial of purpose.

4. The phrasal verb to go on with a gerund suggests the continuation of the action, denoted by the gerund and forms part of a compound verbal predicate; an infinitive points out a new stage in the sequence of actions [Каушанська; 2000].

1.4 The participle I and the gerund

The problem of the participle-gerund correlation lies in their lexico-grammatical identification of the two verbal forms in -ing and their reference to each other.

According to the Prof. Blokh, the ground for raising this problem is quite essential, since the outer structure of the two elements of the verbal system is absolutely identical: they are outwardly the same when viewed in isolation. In the American linguistic tradition which can be traced back to the school of Descriptive Linguistics the two forms are recognised as one integral V-ing [Каушанська, 200].

The difference between the two lies in their non-verbal characteristics, that is in their syntactical functions and non-verbal combinability. Participle I, unless substantivized, cannot be used as subject or object, whereas such use is typical of the noun and therefore of the gerund. When used as adverbial modifier or attribute, Participle I like an adjective or an adverb is never preceded by a preposition. On the other hand when the gerund is used as attribute or adverbial modifier it is preceded by a preposition (of, after, before, by, for, from, in, on, without) like a noun in these functions. But in such case, the difference between them does not lie only in the absence, or presence of the preposition, but also in their relationship to the modified noun [Смирницкий; 1959].

Participle I denotes an action that the person or thing performs or experiences. Thus the modified noun denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.

The gerund usually reveals the meaning of the modified noun, which never denotes the performer of the action.

The other sign which shows us the presence of the gerund in the sentence is a possessive pronoun before the -ing form in the sentence. That is why when used as an adverbial modifier; the gerund is more varied in its application than the participle I.

The gerund according to its double nature can be modified by adjectives, while the participle's modifiers correspondingly are adverbs.

There is one point when only the gerund can be used. It is in the case when the starting or final point of the certain action is given or meant in the sentence.

There are some cases when the gerund and the particle can be used interchangeably for example, when they both are used as adverbial modifiers of time characterizing some prior events or actions.

The comparative evaluations of the actually different uses of the -ing forms can't fail to show their distinct categorical differentiation: one range of uses is definitely noun-related, definitely of process-substance signification; the other range of users is definitely of adjective-adverb related, definitely of process-quality signification. Such difference can be easily demonstrated by special gerund-testing and the participle-testing, as well as careful textual observations of the forms.

The gerund-testing, partly employed while giving a general outline of the gerund, includes the noun-substitution procedure backed by the question-procedure. The other no less convincing evidence of the nounal featuring of the form in question is its natural occurrence in coordinative connection with a noun.

The participle-testing includes the adjective-adverb substitution procedure backed by corresponding question-procedure. The participle also enters into easy coordinative and parallel associations with qualitative and stative adjectives.

According to information given below we can see that these two -ing forms possess categorically differential properties establishing them as two different verbids in the system of the English verb [Блох: 110, 1983].

The Functional aspect of the verbals

1. The Gerund.

The gerund can perform any syntactical function typical of a noun, although in each case it has peculiarities of its own. It may function:

ь alone, without modifiers;

ь as the headword of a gerundial phrase;

ь as part of a gerundial predicative construction.

Since the functions of gerundial constructions are identical with those of single gerunds or gerundial phrases, we shall treat them together.

A gerundial phrase consists of a gerund as headword and one or more words depending on it.

A gerundial construction contains some nominal element denoting the doer of the action expressed by the gerund and the gerund itself with or without some other words depending on it. The nominal element can be a noun in the genitive case or a possessive pronoun (if it denotes a living being), or a noun in the common case (if it does not denote a living being).

In the sentence the gerund can perform a number of functions:

· The Subject

· Part of the predicate (compound nominal predicate or compound verbal predicate)

· Object (direct or prepositional)

· Attribute

· Adverbial modifier of time, manner, purpose, condition, cause, attendant circumstances, consession [Каушанська; 2000].

It is clear that the gerund in function of the adverbial modifier is introduced by rather limited number of the prepositions. It means that in defining the actual function of the gerund in the sentence one should rely mostly on its meaning and context in which the gerund is used.

2. The participle.

Participle I performs the syntactical functions characteristic of the adjective and the adverb, and can therefore be used as:

· attribute

· predicative

· adverbial modifier of time (denote a simultaneous or a prior action), reason (participles I those of verbs denoting mental perception and emotions), manner (denotes a parallel action or event), attendant circumstances (in this case participle I denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state denoted by the finite verb), and sometimes condition, concession (comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunction as if, as though).

· Independent element (parenthesis).

It may be used alone or as headword of a participial phrase, or else as part of a predicative construction:

ь The objective participial construction. It is used with verbs of sense perception, with various verbs of causative meaning, or inducement and occasionally with verbs expressing wish.

ь Prepositional absolute participial construction with participle I.

ь The nominative absolute participial construction.

Participle II as part of the sentence may stand alone or be the headword of a participial phrase. It may function as:

· an attribute (close or detached);

· predicative;

· an adverbial modifier (of time, reason, condition, concession, comparison).

Participle II forms the second (verbal) element of the objective with the participle construction and of the absolute participial construction in two variants: non-prepositional and prepositional.

3. The Infinitive.

The infinitive performs almost all syntactical functions characteristic of the noun, although in each of them it has certain peculiarities of its own. In all syntactical functions the infinitive may be used:

ь alone, that is, without any words depending on it;

ь the headword of an infinitive phrase, that is, with one or more words depending on it;

ь as part of an infinitive predicative construction, that is, as a logical predicate to some nominal element denoting the logical subject of the infinitive.

The functions of the infinitive in the sentence:

· Subject

· Predicative

· part of a compound verbal predicate (a compound verbal modal predicate, a compound verbal phrasal predicate, compound verbal predicate of double orientation

· simple nominal predicate

· object

· attribute

· Adverbial modifier of purpose, subsequent events, consequence, attendant circumstances, comparison, condition, time and cause.

In the sentence the infinitive can also be used as parenthesis. . The infinitive is used in predicative constructions of three types: the objective with the infinitive construction, the subjective infinitive construction and the so-called for-to-infinitive construction. Traditionally they are called the complex subject, the complex object, and the for-to-infinitive complex.

Nevertheless, these functions of the infinitive, though varied, do not make it unique which leads to the further controversial interchangeability with other verbals. verb gerund participle infinitive



CHAPTER 2. THE USAGE OF THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB IN MODERN ENGLISH MEDIA DISCOURSE

As it was already mentioned this paper is connected with the investigation of the use of all verbals in modern English media discourse. The first article under consideration is entitled “With Borscht and Rifle Scopes, Volunteers Power Ukraine Forces”. It is taken from the Internet source.

Powering the Ukrainian war effort(1), teams of volunteers, most of them women, work around the clock at a logistics centre to send (2) an array of products -- bottles of homemade pickles, sets of handmade underwear and commercially available military equipment, like night vision scopes for rifles.

1. It is the case where the participle I is used in the syntactical function of the adverbial modifier of the attendant circumstance in the sentence. So Participle I denotes some action parallel to the action or state denoted by the finite verb.

2. The second case is the indefinite infinitive active used in the function of the adverbial modifier of purpose. It stands in the position after the predicate. We can clearly see that the action denoted by the infinitive is a hypothetical one following the action denoted by the predicate. The nature of verb predominates over the nominal nature that is why it requires a direct object.

We want to give (1) them the warmth of home, let them feel (2) they are not standing there for nothing.

1. The first example shows us how the infinitive can be used in the syntactical function of the direct object which follows the finite verb.

2. In the second case bare infinitive is used in the objective with the infinitive construction.

That serves as a main logistic point in the war, but it is spreading throughout Ukraine.

1. The Indefinite active participle I is uses in the sentence in the syntactical function of predicative.

Serving (1) in one of his units, for example, is a former cell phone store accountant who fights under the nom de guerre “The Accountant” and is rumoured (2) to be widely feared (3) along the front.

1. The first non-finite form under consideration is non-perfect active gerund which stands in the postposition and functions as a subject.

2. The second example of using the verbids in the sentence is the Participle II functioning as a predicative.

3. The third case is the Subjective Infinitive construction.

This dedication to defending the country may warm the hearts of Ukrainian patriots...

1. In this case the indefinite active infinitive is used as a part of the compound modal verbal predicate.

Senior Ukrainian officials put on a brave face and never pass up an opportunity to reiterate that their army is ready.

1. In this sentence the indefinite common case active infinitive is used alone, without any depending words and it functions as attribute which modifiers an abstract noun “an opportunity”.

...the soldiers seemed to be lacking just about everything...

1. In the first case the infinitive is used as a part of the compound verbal predicate of double orientation, the first part of it is expressed by the intransitive verb in active voice and the second one - be the infinitive.

The army was capable of defending (1) the country's territory, and told a group of senior security officials and generals that “there's no reason to panic(2).

1. The gerund in the sentence is used as a prepositional object which follows an adjective functioning as a predicative.

2. In the second case indefinite common case active infinitive is used in the function of attribute.

In the past two months, he said, plans “came to fruition” to supply the army.

1. This example also shows how infinitive can perform the function of an attribute.

Enthusiasts of drone photography donate their buzzing machines, teaching (1) soldiers to use (2) them to see (3) over hills and around buildings.

1. The gerund is used in the function of adverbial modifier of purpose.

2. The first infinitive in the sentence functions as a direct object and the second one - as the adverbial modifier of purpose.

Stories abound of families scraping to buy protective vests for a son or a nephew.

1. In this case the participle I indefinite active used as a part of the objective participial construction as it stands after the noun “family” which is not the subject of the sentence.

Soldiers stood around a campfire, slathering toast with a tart, homemade cranberry jam.

1. This is a case of using active Participle I in the function of adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. It is considered to be the main grammatical meaning of non-perfect participle I. In this case participle I denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state denoted by the finite verb.

The second chosen article is entitled “Studying for the Test by Taking It”. It is taken from the same Internet source.

Protests are flaring up in pockets of the country.

1. The Participle I active is used as a predicative.

Tests should work for the student, not the other way around.

1. This example shows the usage of the bare infinitive as a part of compound verbal modal predicate after the modal verb should.

In an experiment published late last year…

1. In this example it is demonstrated how the Participle II can perform the function of an attribute to the concrete noun in the sentence.

“For the first few weeks, every time their friends went out drinking…

1. This is the case of the participle I performing a function of the adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. It is considered to be the main grammatical meaning of non-perfect participle I. In this case participle I denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state denoted by the finite verb.

Tests of varying scale and intensity can deepen learning…

1. The non-perfect gerund is used in the syntactical function of an attribute to the concrete countable noun in plural form.

Because retrieving (1) facts, formulas or concepts are a threefold mental act: finding (2) the sought-after information in the vast catacombs of the brain; bringing (3) it consciously to mind; and finally, storing (4) it.

1. In the first case the participle I active is used in the function of an attribute.

2. The second, the third and the forth non-finite forms in the sentence are gerunds with prevailing nominal nature performing the function of direct objects.

Testing has so many dimensions that it can often be easily disguised.

1. The bare infinitive is a part of compound modal verbal predicate, following the modal verb can.

To test some skills they got so-called blocked practice -- concentrated drills on a single thing, like solving for X.

1. Non-perfect common aspect active infinitive functions as a direct object to the verb though standing in the initial position.

2. The second case represents using gerund in the syntactic function of object.

Practicing skills in isolation leads to noticeable improvement

1. The gerund stands in the initial position and performs the function of subject. It can be used with the purpose of emphasizing.

They know how to proceed…

1. The indefinite common case active infinitive takes the function of an indirect object, modifying the verb to know with the conjunction “how”.

It forces students to distinguish between types of problems and decide which strategy is appropriate.

1. A “to” infinitive is used after the verbs of inducement (to force). In such case the verb takes two objects one of which is expressed by a noun or a pronoun (in this case by a noun) and the second one - be infinitive. The second infinitive of the sentence possesses the same features but the particle “to” is omitted, because when two infinitives are joined by and, the second is almost always a bare infinitive.

The beauty of broadening (1) testing beyond basic assessment is that the approach can be applied (2) at home, easily, for students of all ages.

1. When gerund is used as an attribute, as in the first case, it modifies nouns, mainly abstract nouns. It is always preceded by a preposition, in the vast majority of cases by “of”.

Many love to play teacher…

1. The non-perfect common case active infinitive performs the function of direct object after verb “to love” which can take only one object.

By cutting (1) short “study time” and asking them to be the teacher (2), parents can make (3) the session more fun…

1. The first two examples are gerunds function as an adverbial modifier of manner. The preposition “by” is omitted in the second case as two verbals are connected with the help of conjunction “and”.

2. In the third case the indefinite common case active infinitive is a part of compound modal verbal predicate.

Teaching is self-testing of an especially potent kind.

1. The gerund stands in the initial position and is used in the syntactical function of the subject.

Ditto for making an outline of a chapter (with the book closed), or discussing the material with a friend or roommate.

1. Preposition for introduce in the sentence two homogeneous adverbial modifiers of purpose connecting with the help of conjunction or. That is why in the second time it is omitted.

The brain is an exotic learning machine, to put it mildly.

1. In this case the infinitive is used as parenthesis, so it is usually part of a collocation. It can stand initially or in the sentence-final position.

And yet you might remember…

1. This is the example of the compound modal verbal predicate with bare indefinite common aspect active infinitive remember.

The third article is taken from the http://www.voanews.com/. It is entitled “Ukraine Marks Anniversary of 1930s Deadly Famine.”

Soviet leaders refused to acknowledge the famine of 1932 and 1933.

1. The indefinite common aspect active infinitive is used in the sentence in the function of the object after the finite verb refuse.

The tragedy known as Holodomor…

1. The Past Participle functions as an attribute.

He called the Russia-backed rebels fighting (1) in the east the "successors of Stalin" and accused them of repeating (2) "criminal experiments" from the time of Holodomor.

1. In the first case the given non-finite form is a Participle I, used as a headword of the participial phrase; in the sentence and it functions as an attribute. When a participial phrase is used as attribute it follows the modified noun. Its verbal character is evident from its verbal combinability. It is a mom-detached participial phrase.

2. The second example shows the use of the gerund in the function of an object. As a prepositional object the gerund may follow ditransitive verbs taking a direct and a prepositional object. It is demonstrated by the phrase accused them of repeating.

"Today the enemy tries to detach (1) us again, disunite (2) us, make us fight (3), to drive a wedge between us," Poroshenko said. "Today we need to be united(4) more than ever."

1. The infinitives used in the first, the second and the third cases are in the function of object after the verb try. The particle to is omitted in the two cases of homogeneous members in order to make the saying sound more melodically. In the third example bare infinitive is used in the function of the predicate of double orientation.

They started to close (1) archives that contained material about crimes committed (2) during Soviet times. And, on the contrary, they started to renew (3) some Soviet traditions.

1. This is a case of a compound verbal phasal predicate which goes after verbs denoting various stages of the action, such as its beginning, continuation, or end.

2. The verbal character of the participle in the first case is made clear only by its lexical meaning. As a postmodifier participle II manifests its verbal character more explicitly, even when it stands alone. It functions as an attribute.

3. This kind of infinitive is used as a part of a compound verbal phasal predicate which goes after verbs denoting various stages of the action, such as its beginning, continuation, or end.

The homes, built (1) with European Union funding, are aimed (2) at reducing (3) maternal mortality and educating (4) new mothers about how to look (5) after their newborns.

1. As a postmodifier participle II manifests its verbal character more explicitly, even when it stands alone, though in this case it is accompanied by an agentive by-object. It performs the function of an attribute.

2. We come across a participle II with an active meaning used predicatively in this case.

3. The third and the forth examples are homogeneous prepositional objects expressed by the infinitives with preposition at which is omitted in the second time.

“To prevent (1) labor happening far away from clinic and we do not have (2) time to reach (3) the health service. The issue is to monitor (4) the pregnancy during the last weeks and to prevent (5) what can be prevented (6) in terms of complications during the delivery," said Barduagni.

1. The infinitive is used as the adverbial modifier of purpose. In this function the action denoted by the infinitive is always a hypothetical one following the action denoted by the predicate. As such it can be expressed only by non-perfect common aspect forms of the infinitive (both active and passive).

2. It is the case when bare infinitive functions as a part of compound modal verbal predicate.

3. The third infinitive in the sentence performs the function of attribute. . In this function the infinitive always denotes a not yet fulfilled action, which is regarded as desirable, possible, advisable, necessary, etc.

4. The infinitive in the fourth and fifth cases performs the function of the subject in the sentence.

5. The last example demonstrates the application of the bare infinitive as a part of compound modal verbal predicate.

This district of Lupane has only four ambulances and it can take (1) three hours to respond (2) to a call.

1. Bare infinitive functions as a part of compound modal verbal predicate after the modal verb can.

2. The infinitive functioning as subject precedes the predicate. In this case it is introduced by the so-called introductory it, which is placed at the beginning of the clause.

It is exactly that situation that the maternity homes are designed (1) to prevent (2), as expecting(3) mothers can now spend up(4) to the final six weeks of their pregnancy at a hospital.

4. The participle II performs the function of an active meaning used predicatively in this case.

1. Indefinite common case active infinitive functions as an adverbial modifier of purpose.

2. The third case demonstrates the using of participle to in the function of an attribute to the concrete noun.

3. Bare indefinite common case active infinitive is used as part of compound modal verbal predicate.

While mothers accessing (1) care after giving (2) birth has nearly tripled to 78 percent.

1. This function is peculiar to non-perfect participle I in its main sense that of a process simultaneous with the action denoted by the main verb or with the moment of speech. The notion of simultaneity may be expressed more explicitly by the conjunctions when and while.

2. An adverbial modifier of time characterizes the main verb from the viewpoint of priority, simultaneity, or posteriority. The preposition after is used.

But we continue to engage the community…

1. This kind of infinitive is used as a part of a compound verbal phasal predicate which goes after verbs denoting various stages of the action, such as its beginning, continuation, or end.

Conclusion

Non-finite forms of the verb in the English language have a wide range of functional applications in the sentence. Their functions proceed from the peculiarities of their development and as a result - the mixed nature of the verbals: some of them have nominal and the others - verbal nature.

Thus, from the functional perspective non-finite forms of the verb are almost universal, being unable to perform only the function of the predicate but quite able to be a part of the compound verbal predicate (modal, phasal, or of double orientation).

In many cases the functional distribution of non-finite ferms of the verb allows verbals to be easily substituted by one another in the same syntactic context. As the only suitable criterion of their differentiation can serve the meaning content of the message that the speaker or the writer wants to apply. Thus, in the ambiguous pair gerund/infinitive this opposition can be transformed to another one - orientation towards a point/ process.

Such conclusion can be made from the investigating modern English media discourse. Having studied the material it is clear that like the finite forms of the verbs verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but they are different from those of the finite verb. The forms that are called tenses in the verbals comprise relative time indication; they usually indicate whether the action expressed by the verbal coincides with the action of the finite forms of the verb or is prior to the action of the finite forms of the verb. Thus, they can be combined with verbs like non-processual lexemes (performing non-verbal function in the sentence), and the can be combined with non-processual lexemes like verbs (performing verbal functions in the sentence).

In Modern English practice vebrids perform all the functions that are given to them in theory as it was demonstrated by examples from the articles. But the question concerning the classification and practical usage of non-finite forms of verbs is still under discussion. There are a lot of peculiar features which should be known for using the verbals in a proper way.

As a conclusion it can be said that the practical usage of non-finite forms of the verb is closely connected to the problem of their functional proximity.



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