Exercises for reading and speaking

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Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«Российский государственный профессионально-педагогический университет»

Институт лингвистики

Кафедра германской филологии

Контрольная работа

«Exercises for reading and speaking»

Екатеринбург 2014

1. Render this text in English and write it down

Once the American artist Samuel Morse without falling to thinking knocked on the cunning device the first words which were transmitted at a distance: “What hath God wrought?” And he hit into the point, but he did not know it himself.

God shuddered in 1837 when Morse invented the telegraph, because at that moment the era of distant communication began on the Earth. 40 years later Alexander Bell said in his first telephone more meaningless words: “Mr. Watson, come here, I want you”. Exactly in these words the paradox of his invention was enclosed in: people with telephone ceased to be necessary to each other. They were connected only with the wire of the telephone device.

Even the idea of television or telephone could not to come in the human head, because there is not anything like it in the nature. It couldn't but came and not to the engineer but physiology.

Alexander Bell was born in 1847 in Scotland. It was the family of philologist, since childhood - music, poems and declamation. Grandfather was a writer, father was a professor, only his mother had problems with her health - she was a deaf-mute. And the sun decided to help - he studied physiology of human speech and acoustic, taught in Boston (at that time he was an American) in deaf-mute school. And all for nothing - the method of teach people to speak who can't rear is not fond.

Although, in passing Bell devised how to transmit human voice by wires. In 1876 he got the patent for a telephone and created a completely new unprecedented and prodigious tend of electric connection without coding and decoding - an analogue telephone.

The voice is transmitted by wires. Contemporaries decide that miracle but Alexander Bell decided it an accessory result. He was looking for the case to help his mother and wanted people to remember him like “a teacher of deaf”. His mother didn't learn to speak but the world learnt to hear through the distance so that he became however “a teacher of the deaf” - it was irony of fate. By the count it is an accidental hitting the “ten” was single. From the Bell's time the development of telephone connection is predictable and appearance of new characteristics of telephone can be count like a new chemical element - theoretically. Cellular connection was predicted even before the war but to embody the idea in life people could only in our time and this “Philosophical stone” was looking for by alchemist - electronics simultaneously all over the world.

The smartest arrived to the finish. Today he is named the father of cellular connection, although cellular is a truly “the sun of a regiment”. In 1973 prime minister of Motorola Company - Martin Cooper came out on Manhattan and firstly in the world phoned by cellular telephone. Naturally the first bell was to his competitor to make glad his colleagues. Cooper remembered: “Firstly I set the number of Djoel Angl, scientific worker of AT&T Bell Labs company and told him that I phoned by the first in the world mobile telephone”.

How much was this telephone we can only guess because it was need 10 years and 90 million dollars to bring it to mass-produced model for sale. And usual for us the digital telephones appeared through five years, that was to say quite lately. It is not history it is our time.

The mobile phone revolution is rapid. Instruments become out of date faster then their frames scratch - the mobile phone boom is in its height. Nearly in the first time of the human history was created the thing which swiftly became constantly everybody need. And firstly people let things to change their life completely not to get accustomed and used, but accepted the new without which they calmly dispensed yesterday.

As they said “didn't elapse half of the year” and half million users had mobile phones. And now Nokia makes plan that on our Earth through 3 years there will be milliard users of mobile phones. Then just a little practical everyday on the Earth will be able to be “in connection”.

The speed of development of course makes an impression. Mobile network of the third generation let to pass not only niece massagers but out of necessity, facsimile massagers. Panasonic demonstrated the experimental model of mobile video phone. The Standard GSM is transforming into EDGE which lets to pass data with the speed 384kbit/s. So the information from the place of event it will be able to transmit with the help of digital numeric camera and mobile phone in “on line” regime. The Bluetooth standard which is active introduced can tie together nearly everything. Monitor and printer with computer, TV set with telephone. Everything and without wires! The mobile phone of today - it is not “negotiator receiver” but universal personal device of communication with everything with what you can to connect it is “key” of everything in the world. Perspectives are rabid and all mobile investigations are sold momentarily.

Bell sold his “miracle receiver” with a big difficulty. They didn't know for what they need a telephone on the first experimental sйances - with its help they heard popular opera's arias. Bell who was attacked by creditors tried to sell the patient. Firstly to telegraph company for 100000dollars - it didn't take it. Then even to the millionaire writer Marc Twain. He refused by pretext that people would not “chatter” with each other without seeing their faces.

Skeptics made a great mistake. Through some time Bell's patient came to the history like the most profitable from another even seen on the territory of the USA.

The mobile phone, as was clarified, helps from adolescent smoking. Experts explain the phenomena that mobile phone for teen-agers is the same attribute of grown up life like cigarettes. It's using gives to juveniles to feel themselves more adult and the necessity of demonstrative smoking degenerates completely. To psychologists' mind smoking and speaking by mobile phone for them is the same rite.

In “mobile” fashion proper money is turn for a long time. May be even more respectable than in mobile science. That is because grown up the generation which are indifferent to the service of mobile connection - for them it is a mobile Pont, which, as known, is more expensive of parents' money. In Britain was counted that 82 % 16 years Britain teenagers perceive. Mobile receiver like the thing of fashion and gladly manipulated changeable sockets and rings of call, even not trying to learn the apparatus possibilities of their telephone.

Children are coping all over the world - all they want to become significant adult and rich right now and in cruel teen-agers surroundings that who has not acquired miracle of telecommunication technology risks to become, at list, the object of mockery. Adults are tired to telephone such as if they forget it at home they feel themselves “took off on the mission without a parachute”.

“Please, cut of your telephones” - from this phrase begin today all conferences and performances, meetings and lectures but bells do not end. Everything is uselessly - to treat mobile phone fever now is late, it needs to get used and live with it.

Truly telephone changed human life only now. It is normal development of civilization: environment changed and changed human attitude. So “good bye” Onegin's letters and “good morning” sex by the telephone and other culture phenomena of new informational time of the third century.

2. Explain the meanings of the proverbs given below. Make up five-sentence stories of your own to highlight their meanings

a) Once a thief, always a thief.

I think this proverb tells us about the law and people. The law it is special rules which anyone can't to destroy. If anybody does it he must be punished. And if a man stoles once he would steal again and again. Because such people can't to work and earn money and theft becomes their work. To my mind if a man passes out the line of the law he can't stop and such situation is every time even he tries to change himself. His mind changes he differently sees the world, people, things he changes and he will never become previous.

b) Let nature take its course.

Everybody knows that nature and environment are like mother for all living beings. Everything in the nature is right, consistent and logical. There is not anything unnecessary. The nature corrects even human mistakes of course in such speed as it can. And this proverb tells us that the best way is to let nature take its course and every thing will be OK.

c) A penny saved is a penny earned.

Probably this proverb is about money and human lavishness and thrift. Every man has some money but one has a lot of and another few. So, each of them will spend money differently. One will waste another will economize. If you have not enough money you will economize each penny and when they will be enough you can spend them and buy something. Of course people with a lot of money cannot think about it. They can waste, buy something expensive or give anybody - help children or unwell people.

d) Nothing ventured, nothing gained.

Every man lives in some living conditions. one man doesn't want to change anything another wants to develop his economic terms, creative conditions or inner development. So if a man wants more money or to hold a substantial place in the society or high post he must risk. Of course not everybody need to do it, some can only try without any risk to lose something. And anther can lose a lot of or even everything. For example, a person who wants to remove, buy a new flat or change his post or even everything in one time. Or may be a man wishes to create his own business and need a lot of money for the beginning or he wants to conclude a risk treaty. But if people do not venture anything will remove from your place.

e) Figures lie and liars figure.

It means that the bigger the money involved, the more people will lie about the figures or that sometimes figures can be not real. People can increase or decrease them especially in official documents. It depends on their purposes and desires. People use figures as means for achieving their own benefit. So liars play an important role, not figures but they deceive and tell lies.

telephone proverb economy

3. Write a 1-2 page story using the suggested vocabulary

Once my friends invited me to chatter. They are very different. Nora is tall, thin with blond hear and blue eyes; Ann is low, stout, brunet with hazel eyes. But we are best friends. We chattered about our work, friends, our old clothes and fashion. Our wardrobe was full of usual everyday clothes: T-shirts and skirts, sport costumes, summer dresses, jeans and sweaters. Ann and Nora discussed advantages and disadvantages of fashion and their favorite clothes. I knew about lovely suit which belongs to Ann's husband and nice but old Nora's dress. We thought how the clothes could be altered or mended. I remembered that some days ago my sister had mentioned about the tailor's shop. She said that the place was popular among women and that the Tailor's Shop provided a number of services including: alterations, repairs, mending and made-to-measure as well as selling a range of exclusively designed garments ready-to-wear. And I advised them to try it.

They came at the Tailor's shop on the next day. Girls were greeted by a young handsome man. “Hello. I am Tom. What can we do for you?”

“Good afternoon”- said Ann, - “my husband loves this suit and I want to have this suit mended. There the button has come off and you must sew it on, this jacket is all creased and you must press it, trousers are baggy at the knees and you must alter them. Take it. I hope everything will be perfect”.

“Hello. I have my favorite dress but I think it should be altered. I want you to shorten sleeves and patch this hole” - she showed a very small hole. “And, of course, press clothing”. The owner of the dress put it on the table and added: “I want to ask you the dress wrinkles at the waist, can you alter it?”

“Yes, we can but we have to take in at the waist”. “Ok. I agree” - was the answer. “So, good bye, ladies. Your suit and dress will be ready in the next week - Monday”. “Thank you, Mr. Tailor. Good bye. We will wait!”

In Monday, we came for our suit and dress. But we had to watch a very ugly scene. The Tailor gave a woman her dress and asked money to pay for his work. But the woman began to criticize the alterations: the dress was poor fit on the waist. So she would not pay the whole sum only half of it. The Tailor didn't say any word he only pointed on the entrance door. When we came he was very upset. He gave us our clothes. The dress and suit were altered perfectly. Ann said Mr. Tailor: “Don't mention it, she only didn't want to pay. But you know it doesn't mean that your work is bad”.

4. Make up a dialogue about present-day economy of Russia. Make use of the topical vocabulary and conversational formulas

Bill: Good morning, I've phoned you about our meeting. I asked you to discus some questions about economy of Russia. I am Bill. Do you remember that phone?

Andrew: Good morning. Yes, I do. What we have already spoken about?

Bill: We've already characterized the geographical position and the history of it. Today we are going to speak about Russian's economy.

Andrew: Ok, let's begin. Today Russia has the 10th largest economy in the world and the 6th largest by purchasing power parity. Russia has an abundance of natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metals. Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy to a more market-based and globally integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized many sectors of the industry and agriculture, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. Nonetheless, the rapid privatization process, including a much criticized "loans-for-shares" scheme that turned over major state-owned firms to politically connected "oligarchs", has left equity ownership highly concentrated. As of 2011, Russia's capital, Moscow, now has the highest billionaire population of any city in the world. Have you any specific questions?

Bill: How do you feel about our natural resources? As I've understood from your words Russian's natural recourses continue to play an important role in the economy of our country.

Andrew: The mineral-packed Ural Mountains and the vast oil, gas, coal, and timber reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East make Russia rich in natural resources. However, most such resources are located in remote and climatically unfavorable areas that are difficult to develop and far from Russian ports.

Bill: What are dominating Russian exports? I think they are oil and gas. They exports continue to be the main source of hard currency.

Andrew: Of course. The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia has the largest reserves, and is the largest exporter, of natural gas. It has the second largest coal reserves, the eighth largest oil reserves, and is the largest exporter of oil in the world in absolute numbers. Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold. 90% of Russian exports to the United States are minerals or other raw materials.

Bill: Thank you and now I want to ask you about our debt?

Andrew: Before the 2008 global economic crisis, when the federal budget was in surplus, annual government domestic debt issuance was a relatively small figure at 170 - 250 billion roubles annually. Federal government bonds (OFZ) were being issued for technical reasons (maintaining the functioning of the market, building-up the government yield curve etc.), rather than financial considerations. The situation changed in 2009 when the federal budget turned to deficit, and 2010 saw another deficit. Although the year 2011 ended with a small surplus, the government expects the budget to be in the red from 2012 till at least 2014. In 2009 and 2010 government bond issues amounted to 401 and 716 billion rubles, respectively. In the first half of 2011, bonds worth 600 billion rubles were issued, with an average maturity of five years.

Bill: Ok. It is quit enough information our about debt for me. I know about Russia's defense industry and aircraft industry very superficially. Can you tell me about it in details?

Andrew: Russia's defense industry employs 2.5 - 3 million people, accounting for 20% of all manufacturing jobs. Russia is the world's second largest conventional arms exporter after the United States. The most popular types of weaponry bought from Russia are Sukhoi and MiG fighters, air defense systems, helicopters, battle tanks, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles.

Bill: And Aircraft manufacturing is an important industry sector in Russia.

Andrew: Yes it is. And it is employing around 355,300 people. The Russian aircraft industry offers a portfolio of internationally competitive military aircraft such as MiG-29 and Su-30, while new projects such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100 are hoped to revive the fortunes of the civilian aircraft segment. In 2009, companies belonging to the United Aircraft Corporation delivered 95 new fixed-wing aircraft to its customers, including 15 civilian models. In addition, the industry produced over 141 helicopters. It is one of the most science-intensive hi-tech sectors and employs the largest number of skilled personnel. The production and value of the military aircraft branch far outstrips other defense industry sectors, and aircraft products make up more than half of the country's arms exports. I can notice you ask me very unusual questions. It is very seldom when young girl asks me about such information.

Bill: Thank you but it is truly very interesting for me. Now I want to hear some words about electronics.

Andrew: Russia is experiencing a regrowth of Microelectronics, with the revival of JCS Mikron. An example of a successful Russian consumer electronics company is Telesystems, whose products are sold in over 20 countries.

Bill: Thank you. Can I ask you to meet on the next week. I have a lot of questions about telecommunications, information technology, nanotechnology and others.

Andrew: Ok. Good bye. See you on the next week.

Bill: Thank you for your answers. Good-bye.

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