Political documents and ways of their translation

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Ivan Franko National University of L'viv

College of Education

Political Documents and Ways of Their Translation

L'viv, 2011

Introduction

In this course paper I set forth to study the translation process of political documents and political terms at a deeper level, the peculiarities and difficulties which can appear during this process and to consider the role of the involvement of the analyzing of the political documents in the process of study in school

The aim of this work is to introduce the translation approach to political text so that to make it easy to perceive for those willing to keep up their educational and scientific carrier in the science of translation, it was purposed to broaden their view on translation studies and peculiar features while translating political documents.

In this work I have set the following tasks:

1) to review all the sources of political documents;

2) to reveal the methods of translation of political documents;

3) to investigate grammatical, lexical, stylistic and phraseological difficulties of translation of political documents.

The objects of the research are the political documents in the broad meaning of the world, including all types of political document and different purposes of their application.

A document is a work of non-fiction writing intended to store and communicate information, thus acting as a recording. Documents are often the focus and concern of business administration and government administration. The word is also used as a verb as "documenting" describes the process of making a document.

The term document may be applied to any discrete representation of meaning, but usually it refers to something physical like one or more printed pages, or to a "virtual" document in electronic (digital) format.

Documents are sometimes classified as secret, private or public. They may also be described as a draft or proof. When a document is copied, the source is referred to as the original.

There are accepted standards for specific applications in various fields, such as:

· Academic;

· Business and accounting;

· Law and politics;

· Government and industry;

· Media and marketing.

Such standard documents can be created based on a template.

The political document, thus, is a kind of documents, that stores the political information and serves for political aims [20].

During all the history of the human civilization political documents played great role in people's life on different levels: local, national, international and global. The problem of their translation appeared at the same time with the political documents itself. But on the background of the latest global events this problem has got even more essential role in the process of world cooperation. In our world today the cooperation between different countries is carried out in the great variety of spheres: social, scientific, economical, judicial, environmental-protection, military. But the most important of course remains the sphere of the political relations.

To wind up this discourse, it is worth to remind you, that while our country is rapidly integrating into the International community, the need of highly experienced translators of Political document will be evident to make the International Events easily accessible to general public.

Chapter I. Political Documents and the Problem of Their Translation

1.1 The Style of the Official Documents

Political documents are written in a formal, or matter-of-fact style of speech.[6.312]. The style of official documents, or officialese as it is sometimes called, is not homogeneous and is represented by the following sub-styles, or varieties:

1. the language of business documents,

2. the language of legal documents,

3. the language of diplomacy,

4. the language of military documents [10,91].

Like other styles of language, this style has a definite communicative aim and accordingly has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means. The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking. These parties may be:

a) the state and the citizen, or citizen and citizen (jurisdiction);

b) a society and its members (statute or ordinance);

c) two or more enterprises or bodies (business correspondence or contracts);

d) two or more governments (pacts, treaties);

e) a person in authority and a subordinate (orders, regulations, authoritative directions);

f) the board or presidium and the assembly or general meeting (procedures acts, minutes), etc [7,313].

In other words, the aim of communication in this style of language is to reach agreement between two contracting parties. Even protest against violations of statutes, contracts, regulations, etc., can also be regarded as a form by which normal cooperation is sought on the basis of previously attained concordance.

The most general function of official documents predetermines the peculiarities of the style. The most striking, though not the most essential feature, is a special system of clichйs, terms and set expressions by which each sub-style can easily be recognized, for example: I beg to inform you; I beg to move; I second the motion; provisional agenda; the above-mentioned; hereinafter named; on behalf of; private advisory; Dear sir; We remain, your obedient servants [7,313].

In fact, each of the subdivisions of this style has its own peculiar terms, phrases and expressions which differ from the corresponding terms, phrases and expressions of other variants of this style [12,189]. Thus, in finance we find terms like extra revenue; taxable capacities; liability to profit tax. Terms and phrases like high contracting parties; to ratify an agreement; memorandum; pact; protectorate; extra-territorial status; plenipotentiary will immediately brand the utterance as diplomatic. In legal language, examples are: to deal with a case; summary procedure; a body of judges; as laid down in; the succeeding clauses of agreement; to reaffirm faith in fundamental principles; to establish the required conditions; the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law.

The vocabulary is characterized not only by the use of special terminology but the choice of lofty (bookish) words and phrases: plausible (possible); to inform (to tell); to assist (to help); to cooperate (to work together); to promote (to help something develop);

to secure (to make certain) social progress; with the following objectives/ends (for these purposes); to be determined/resolved (to wish); to endeavor (to try); to proceed (to go); inquire (to ask).

Likewise, other varieties of official languages have their special nomenclature, which is conspicuous in the text, and therefore easily discernible as a belonging to the official language style[7,313].

Besides the special nomenclature characteristic of each variety of the style, there is a feature common to all these varieties - the use of abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions. Some of them are well-known, for example, M.P. (Member of Parliament); Gvt. (government); H.M.S. (Her Majesty's Steamship); $ (dollar); Ltd (Limited) [18,64].

But there are a few that have recently sprung up. A very interesting group of acronyms comprises the names of the USA presidents: FDR - “ Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and accordingly FDR-drive in New York; JFK - “John Fitzgerald Kennedy and JFK Airport in New York; “ Lyndon Baines Johnson; W “ for American President George Walker Bush, but his father is simply George Bush though his full name is George Herbert Walker Bush; POTUS, VPOTUS and FLOTUS “ accordingly President/Vice President/First Lady of the United States[7,313].

There are so many abbreviations and acronyms in official documents that there are special addenda in dictionaries to decode them. These abbreviations are particularly abundant in military documents. Here they are used not only as conventional symbols but as signs of the military code, which is supposed to be known only to the initiated. Examples are: DAO (Divisional Ammunition Officer); adv. (advance); atk. (attack); obj. (object); A/T (anti-tank); ATAS (Air Transport Auxiliary Service).

Another feature of the style is the use of words in their logical dictionary meaning. There is no room for words with contextual meaning or for any kind of simultaneous realization of two meanings, as in the other matter-of-fact styles. In military documents sometimes metaphorical names are given to mountains, rivers, hills, or villages, but these metaphors are perceived as code signs and have no aesthetic value, as in:

“2.102 d. Inf. Div. continues atk. 26 Feb. 45 to captive objs Spruce Peach and Cherry and prepares to take over objs Plum and Apple after capture by CCB, 5th armd Div.” [7,314].

Words with emotive meaning are also not to be found in official documents either.[6,14]. Even in the style of scientific prose some words may be found which reveal the attitude of the writer, his individual evaluation of the fact and events of the issue. But no such words are to be found in official style, except those which are used in business letters as conventional phrases of greeting or close, as Dear Sir; yours faithfully [ 18,66].

As in all other functional styles, the distinctive properties appear as a system. It is impossible to single out a style by its vocabulary only, recognizable though it always is. The syntactical pattern of the style is as significant as the vocabulary though not perhaps so immediately apparent.

Perhaps the most noticeable of all syntactical features are the compositional patterns of the variants of this style. Thus, business letters have a definite compositional pattern, namely, the heading giving the address of the writer and the date, the name of the addressee and his address. The usual parts of the business paper are: heading, date, name and address, salutation, reference, opening, body, closing or the complimentary close, stamp [7,314].

Almost every official document has it's own compositional design. Pacts and statutes, orders and minutes, notes and memoranda - all have more or less definite forms, and it will not be an exaggeration to state that the form of the document is itself informative, in as mach as it tells something about the matter dealt with (a letter, an agreement, an order, etc).

In this respect I should quote the Preamble of the Character of the United Nations which clearly illustrates the most peculiar form of the arrangement of an official document of agreement [7,315].

Charter of the United Nations

“We the Peoples of the United Nations Determined

TO SAVE succeeding generations from the scourge of war,

which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to

mankind, and

TO REAFFIRM faith in fundamental rights, in the dignity and

worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and

women and of nations large and small ,and

TO ESTABLISH conditions under which justice and respect

for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources

of international law can be maintained, and

TO PROMOTE social progress and better standards of

life in larger freedom,

And for these Ends

TO PRACTICE tolerance and live together in peace with

one another as good neighbors, and

TO UNITE our strength to maintain international peace

and security, and

TO ENSURE, by the acceptance of principles and the

institution of methods, that armed force shall not be

used, save in the common interest, and

TO EMPLOY international machinery for the promotion

of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

Have Resolved to combine Our Efforts to accomplish These Aims.

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the City of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.” [2,9].

As is seen, all the reasons which led to the decision of setting up an international organization are expressed in one sentence with parallel infinitive object clauses. Each infinitive object clauses is framed as a separate paragraph thus enabling the reader to attach equal importance to each of the items mentioned. The separate sentences shaped as clauses are naturally divided not by full stops but either by commas or by semicolons [7,316].

It is also an established custom to divide separate utterances by numbers, maintaining, however, the principle of dependence of all the statements on the main part of the utterance. Thus, in chapter are given in a number of predicatives, all expressed in infinitive constructions and numbered:

“CHAPTER I

The Purposes of the United Nations are:

TO MAINTAIN international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes of situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;

TO DEVELOPE friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;

TO ACHIEVE international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and

To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends” [2, 14].

Here is another sample of an official document maintaining the same principles:

United Nations Economic Distr. Limited and Social Council R/TAC/L. 89/Rev. 2 29 Nov. 1955

Original: English

Technical Assistance Committee

Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance

Review of the Programme for 1956

Australia and Egypt: revised draft resolution.

The Technical Assistance Committee,

RECALLING THAT according to Economic and Social Council

resolution 542(XVIII) the preparation and review of the

Expanded Programme and all other necessary steps should be

carried out in away that TAC ought to be in a position to

approve the over-all programme and authorize allocation to

participating organizations by 30 November at the latest,

CONSIDERING THAT a realistic programme such as Expanded

Programme cannot be planned and formulated without prior

knowledge of the financial resources available for its

implementation,

CONSIDERING THAT TAC, with the assistance of such ad hoc

subcommittees as it may find necessary to establish, will

normally need about one week to carry out the task referred to in

the resolution mentioned above,

BEARING IN MIND the necessary consultations with the

representatives of the participating organizations,

1. ASKS the Secretary-General to seek to arrange each year the Pledging Conference which should be convened as early as possible taking due account of the factors involved;

2. DECIDES that the Secretary-General should in future work on the assumption that in carrying out the functions of approving the programme and authorizing allocations as required by Economic and Social Council resolution 542(XVIII), the TAC will usually need to meet one week;

3. REQUESTS further the Secretary-general to transmit these resolution to all States Members and non-members of the United Nations which participate in the Expanded Programme” [2, 41].

In no other style of language will such an arrangement of utterance be bound. In fact, the whole document is one sentence from the point of view of its formal syntactical structure. The subject of the sentence “ The Technical Assistance Committee” is followed by the number of participial constructions - “Recalling” -, “Considering” -, “Considering” -, is cut off by the comma from them and from the homogeneous predicates - “Asks”, “Decides”, “Requests”. Every predicate structure is numbered and begins with a capital letter just as the participial constructions.

This structurally illogical way of combining different ideas has its sense. In the text just quoted the reason for such a structural pattern probably lies in the intention to show the equality of the items and similar dependence of the participial constructions on the predicate constructions[7,318].

H. Whitehall writes: “…a significant judgement may depend on the exact relations between words. The language of the law is written not so much to be understood as not to be misunderstood.” [19,64].

As is seen from the different samples above, the aver-all code of the official style falls into a system of subcodes, each characterized by its own terminological nomenclature, its own compositional form, its own variety of syntactical arrangements. But the integrating features of all these subcodes, emanating from the general aim of agreement between parties, remain the following:

conventionality of expression;

absence of any emotiveness;

the encoded character of language symbols (including abbreviations) and

a general syntactical mode of combining several pronouncements into one sentence [7,318].

1.2 Translation, its Aims and Objectives

Most translators prefer to think of their work as a profession and would like to see others to treat them like professionals rather than as skilled or semi-skilled workers. But to achieve this, translators need to develop an ability to stand back and reflect on what they do and how they do it [13,14]. Like doctors and engineers, they have to prove to themselves as well as others that they are in control of what they do; that they do not just translate well because they have `flair' for translation, but rather because, like other professionals, they have made a conscious effort to understand various aspects of their work.

Unlike medicine and engineering, translation is a very young discipline in academic terms. It is only just starting to feature as a subject of study in its own right, not yet in all but in an increasing number of universities and colleges around the world. Like any young discipline, it needs to draw on the findings and theories of other related disciplines in order to develop and formalize its own methods; but which disciplines it can naturally and fruitfully be related to is still a matter of some controversy [16,22]. Almost every aspect of life in general and of the interaction between speech communities in particular can be considered relevant to translation, a discipline which has to concern itself with how meaning is generated within and between various groups of people in various cultural settings. This is clearly too big an area to investigate in one go. So, let us just start by saying that, if translation is ever to become a profession in the full sense of the word, translators will need something other than the current mixture of intuition and practice to enable them to reflect on what they do and how they do it. They will need, above all, to acquire a sound knowledge of the raw material with which they work: to understand what language is and how it comes to function for its users [13,16].

Translation is a process of rendering a text, written piece or a speech by means of other languages. The difference of translation from retelling or other kinds of transfer of a given text is that that translation is a process of creating an original unity in contexts and forms of original.

The translation quality is defined by its completeness and value. «The completeness and value of translation means definite rendering of the contextual sense of the original piece and a high-grade functional-stylistic conformity.»[18,55].

The concept «high-grade functional-stylistic conformity» clearly points on two existing ways of rendering the form in unity with the meaning: the first one is a reproduction of specific features of the form of the original piece and the second one is the creation of functional conformities of those features. It means when translating the specific features of an original literature we should rather consider the style inherent for the given genre but than direct copying the form of an original[11,133]. While translating, we should also remember that different lexical and grammatical elements of an original might be translated differently if accepted by the norms of conformity to the whole original. The translation adequacy of separate phrases, sentences and paragraphs should not be considered separately but along with achievement of the adequacy and completeness of the translating piece as a whole because the unity of a piece is created through collecting the components[10,111].

No matter how a translator (interpreter) is talented he should remember two most important conditions of the process of translation: the first is that the aim of translation is to get the reader as closely as possible acquainted with the context of a given text and then second - to translate - means to precisely and completely express by means of one language the things that had been expressed earlier by the means of another language.

A translation can be done:

from one language into another, kin-language, non-kin,

from literary language into its dialect or visa versa

from the language of an ancient period into its modern state [17,126]

The process of translation, no matter how fast it is, is subdivided into two moments. To translate one should first of all to understand, to perceive the meaning and the sense of the material.

Furthermore, to translate one should find and select the sufficient means of expression in the language the material is translated into (words, phrases, grammatical forms) [13, 59].

There are three, most identified types of translation: literary, special and sociopolitical [13,47].

The ways of achieving the adequacy and completeness in those three types of translation will never completely coincide with each other because of their diverse character and tasks set to translator (interpreter).

The object of literary translation is the literature itself. And its distinctive feature is a figurative-emotional impact on the reader, which is attained through a great usage of different linguistic means, beginning from epithet and metaphor up to rhythmical-syntactic construction of phrases.

Thus, in order to preserve figurative-emotional impact on the reader while translating a work of art, the translator (interpreter) will try to render all the specific features of the translating material. That's why, on the first place one should reconstruct the specific features of an original and the creation of functional conformities to the features of the original play the subordinate role [16,71].

The objects of special translations are materials that belong to different fields of human activities, science and technology. The distinctive feature of this type of translation is an exact expression of the sense of translating material, which is attained through wide usage of special terms.

Thus, in order to render an exact and clear meaning while translating such materials alongside with the selection of term equivalents, on the first place one has to create functional conformities to the features of an original, and the creation of specific features of the original play the subordinate role [16,72].

And finally, the objects of social-politic translations are the materials of propaganda and agitation character, and therefore a bright emotional sense abundant with special terms [16,73].

Concerning the achievement of adequacy this type of translation possesses the features of literary and special types of translation as well [13,77].

1.3 The Main Characteristics of the Political Texts

Any political document should by analyzed only in discourse, taking into consideration the circumstances of its creation and functioning. That is the reason why the role of the authority of the text and its adressness and also authors objectives, which appear in the used communicative strategies and tactics [4.39]. A very essential element of the discourse is the correlation of this text with the variety of other texts oriented on the description of the same events. The discursive characteristics of the political texts initially differ substantially from similar characteristics of the other texts - scientific, fiction, medical or pedagogical. We will consider the following discursive characteristic in political communication.

The authority of the political text.

The author of the political documents is considered to be a person, taking the responsibility for it. In the staff of political lieder as a rule there is a person, who specializes on the writing of speeches and other important political documents. On the process of the preparation of some political message of the president, for instance, can work the whole group of specialists [3,73].

A lot of political documents officially have no author and are promulgated on behalf of the whole state or its structures, political organizations and movements. It means that the responsibility for the content of these documents lies on the state, Parliament, political party and on other similar structures [3.74].

In some political genres it is accepted to designate not only the author of the text but also the other participants of it's preparation [3,75].

The adressness of the political document.

The organization of the political text to a degree depends on its addressee. There can be indentified three types of the addressees of the political document - political associates, political opponents and “electors” (people).

Due to the quantitative criteria the individual, group and mass addressee can be distinguished. The specialty of the political discourse is that for political communication, unlike the others, the group and mass addressee is more common. In particular, on the mass recipient of the information are oriented the ritual genres (inauguration speech, radio address), orienting genres (report, decree, agreement), and agonal genres (slogan, promotion speech). To the number of genres of group address refer: addresses, postcards, speeches on the meetings. Political text with individual addressee are met noticeably rarely, among them: the telegrams and letters of the citizens to the government or to the mass media and also the answers to them [3,75].

3. Strategies and tactics of the political communication.

Modern linguistics has borrowed the terms “strategy” and “tactic” from the theory of military actions planning. The communicative strategy and the communicative tactic - is a planning of the speech activity, the selections of the principles, methods and modes, which can provide success.

According to the set aim and present situation the strategy is chosen. For example, the aim of the pre-election company is to get the maintain of the electors. The experience shows that for these purpose either praising of business and moral features of the candidate or discriditation of the other candidates [3,76].

Communicative tactic is a concrete method of the strategy realization. For example discriditation of the opponent can be realized through prediction of the negative consequences of his election [3,77].

4. Political narrative.

Political narrative is the complex of political texts of different genres (postcard, slogan, meeting speech, party program, analytical article, TV-interview), concentrated around the definite political event. A political narrative always exists in certain political situation and is ended with a changing of situation. It is characterized by: thematic unity, community of the main “heroes” (concrete politicians, parties), common event canva, localization in time and space [3,77].

So, the political text exists in a certain political discourse. This discourse determines the character of the text's authority, its addressness, used communicative strategies, tactics and methods. A political text is connected through the variety of connections with the other texts, which form an appropriate narrative [3,78].

Chapter II. Peculiarities of the Translation of the Political Documents

2.1 Translation of Political Texts and Terms

Political texts like any other scientific kind of texts have languages items characteristic, that require the translator to be precise and sharp. Most political documents are characterized by the passion of expression, polemic style and the specific feature is in blending the elements of scientific speech from one side with different emotionally colored means of expression from another side [12,116].

The translation of political texts can be considered in two ways: as a field of linguistic activity and as a separate field in science.

As a field of linguistic activity translation of political texts represents one of the types of special translations possessing as objects of its activity different materials of political character [11,58].

The political translation comes out into a special field of study due to its specific features of written and verbal speech on political topics, which is specified by its essential character and the knowledge of this science. Sometimes these features are so diverse that in order to understand them (Russian and English politics as well) one should have a special knowledge without which it would be very hard to clearly perceive the inner sense of politics or a translated piece[13,144].

Therefore, the study of specific features of written and verbal speech acquires great importance to translators (interpreters). To the features mention above belong the following:

1. maximal filling the political text with special political terms, and in verbal speech (among the politicians) - filling it with words of political jargon - slang.

2. presence of special idiomatic expressions and phraseological units in verbal and written speech that are rarely used in colloquial speech and general literature.

As an example, I should bring the following idioms: blitzkrieg - блискавична війна, principal powers - сильніі держави, status quo - статус кво and many others. We have to mark - if the quantity of political idioms is limited, then the amount of «politically» related phraseological idioms is vast in English and Ukrainian languages [Appendix E].

3. the presence of some stylistic deflection from general literary norms is sometimes very great.

a) wide usage of elliptic constructions, especially in periodically publishing materials, propaganda and other kinds of politically important printing media.

b) preciseness and beauty of self-expression which is achieved by the usage of elliptic constructions along with wide usage of passive constructions and an often substitution of придаточных предложений by absolute constructions and деепричастными оборотами.

c) the presence of official writing style, mostly in documents of official provisions that cover administrative and political questions.

d) strictly regulated use of verbal forms and word phrases in special chapters of political literature and political documents [10,111]

As it was told before, while translating a political character, like doing any other special translation a great importance is given to translation of special terms.

In our philological literature exist lots of definitions to the concept of term, but the essence of majority comes to the following:

Term - is a word or a combination of words, which define a notion (subject, a phenomenon, property, relation or a process) that is characteristic for the given field of science, technology, art or a sphere of social life [9.216].

Terms differ from the words of general usage by definite semantic limitations and specific meanings they define. Its very hard to overestimate the general and scientific meaning of terms since the concrete knowledge demands definite expression and a term does not only fix the concept by its notion (name) but specifies it diverging it from adjacent components [11.86].

For better functioning, terms must express systematization of notions, express their essence or at least be semantically neutral and at the same time be unambiguous and precise.

The phenomenon of a separate field of science and the terms that fix them should be systemized that offers gender availability around which group notions are formed. Thus an English term representative which presents a group notion and forms a group of notions that belong to this group: representative forum (представницький форум), business world representative (представник ділового світу), representative to the talks (представник на переговорах), representative to the public (представник громадськості), representative of political circles (представник політичних кіл), representative to NATO (представник НАТО), representative of various strata or the population (представник різних верств населення) [1,59].

The capability of a term to express a systematic state of notions and easily merge with new phrases that represent new group notions that consequently appear along with the development of a definite field of science or knowledge maybe called its systematic capability.

The systematic capability of notions helps us to clarify the relation of notions, raise their semantic definiteness and ease their understanding and remembering.

In terms, formed on the base of mother tongue we may differ direct meaning and terminological meaning [6,111].

The direct meaning of a term is formed through the elements of the language used for their formation; the terminological meaning defines the concept of notion expressed by the term.

The terms, direct and terminological meaning of which correspond to each other, correctly orientate and underline the so-called their interrelation. These terms are able to express the essence of notions.

The terms, whose direct and terminological meaning does not correspond to each other belong to semantically neutral group of terms.

And at last, the terms whose direct and terminological meaning contradict each other, should be admitted as completely unsatisfactory because they distort the genuine relations among the notions, disorientate the hearer and do not possess any semantic definiteness [4,143].

Unambiguousness of a term also influences its clear semantic features but since we do not have any researches in this field this concept cannot always be applied. Therefore, up to 10% of English and American political terms do not possess even a relative semantic definiteness, i.e. definiteness in some political concerns. This situation may be explained by the fact that the terms according to their nature are firstly simple words, and consequently, they develop according to general laws of linguistics. The result of this is the appearance terminological homonyms that hinder the normal functioning of political terms in a language[16,77].

The definiteness of a term requires preciseness of an expressed idea. It also raises the semantic definiteness of the term averting its misusage according to it form.

Not all the terms, of course, possess the above-mentioned qualities, but the translator/interpreter of political material should take them into consideration while forming new terms and solving the question of preference to one of the available term-synonyms.

The correct translation of political literature is a laborious work despite the terms' considerable possession of definite semantic clearness and independence in usage [17,86].

While speaking of difficulties of translation, we imply as a matter of the first importance, the translation general political literature, which either do not yet have any equivalents in the translating language or have several similar notion for the term in question or at least have one equivalent but of doubtful adequacy. There are lots of word phrases and idiom and terms of this kind and their number is growing with development of technology and interrelation of people and especially with the development of Political sciences [17,88]

To achieve a correct translation we can recommend to group the political material and the used in them according to their field of application and some principles of translation of each group. All the political terms and idioms existing in politics can be divided into three groups:

terms - defining the notions of a foreign reality but identical to the reality of the Ukrainian language march - марш

terms - defining the notions of a foreign reality absent in the Ukrainian one but possessing generally accepted term-equivalents National Guard - Національна Гвардія, Territorial Army - Територіальна Армія .

terms - defining the notions of a foreign reality that are not available in the Ukrainian language and not having generally accepted term-equivalents: alert hanger - ангар виліту по тривозі [11,167].

The adequacy of translation of the first group is achieved by the use of terms implementing corresponding notions in Ukrainian language.

At the same time, it is very important for the notion expressed by the notion of another language to correspond in meaning rendered in Ukrainian language only by its main, essential attributes. The translation of an English term poll into Ukrainian опитування населения (голосування) is possible only for the correspondence of their principal meaning though the organization and methods of polling are quite different in both countries.

An adequate translation of the second group is comprised in the selection of generally accepted Ukrainian terminological equivalents.

An adequate translation of the words of the third group may be achieved by means of creation of a new terms, which will have to completely merge into the existing system of political terms underlying the systematization of available notions, reflect the essence of the notion it expresses or at least not to contradict it and possess an unambiguousness within its field of application [13,176]

Thus, we have considered all the general principals in achieving and adequate translation including translation of political literature and the essential features of translation of political terms.

2.2 The Lexical and Grammatical Difficulties in Translation of the Political Documents

The translation process of political material from one language into another is inevitable without necessary grammatical transformations (change of structure). It gets great importance while making translation to add or omit some words since the structures of languages are quite different. Grammatical transformations are characterized by various principles - grammatical, and lexical as well, though the principal role is given to grammatical ones. Very often these grammatical changes are mixed so that they have lexical-grammatical character [11,113].

The vigil of the British Embassy, supported last week by many prominent people and still continuing, the marches last Saturday, the resolutions or organizations have done something to show that Blair doesn't speak for Britain.

Цілодобова демонстрація поблизу будівлі британського консульства, яка отримала минулого тижня підтриму багатьох відомих діячів, все ще продовжується. Ця демонстрація і похід, який відбувся в субботу, а токож прийняти різними організаціями резолюції, явно свідчать про те, що блер очевидно не говорить від імені свого англійського народу [14,178].

While translating this article we have made the following changes.

The sentence was divided into two parts. We often do that when translating short newspaper articles (news in brief) and the first lines of the articles of informative character (leads). Practically, we are forced to do that because the first lines usually contain main information given in the paragraph. These sentences containing various information are not characteristic to the style of Ukraininan writing. The division of the sentence made us repeat the word демонстрація.

The word vigil - пильнування acquired here quite another political meaning цілодобава демонстрація. Since нічне безсоння is one of the semantic components of the word vigil the term цілодобова демонстрація fully renders the sense of the given word. Besides, we have to mention that one of the words was translated like word expression получившая поддержку [11,124].

We have also added additional words like поблизу будівлі (посольства), який відбувся (в суботу похід), а також прийняті різними (організаціями резолюції). The word last in the last Saturday was omitted because it would make the translation more difficult, but we can conceive it by the contextual meaning of the sentence [11.126]. official document translation political

The strengthening function of the phrase have done something to show was rendered by the adverb явно свідчить..

And the English cliche to speak for was translated by the Ukrainian like говорить від імені.. And at last I should say that I metonymically translated the word Britain into весь англійський народ.

Thus, while translating this sentence we have made use of grammatical transformations and lexical as well.

As you know, English has an analytical character and therefore the relation between words is mostly expressed by word-order, that's by syntactic means, and morphological means play the secondary role. The priority of the role of syntactical changes appears in many cases but they do not always have similar conformities in Ukrainian language which makes the translator make use of various transformations while translating a piece of political literature. Here we can point to well-known features of the location of syntactic items in the English, the combination of logically incompatible homogeneous part of the sentence, the essential use of introductory sentences, the break of logical chain of the sentence, and especially while expressing the noun and the attribute of the sentences [6,274].

The syntactic structure of a language imposes restrictions on the way messages may be organized in that language. The order in which functional elements such as subject, predicator, and object may occur is more fixed in some languages than in others. Languages vary in the extent to which they rely on word order to signal the relationship between elements in the clause. Compared to languages such as German, Ukrainian, Finnish, Arabic, and Eskimo, word order in English is relatively fixed. The meaning of a sentence in English, and in languages with similarly fixed word order such as Chinese, often depends entirely on the order in which the elements are placed. (cf. The man ate the fish and The fish ate the man)[11,155].

The structural features of English language require structural completeness of the sentence. One can not omit a word without supplying another one instead. This criterion is governed by stylistic preference of the language to prevent word and make the sentence more emphatic. Even if the repetition is frequent in English its use in most cases is logically required and stylistically proved to be necessary. Otherwise, repetition is accepted as unnecessary component of the sentence or one of the stylistic shortcomings of the translation. The demand of syntactical completeness of the sentences and others stylistic criteria explain here the wide usage of structure filling words (слова замісники). The structure filling words include pronouns (one, ones, this, that, these, those) and verbs (to do, to be, to have, shall, should, will, would, can, could, might, may, must, ought, need, dare).

Its quite evident that the structure filling words do not have denotative meaning, they are absolutely contextual. They should be related to conforming nouns and the verb form the fill and only afterwards they acquire lexical completeness. The verb-filling words are usually divided into two parts: fully filling and partially filling ones. To the first group belong the verb to do in the Present Indefinite which act in the role of fully filling word. It can replace the verbs of function. To the second group belong all other structure filling words. They act like a part of the whole just like the representative of compound verb form.

While translating the structure filling words we have to use words with complete meaning (sometimes pronouns) or make use of some other kinds of functional filling [11,256].

The new British Government will face many problems, both acute and chronic: an acute one will be Northern Ireland, acute among chronic ones will be inflation and rising prices.

Новий британський уряд зіткнеться з багатьма проблемами як невідкладного так і затяжного характеру. До невідкладних проблем відноситься стан справ в Північній Ірландії, а до проблем затяжного характеру, - інфляція та зростання цін [15,241].

While translating this piece we had to decipher the structure filling words and render their meaning by means of conforming nouns.

When comparing the grammatical categories and forms of English and Ukrainian languages we identify the following differences: a) the absence of the categories in one of the comparing languages, b) partial correspondence and c) complete correspondence. The necessity of grammatical transformations arise only on two first cases. When comparing the English with Ukrainian we should mention that Ukrainian does not have the notions like article and gerund and absolute nominative constructions as well. Partial conformity and unconformity in meaning and usage of corresponding forms and constructions also demands grammatical transformations. We can refer to this case the partial unconformity of the category of number, partial unconformity in the forms of passive constructions, partial unconformity of the form of infinitive and gerund and some other differences in expressing the modality of the clause and so on [6,231].

First of all we should consider the article for article both definite and indefinite which despite its abstract meaning very frequently demands semantic expression in translation. As we know both these articles originated from pronouns; the definite one originated from index pronoun and the indefinite one from indefinite pronoun, which refers to number one. These primary meanings are sometimes obvious in their modern usage. In this cases their lexical meaning should be rendered in translation otherwise the Ukrainian sentence would be incomplete and ambiguous for denotative meaning of articles is an inseparable part of the whole context meaning of a given sentence. There are cases when classifying function of indefinite articles is so obvious that one should render its meaning by some lexical item [6,232].

It is commonly stated that government should resign if defeated in a major issue in the House of Commons which has been made one of confidence. (The Times).

Зазвичай стверджують, що уряд має подати у відставку, якщо він терпить поразку в Палаті общин з якогось серйозного питання, яке опозиція вважає питанням про довіру уряду.

In this case the indefinite article acquires the meaning of the pronoun some. One can easily see its historical relation with the number one in the following example:

Yet, H.G. Wells had not an enemy on earth.

Однак у Герберта не було єдиного ворога на світі.

As has been pointed before the most difficult are cases when classifying meanings of indefinite articles demand semantic transfer in translation [6,232].

We need a Government which believes in planning ahead for jobs and which will use available labor to build homes for the British people.

Нам потрібен такий уряд, який би був переконаний в доцільності планування зайнятості і використовував би наявну робочу силу в будівництві будинків для населення [14,121].

The emphatic role of the indefinite article in its classifying function is more expressed in the following sentence [6,233].

The Vietnam war had revealed the true nature of a U.S. foreign policy that can be purchased ruthlessly for the benefit of a view in the «military-industrial complex».

Війна у В'єтнамі викрила істинну природу тієї зовнішньої політики США, яка проводиться безпощадними методамизаради вигоди небагатьох представників «Воєнно-промислового комплексу».