The Frigate

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Рязанское высшее воздушно-десантное командное училище (военный институт) имени генерала армии В.Ф. Маргелова

Факультет - «воздушно-десантный»

Кафедра Иностранных языков

ДОКЛАД

Тема: The Frigate

Выполнил

Курсант 113 учебной группы

Ушаков Александр Владимирович

г. Рязань

2012

A frigate (/?fr?g?t/) is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries.

In the 17th century, the term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability, the description often used being "frigate-built". These could be warships carrying their principal battery of carriage-mounted guns on a single deck or on two decks (with further smaller carriage-mounted guns usually carried on the forecastle and quarterdeck of the vessel). The term was generally used for ships too small to stand in the line of battle, although early line-of-battle ships were frequently referred to as frigates when they were built for speed.

In the 18th century, the term referred to ships which were usually as long as a ship-of-the-line and were square-rigged on all three masts (full rigged), but were faster and with lighter armament, used for patrolling and escort. In the definition adopted by the British Admiralty, they were rated ships of at least 28 guns, carrying their principal armament upon a single continuous deck--the upper deck, while ships-of-the-line possessed two or more continuous decks bearing batteries of guns.

Frigates did not carry any guns (or have any gunports) on their lower decks; confusingly, the lower deck was often referred to as the "gun deck" in the Royal Navy (in the US Navy, it was usually called the "berth deck"), even for frigates, where it did not carry any guns or have gunports. Both types could (and usually did) additionally carry smaller carriage-mounted guns on their quarter decks and forecastles (the superstructures above the upper deck). Technically, rated ships with fewer than 28 guns could not be classed as frigates but as "post ships"; however, in common parlance most post ships were often described as "frigates", the same casual misuse of the term being extended to smaller two-decked ships that were too small to stand in the line of battle.

In the late 19th century (beginning about 1858 with the construction of prototypes by the British and French navies), the armoured frigate was a type of ironclad warship and for a time was the most powerful type of vessel afloat. The term "frigate" was used because such ships still mounted their principal armament on a single continuous upper deck. The later 19th century battleship thus developed from the frigate rather than from the ship of the line.

In modern navies, frigates are used to protect other warships and merchant-marine ships, especially as anti-submarine warfare (ASW) combatants for amphibious expeditionary forces, underway replenishment groups, and merchant convoys. Ship classes dubbed "frigates" have also more closely resembled corvettes, destroyers, cruisers and even battleships.

The rank "frigate captain" derives from the name of this type of ship.

In Russia

1) On JSC Pribaltiysky sudostroitelny zavod Yantar which is included into JSC Zapadny center sudostroyeniya, the laying of the third case of a frigate of the project 11356 for Navy of Russia on February 29, 2012 will take place. «The last day of February, 2012 at plant there will pass official ceremony of a laying of a new vessel in the area of the state defensive order - a frigate "Admiral Makarov". It is the third ship in a series which the Kaliningrad plant will construct for the Navy of Russia»frigate fighting ship

It is supposed that the frigate "Admiral Makarov" will be under construction for surface forces of the Black Sea fleet. The order of MO Russian Federation received by PSZ "Amber" in 2010, assumed construction of three patrol ships (frigates) of the project 11356 of development of JSC Severnoye proyektno-konstruktorskoye byuro.

However in the summer of 2011 it became known that the plant will construct for the Navy of the Russian Federation in total 6 frigates of this project. The head ship of this series a frigate "Admiral Grigorovich" was put on December 18, 2010. On July 8, 2011 the plant put the second case - a frigate «the Admiral Essen».

All PSZ Amber series will transfer to fleet in 2014. Frigates of this project are almost similar to those ships that are under construction now for Naval Forces of India. Therefore it is possible to consider this construction of the fighting ships serial.

PSZ "Amber" specializes on construction of the military ships and civil vessels of a various class in trigger weight to 10 thousand tons, and also on ship-repair works. In total Yantar plant constructed more than 100 large and about 400 small civil vessels, over 430 ships of the Navy and civil vessels are repaired

2) In the contemporary history of development of Naval Forces of the Russian Federation, classification term: «The big anti-submarine ship», is replaced teminy "Frigate". The Russian frigates, on the tactical and technical elements (TTE), substantially, correspond to frigates of Naval Forces of the USA. In particular, the big anti-submarine ship of type "Admiral Gorshkov" (the head ship of a series), the project 22350 in many sources is classified as "Frigate" (NATO classification).

In modern understanding the fighting ships of average displacement belong to frigates, ocean (distant sea) the zones possessing universal rocket and artillery arms, capable to solve problems as defensive (PLO and air defense of an escort, ship connection, self-defense), and shock (support of sea landings, attack of the ships of the opponent, "hot" investigation of the coast) character. Rather accurately according to massogabaritny characteristics 2 groups of frigates are allocated: Frigates of the I class standard displacement 4ч5 one thousand tons and more, closely coming nearer to a destroyer on air defense/PLO possibilities, but conceding in shock aspect (at the expense of easier PKR and HEY smaller calibre) a little. These ships are intended, generally for an eskortirovaniye of avianosny and amfibiyny groups, large escorts in ocean conditions. The characteristic representative of a frigate of the I class -- the American frigate of type "Oliver Perry". Frigates of the II class, having smaller displacement (about 2000-4000 t), are intended, generally for single patrol service. PLO/air defense possibilities at such ships are usually lower, but onboard there are spacious rooms for the heavy helicopter and marines divisions, powerful artillery or a PKR complex. The characteristic representative of frigates of the 2nd rank is French "Lafayette".

Displacement of frigates of the project 22350 makes 4,5 thousand tons, length -- about 130 meters. The ship is capable to gather speed to 29 knots, and range of its course makes four thousand miles. Frigates are armed with artillery installation of calibre of 130 millimeters, 16 antiship and the same number of anti-submarine rockets, and also antiaircraft rocket and rocket and artillery complexes. Frigates of the project 22350 can bear one helicopter.

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