Translation of irony
Translation of irony used in various styles. Roman, Socratic, verbal, situational, irony of fate and tragic, comic in the concert of irony. Functional, belles-lettres, publicist, newspaper, scientific and official styles in literature and media.
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Content
- Introduction
- Translation of irony used in various styles
- Socratic irony
- Roman irony
- Verbal irony
- Types of irony
- Situational irony
- Irony of fate (cosmic irony)
- Historical irony
- Tragic irony
- Comic irony
- In The Concept of Irony
- Functional styles
- Belles-lettres style
- Publicist style
- Newspaper style
- Scientific style
- Official style
- Conclusion
- Appendix
Introduction
The aim of my course paper is to investigate the translation of irony used in various styles. I want to say about irony. This-well known term going back to the Greek word eironeia denotes a trope based on direct opposition of the meaning to the sense. The semantic of irony consists in replacing a denomination by its opposite. Irony is a transfer, a renaming based upon the direct contrast of two notions: the notion named and the notion meant. There are at least two kinds of irony. The first represents utterances that can have only an ironical. This kind of irony is called by some authors antiphrastic the secon
d variety we can refer the overwhelming majority of utterances which can be understood either literally, or ironically, especially when we deal with written texts.
Analyzing the use of the term irony in stylistics, we conclude that irony is generally understood and treated as a very broad notion. It has been said above that, as a trope it necessarily implies opposition of the sense to the meaning, a renaming by contrast. Thus good used ironically implies its antonym bad.
The term irony, then, is often enough applied not to the logical or notional, but merely to stylistic opposition: using high flown elevated linguistic units with reference to insignificant, socially lo topics.
I clearly perceive the following substyles of the five FSs given above. The belles-lettres style has the following substyles:
a) The language style of poetry; b) the language style of emotive prose
c) The language style of drama.
The publictic style comprises the following substyles:
a) The language style of oratory) the language style of essays;
c) The language style of feature articles in newspaper and journals. The newspaper style falls into a)the language style of brief news items communiquйs; b)the language style of newspaper headings and ;c)the language style of notices and advertisements.
The method of irony is a literary or rhetorical device, in which there is a gap or incongruity between a speaker or a writer says and what is generally understood.
Irony may also a rise from discordance between acts and results, especially if it is striking, and seen by outside audience.
The scientific prose style also has three division: a)the language style of humanitarian sciences; b)the language style of `exact' sciences; c)the language style of popular scientific prose.
The official document style can be divided into four varieties: a) the language style of diplomatic documents b) the language style of business documents; c) the language style of legal documents d ) the language style of military documentsnslation of irony used in various styles
Socratic irony
Socratic irony is feigning ignorance to expose the weakness of another's position.
Such irony occurred especially and notably in the assumed ignorance which Socrates adopted as method of dialectic, the "Socratic irony". Socratic irony involves a profession of ignorance that disguises a skeptical, non-committed attitude towards some dogma or universal opinion that lacks a basis in reason or in logic. Socrates' "innocent" inquiries expose step by step the vanity or illogicality of the proposition by unsettling the assumption of his dialogue partner by questioning or simply not sharing his basic assumptions. The irony entertains those onlookers who know that Socrates is wiser than he permits himself to appear and who may perceive slightly in advance the direction "naпve" questioning will take
Television journalist Louis Theroux demonstrated expert use of Socratic irony to his audience, by interviewing.a number of diverce individuals with an air of relaxed naпvetй and appreciative curiosity.
This has led to his subjects becoming less guarded and more open in answering questions than they would have been in a more adversarial dialogue, while more often than not also granting
Theroux subtle control of the interview. In his character of Ali G, Sacha Baron Cohen uses Socratic irony to satirical effect. For instance, in one sketch he interview a professor from the National Poison Information Centre about recreational drug use.
The 19th century Danish philosopher SШren Kierkegaard admired Socratic irony and used in variation of Socratic in his masters thesis, titled On concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates. In the thesis, Kierkegaard praises Plato's and Aristophanes' use of Socratic irony, and argues that Aristophanes' portrayal of Socrates in The Clouds most accurately captured the Spirit of Socratic irony.
Roman irony
In Roman times, irony was in public speaking and rhetoric, in which the words used were opposite their meaning or intent.
Shakespeare imitated Roman irony in his play Julius Caesar in Mark Antony's speech: “Friends Romans countrymen, lend me yours ears! I come bury Caesar, not to praise him.” Continually emphasizing that Brutus and the conspirators “are honorable men”. The subsequent monologue uses extensive irony to glorify Caesar; Antony selects words that seem to support the assassins, while his purpose and his effect is to incite the crowd against them.
Verbal irony
Verbal irony is distinguished from related phenomenon such as situational irony and dramatic irony in that is produced intentionally by speakers exclaims “im am not upset!” but reveals an upset emotional state thought her voice while truly trying to claim she is not upset, it would not to be verbal irony just by virtue of its verbal manifestation . but if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that she was not utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction gets at an important aspect of verbal irony: speakers communicate implied propositions that are intentionally contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves.
A fair amount of confusing has surrounded the issue regarding the relationship between verbal and psychology researchers have addressed the issue directly. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism leveled against a person or group of persons that incorporates verbal irony.
E.g: a person reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her ovarian cancer, she was decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, “Great idea! I hear they do fine work!”. The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.
The differences between this tropes can be quite subtle an relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the rhetorical goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways folk taxonomies categories figurative language types, people in conversations are attempting to decode speaker intentions and discourses goals and are not generally identifying by name the kinds of tropes used.
Types of irony
The word “irony” is frequently used figuratively, especially in such phrases as “the irony of fate” of an issue or result that seems to contradict normal expectations derived from the previous state or condition.
Situational irony
Plays and events coming together in improbable creating a tension between expected and real results. Situational irony occurs when the results of a situation are far different from what was expected. This results in a feeling of surprise and unfairness due to the odd situation.
Examples:
An anti-technology website
Технология?а ?арсы вебсайт
An anti-capitalist website sells anti-capitalism T-shirts for a profit.
Капитализмге ?арсы вебсайт, капитализмді ?ор?ау туралы кеудешелер сатуда
A fair house burns down
?й со?ына дейін ?ртеніп кетті
A paper cut from a box of bandages
?а?аз бинт салын?ан ж?шіктен ?иып алынды
Stress relief candles set someone's house on fire.
Ар ?йде адамны? шарша?анын басатын шамдар бар
Irony of fate (cosmic irony)
The expression “irony of fate” stems from the notion that the gods are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intend. Closely connected with cosmic irony, it arises from sharp contrasts between reality and human ideals, or between human intensions actual result Minor examples are daily life situations such as the rain that sets in immediately after one finishes watering one s garden, following many days of putting off watering in anticipation of rain.
Sharper examples can include situations in which the consequences are more dramatic.
Examples;:
The Artist s Monet's loss of vision, but not hearing.
?ртіс Монетті? к?зі кормеседе, ??ла?ы естиді
Ludwig van Beethoven loss of hearing, but not vision
Лудвиг Ван Бетховен ??ла?ы естімесе де,к?зі к?реді
The 1956 loss by fire of the top of Harvard s Memorial Hall tower, while being restored by workmen to make sure it would last for generations.
1956 жылы Гарвардты? Мемориалды Залыны? жо?ар?ы б?лігі ?ртеніп кетті, біра? о?ан ?арамастан ж?мысшы топ жо?ар?ы б?лігін о?дады
Years before his death, at the age of 23, basketball star “Pistol” Pete Maravich told a Pennsylvania reporter, “I don't a play 10 years [in the NBA] and then die of a heart attack when I am 40. The 1988 he collapsed and died of a heart attack at age 40, after playing 10 NBA seasons.
Атакты баскетболист “Пиcтол”дын олгеннине жыл отти, Пит Марович Пенсилвания тилшилерине “Мен [NBA]да 10 жыл ойнап, содан сон журек ауруынан олгим келип турган жок”-деди, 1988ж. 40 жасында ол NBAга «? жыл ойнап, журек ауруынан кайтты.
Historical irony
When history is seen thought modern eyes, it sometimes happenes that there is an especially sharp contrast between the way historical figures see their word and the probable future of their world, and what actually transpired.
Examples:
When the telephone was invented, some people were espessially quick to see the possibilities. One man even said: “I can easily see that every town will want one.
Телефонды ойлап шы?ар?анда, адамдар оны? ?асиеттерін к?рген. “Мен телефон ?р ?алада?ы адамдар?а керек болатынына сенімдімін
Historical irony is often encapsulated into statement:
They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance. “Nearly the last words of American Civil War General John Sedwick.
Олар б?л жерде пілдермен кездесе алмады. “Б?л Американды? азамат со?ысында бол?ан Генерал Седвигтин с?здері ”
Tragic irony
Tragedy, what is called “tragic irony» becomes a device for heightening the intensity of a dramatic situation. Tragic irony particularly characterized the drama of ancient Greece, owinng to the familiarity of the spectors with the legendson which so many of the plays were based. In this form of irony, the words and actions of the characters belie the real situation, which the spectators fully realize. It may take several forms: the character speaking may realize the irony of his words while the of the character may not; or he may be unconscious while other actors share the knowledge with the spectators. Irony may come to expression in inappropriate behavior. A witness to a scene involving threats of violence, may perceive continued politeness on the part of the victim as increasingly ironic as it becomes increasingly inappropriate. When not recognized as such, irony can lead to misunderstanding. Even if an ironic statement is recognized as such, it often expresses less clearly what the speaker or writer wants to say than would a direct statement.
Comic irony
Layers of comic irony pervade. The irony deepens as the story promotes his romance and ends in a double wedding.
Comic irony from television sketch-comedy has the distinction over literary comic irony in that it often incorporates elements of absurdity. For instance, an ironic situation might involve getting hit by a rib-delivery truck after trying to poison someone with bad rib-sauce to steal his or her gems. Comic irony has long been a staple of cartoons, in which the action is free to be unrealistic.
Metafiction
Metafiction is a kind of fiction which self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction. It usually involves irony and is self-reflective. Mertafiction refers to the effect when a story is interrupted to remind to audience or reader that it is really only a story.
Irony as infinite, absolutely negativity
While many reputable critics limit irony to something resembling Aristotle's definition, an influential set of texts insists that it be understood, not as a limited tool, but as a disruptive force with the power to undo texts and readers alike. This tradition includes Soren Kierkegaard, 19th century German critic and novelist Friedrich Schlegel ,Charles Baudelaire, Stendhal, and the 20th century deconstructionist Paul de Man. Briefly, insists that irony is, in Kierkegaard's words, ” infinite, absolute negativity”. Where much of philosophy attempts to reconcile opposites into a larger positive project Kierkegaard and others insist that irony-whether expressed in complex games of authorship or simple litotes-must in Kierkegaard's words “swallow its owns stomach”. Irony entails endless reflection and violent reversals, and ensures incomprehensibility at the moment it compels speech. Not surprisingly, irony is the favorite textual property of deconstructionists.
Usage controversy
The material above deals with the primary dictionary meaning of the word irony.
There is no controversy that the usage above is a correct usage; the controversy is over whether it is the only correct usage.
Authority, in the form of dictionaries and usage guides, can be cited on both sides.
Descriptivist generally discounts such self-proclaimed language authorities in favor of studying how individuals currently use the word.
It is currently quite common to hear the word ironic used as a synonym for Incongruous or coincidental in situation where there is no “double audience,” and true meaning of the words.
Example:
Ironically, Sir Arthur Sullivan is remembered for the comic operas he found embarrassing, rather than the serious work he hoped would be his legacy.
Adolph Coors РРР was the former heir to the Coors empire.
Адольф Кур ІІІ сыра империясынын м?рагері болды
Ironically, Coors was allergic to beer.
Other historical prescript ivies have even stricter definitions for the word irony.
Cultural variation
Irony often requires a cultural backdrop to be understood or noticed, and as with any culture-specific idiom, irony often cannot be perfectly transplanted. An expression with a secondary meaning clear to an east-coast American may be obscure to a Canadian, Briton, Australian, or even a west-coast American, though they ostensibly all speak the same language.
Attempting a literal translation of an ironic idiom to another language often renders the concept muddled or incoherent. Further, the use of verbal irony may also rely on non-literal cues such as tone of voice or posture. Every culture incorporates its own form of linguistic metaphor, idiom and subtlety. In such cases, translation requires extra care, and perhaps explanation.
Synonyms of irony
Sarcasm, Satire indicate mockery of something or someone. The essential feature of irony is the indirect presentation of a contradiction between an action or expression and the context in which it occurs. In the figure of speech, emphasis is placed on the opposition between the literal and intended meaning of a statement; one Thing is said and its opposite implied as in the comment, “Beautiful whether isn't it” made when it is raining or nasty. Ironic literature exploit, in addition to the rhetorical figure, such devices as character development, situation, and plot to stress the paradoxical nature of reality or the contrast between an ideal and actual condition, set of circumstances, etc frequently in such a way as to stress the absurdity present in the contradiction between substance and form. Irony differs from sarcasm in greater subtlety and wit. In sarcasm ridicule or mockery is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously, for destructive purposes. It may be used in an indirect manner, and have the form of irony, as in “What a fine musician you turned out to be!” or it may be used in the form of a direct statement, “You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants.” The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly of by vocal inflection, whereas satire and irony, arising originally as literary and rhetorical forms, are exhibited in the organization or structuring of either language or literary material. Satire usually implies the use of irony or sarcasm for censorious or critical purposes and is often directed at public figures or institutions, conventional behavior, political situations, etc.
Irony Quotes
“Irony is a jesting behind hidden gravity”-John Weiss
“Irony is the gaiety of reflection and the joy of wisdom”-Anatoly France
“Humor brings insight and tolerance. Irony brings a deeper and less friendly understanding”-Agnes Repplier
“Sentimental irony is a dog that bays at the moon while pissing on graves”-Karl Kraus
“Jesus wept; Voltaire smiled. From that divine tear and from that human smile is derived the grace of present civilization”-Victor Hugo
“Irony is a form of paradox. Paradox is what is good and great at the same time”-Friedrich Schlegel.
Socrates himself takes the role of the `eiron' or `dissembler and assuming the pose of ignorance and foolishnes,asks seemingly innocuous and naive question which gradually undermine his interlocutor's case and trap him (through the letter's admissions) into seeing the truth. Hence What is known as Socratic irony Demosthenes regarded an `eiron' as a man who ducked his responsibilities as a citizen by pretence of illnes.Theophrastus regarded an `eiron' as a person who was slippery in his speech,non-committal;a man who does not come out into the open. In Greek comedy the `eiron' was the underdog, a feeble but crafty and quick-witted character who got the better of Alozon the braggadocio type who was loud-mouthed and blockheaded.
For the Roman rhetoricians `ironia' denouted a rhetorical figure and a manner of discourse, in which, for the most part, the meaning was contrary to the words. This double-edged ness appears to be a diachronic feature of irony.
It is not until 1502 that we find the first mention of irony in English `yronye'-`of grammar, by the which a man sayth one and gyveth to understand the contrary'.
One receives the general impression that in England and Europe the concept of irony developed gradually and lagged far behind the practice of it.
Once we are alerted to the nature of this kind of irony we can find numerous instances.A.W.Schlegel pointed out the ironical nature of the equilibrium or equipoise maintained between the serious and the comic. Comic relief itself, can, by contrast, intensify the irony of a situation. Kari Solger introduced the concept that true irony begins with the coof the fate of the world: a concept which goes under the of World Irony or Cosmic Irony or Philosophical Irony.
An important work in the history of irony is Thirwall's essay On The Irony of Sophocles. He discussed verbal or rhetorical irony, and also what he calls' Dialectical Irony'. In the same essay he points out the paradoxical nature of irony.
In The Concept of Irony
Kierkegaard elaborated the idea that irony of seeing things, a way of viewing existence. Later, Amiel, in his Journal In time expressed the view that irony springs from a perception of the absurdity of life. Others who developed theories theories about irony were Nietzsche, Baudelaire Heine and Thomas Mann. For them, most irony is Romantic. Romantic Irony
The two basic kinds of irony are verbal and irony of situation At its Simplest, verbal irony involves
As irony is such oblique quality or mode of expression, it would be true to say that in many works by many of these authors we find not so much direct or overt irony, but,rather,an ironic temper or tone. The dry, teasing, laconic, detached sensibility which permeates their work develops into an individual vision of human beings and existence. These five authors in particular share the ability to make the smile on the face of the reader broader and broader and broader, slowly.until, finally,he finds himself layghing.Of the five, Thomas Mann is probably the most accomplished at this kind of ironical joke.
Many writers have distanced themselves to a vantage point, a quasi god-like eminence, the better to be able to view things. The artist becomes a kind of god viewing creation with a smile. From this is a short step to the idea that God himself is the supreme ironist, watching the antics of human beings, with a detached, ironical smile. The spectator in the theatre is in a similar position.
Thus the everlasting human condition is regarded as potentially absurd. In fact Mann, expert on the ironical, when speaking of the novel (in Die Kunst des Romans, 1939) says that the novel keeps its distance from things and by its very nature is distanced from them; it `hovers' over them.
Irony has many functions. It is often the witting or unwitting instrument of truth. It chides, purifies, refines, deflates scorns and `send up'. It is not surprising, therefore, that irony is the most precious and efficient weapon of the satirist.
It can be no accident that the beginning of the great age of satire in the second half of the 17c.roughly coincides with the increasing use of irony as a means of expression throughout a work. It is as if before then many writers were fully aware of the possibilities and uses of irony but had not considered it to be a mode for conducting or bearining a whole work.
Irony went `out of fashion' later in the 18th c. but was revived by the prose writers of the 19th c.Ironical verse is rare in this period, but Byron's is an honorable exception. In prose the consummate ironist of the 19th c. is Samuel Butler whose major achievements in irony
With the decline of satire in the 20th c.irony ceases to be the principal mode except in Thomas Mann's novels; though it is frequently occasional, so to speak, in verse, prose and drama.
Functional styles
We have defined the object of linguo-stylistics as the study of the nature, functional styles, on the other.
It is now time to outline the general principles on which functional styles rest. A functional style of language means which serves a definite aim in communication. A functional style is thus to be
regarded as the product of a certain concrete task set by the sender of the message. Functional styles appear mainly in the literary standard of a language.
The literary standard of the English language, like that of any other developed language, is not so homogeneous as it may seem. In fact the standard English literary language in the course of its development has fallen into several subsystems each of which has acquired its own peculiarities which are typical of the given functional style. The members of the language community, especially those who are sufficiently trained and responsive to language variations, recognize these styles as independent wholes. The peculiar choice of language means is primarily predetermined by the aim of the communication with the result that a more or less closed system is built up. One set of language media stands in opposition to other sets of language media with other aims, and these other sets have other choices and arrangement of language means.
In the English literary standard we distinguish the following major functional styles.
1) The language of belles-lettres.
2) The language of publicistic literature.
3) The language of newspapers.
4) The language of scientific prose.
5) The language of official documents.
As has already been mentioned, functional styles are the product the development of the written variety of language. Each FS may be characterized by a number of distinctive features, leading or subordinate, constant or changing, obligatory or optional. We clearly perceive the following substyles of the five FSs given above.
Belles-lettres style
The style of creative literature may e called the richest register of communication: besides its own language means which are not used in any other sphere of communication, belles-lettres style makes ample use of other styles too, for in numerous works of literary art we find elements of scientific, official and other functional types of speech.
Besides informative and persuasive functions, also found in other functional styles the belles-lettres style has a unique task to impress the reader aesthetically.
The form becomes meaningful and carries additional information as you must have seen from previous chapters.
Boundless possibilities of expressing one's thoughts and feelings make the belles-letters style highly attractive field of investigation for a linguist.
Speaking of belles-lettres style most scholars almost automatically refer to it prose works, regarding poetry the domain of a special poetic style
Finishing this brief outline of functional styles observed in modern English, it is necessary to stress again, two points.
The first one concerns the dichotomy-written: colloqual, the former opposition meaning the form of presentation, the latter-choice of language means.
Te second point deals with the flexibility of style boundaries: the borders within which a style presumably functions are not rigit and allow various degrees of overlapping and melting into each other.
It is not accidental that rather often we speak of intermediate cases such as the popular scientific style which combines the features of scientific and belles-lettres styles, or style of new journalism which is a combination of publicist, newspaper and belles-lettres styles.
Publicist style
Publicist style a perfect example of the historical changeability of stylistic differentiation of discourses. Nowadays political, ideological, ethical, social beliefs ad statements of the addressed in the written form, which waslabelled publicist in accordance with the name of the corresponding genre and its practitioners. Publicist style is famous for its explicit pragmatic function of persuasion directed at influencing the reader and shaping his views in accordance with the argumentation of the author. Correspondingly we find in publicist style a blend of the rigorous logical reasoning, reflecting the objective state of things, and a strong subjectivity reflecting the author's personal feelings and emotions towards the discussed subject.
Newspaper style
Newspaper style, as it is evident from its name, is found in newspapers. You should not conclude though that everything published in a newspaper should be referred to the newspaper style. The paper contains vastly varying materials, some of them being publicist essays, some-feature articles, some-scientific reviews, some-official stock-exchange accounts, that a daily newspaper also offers a variety of styles. When we mention `newspaper style', we mean informative materials, characteristic of newspaper only and not found in other publications. To attract the reader's attention to the news, special graphical means are used. British and American papers are notorious for the change of type, specific headlines, space ordering. We find here a large proportion of dates and personal names of countries, territories, institutions, individuals. To achieve the effect of objectivity and impartiality in rendering some fact or event, most of newspaper information is published anonymously, without the name of the newsman who supplied it, with little or no subjective modality. But the position and attitude of the paper, nonetheless, become clear from the choice not only of subject matter but also of words denoting international or domestic issues.
Scientific style
Scientific style is employed in professional communication. Its most conspicuous feature is the abundance of terms denoting objects, phenomena and processes characteristic of some particular field of science and technique. Scientific style is also known for its precision, clarity and logical cohesion which is responsible for the repeated use of such clichйs as: `proceeding from... `; As it was said above'; `In connection with' and other lexico-syntactical forms emphasizing the logical connection and interdepence of consecutive parts of the discourse.
Official style
Official style or the style of official documents is the most conservative one. It preserve cast-iron forms of structuring and uses syntactical constructions and words long known as archaic and not observed anywhere else. Addressing documents and official letters, signing them, expressing the reasons and considerations leading to the subject of the document-all this is strictly regulated both lexically and syntactically. All emotiveness and subjective modality are completely banned out of this style
There are at least two kinds of irony. The first represents utterances the ironical sense of which is evident to any native speaker-utterances that can have only an ironical message no one would ever take them at their face value. The peculiar word-order and stereotyped words make up set phrases implying just the opposite of what they seem to manifest. This kind of irony is called by some authors antiphrasis.
1) That's a pretty kettle of fish!
Жаксы жумыс!Кызык окига!
2) A fine friend you are!
Жаксы дос,соз жок!
I can refer the overwhelming majority of utterances which can be understood either literally or ironically, especially when we deal with written texts. Thus we cannot say if the speaker is serious or ironical when he says:
3) But of course we know, he's a rich man, a millionaire.
Бурак биздин билуимизше,ол бай адам,ол миллионер.
Irony used with the aim of critical evaluation of the thing spoken about. The general scheme of this variety is: `praise stands for blame'. Very seldom do we observe the opposite type: coarse, rude, accusing words used approvingly; The corresponding term is atheism:
4) Clever bastard! Tough son-of-a-bitch!
Бул накурыс!Ит сиякты жылдам.
In this sentences irony used opposite.
5)The Ekaterininsky Canal is notorious with its muddy waters among the river and canals of St.Petersburg.
Кейде аяк кимдери сондай лас адамдар Невский проспектинен откенде Екатеринин каналы оны шайып отуге хали жок.
6)Defoe's The Shortest Way with Dissenters.
Дефо алауыздыкпен бул окигадан кыска жол издеди
Where the writer pretends to advocate what he actually dissaproves.
In this Dramatic Irony.
Conclusion
My work is about irony-the phenomenon which is widely studied by a number of scientific branches. All investigations in this field prove the necessity of distinguishing of two notions: irony as a technique, a stylistic device and irony as results, i.e. an ironic sense, created by a number of different linguistic means. As irony correlates with some forms of critical attitude to life, such as satire, humor, mockery, sarcasm and joke, their definitions and examples are performed in the article. The classification of means of expression of irony is either applied here. It is known that irony is concerned with an emotional sphere
Of human life.The classification presented here is by no means arbitrary. It is the result of long and minute observations of factual material in which not only peculiarities of language usage were taken into account but also extra linguistic data, in particular the purport of the communication.However,we admit that this classification is not proof against criticism. Other schemes may possibly be elaborated and highlighted by different approaches to the problem of functional styles. The classification of FSs is not a simple matter and any discussion of it is bound to reflect more than one angle of vision. Some stylicists consider that newspaper articles should be classed under the functional style of newspaper language, not under the language of publicistic literature. Others insist on including the language of everyday-life discourse into the system of functional styles.
It is inevitable, of course that any classification should lead to some kind of simplification of the facts classified, because items are considered in isolation. Moreover, substyles assume, as it were, the aspect of closed systems. But no classification, useful though it may be from the theoretical point of view, should be allowed to blind us as to the conventionality of classification in general. When analyzing concrete texts, we discover that the boundaries between them sometimes become less and less discernible. Thus, for instance, the signs of difference are sometimes almost imperceptible between poetry and emotive prose; between newspaper FS and publicistic FS; between a popular scientific article and a scientific tretise; between an essay and a scientific article. But the extremes are apparent from the ways language units are used both structurally and semantically. Language serves a variety of needs and these needs have given birth to the principles on which our classification is based and which in their turn presuppose the choice and combination of language means.
We presume that the reader has noticed the insistent use of the expression `language style' or `style of language' in the above classification. This is done in order to emphasize the idea that in this work the word `style' is applied purely to linguistic data.
The classification given above to our mind adequately represents the facts of the standard English language.
styl irony translation
Appendix
1) Italy's radio, TV woekers on strike.
Италияны? радиосы, теледидар ж?мыскерлеріне кауіп т?ндірді
2) Back to work-to kills the bill.
Уа?ытты ?лтіру ?шін-ж?м?с?а оралу
3) Ugly noises from Los Angeles mayor's nest.
Лос Анжелесті? мэрлері орынсыз шу к?терді.
4) Convict sentenced to life for coffin girl kidnar.
?ызды ?рла?ан ?шін ?мірлік сотталу
5) I knew vaguely that the fiest Chapter of Genesis was not quite true, but i did not know why!
Мен ?мірлік Кітапті? бастап?ы жа?ы шынды?тан ауып бара жат?анын аздап т?сіндім, біра? ?ай жа??а ау?анын т?сінбедім
6) The shlinter of comet will fall down the Earth in woman's day.
Кометаны? сыны?ы Халы?аралы? ?иелдер к?нінде жерге т?седі.
7) Ministers invited to № 10 Downing Street.
Министрлер Даунинг-стритта?ы № 10 ?йге шакырылган.
8) To read or not to read? All books can be divided into three groups:books to read, books to re-read,and booka not to read at all.
Барлы? кітаптарды ?ш топка болуге болады:о?итын,о?ыл?ан, о?ылатын
9) Thinking up titles is an art in itself, but we, legions of woud-be authors, face another literary crisis: title depletion.Heedless of the future, successful authors the world over keep consuming a precious resource-book titles-as if there were no tomorrow, abd that puts the rest of us off.And they have creamed off the best.Maybe i would have written The Brothers Karamazov, but some older guy got it first.We were left with odds and ebds, like The Second Cousins Karamazov.
М?ттіні? атын ойлап шы?ару-ол ?зінше бір ?нерлікке жатады, біра? біз, келешектегі жазушы легиондармыз, біз жанрда?ы ?згешеліктермен со?ты?ысамыз-ол матінге ат жетіспегендіктен.Б?кіл ?лемдегі жазушылар келешекті ойламай кітапті? атын ?рт?рлі етіп койып, Соны? ?зімен бізді? со??ымызды ??ртып жатыр.Мен озімні? романымды А?айынды Карамазовтар деп ата?ым келген,біра? олай баска Адам ?з кіттабын атап койыпты .Ал бізге соларды? калды?ы калады, м?мкін ?з кітабімді Б?лелер Карамазовтар деп атасам кайтер еді?
10) I went to Balliol University a good classic and a complete ignoramus.
Мен Баллиол?а классикалы? филология маманды?ы жа?ынан барлы?ын біліп ал, бас?а маманды?тардан еште?е білмей бардым
11)When I left my public school i had an extensive knowltdge of Latin and Greec literature, knew a certain amount of Greek and Latin history abd French grammar, and had “done” a little mathematics.
Гимназияны бітірген со?,мен а?ылшын ?дебиетін, француз тілімен б?р???ы зама??ы тарихты, о?ан ?оса математикаданда “?ттім,”.
12) That's pretty kettle of fish!
Жа?сы ж?мыс!?ызы? о?ига!
13) Defoe's The Shortest Way with Dissenters
Дефо алауызды?пен б?л о?и?адан ?ыс?а жол іздейді
14)Clever bastard!Tough son-of-a-bitch!
Б?л на??рыс!Ит сия?ты жылдам!
15) The Ecaterininsky Canal is notorious with its muddy waters among the river and canals of St.Petersb
Кейде ая? киімдері сондай лас адамдар Невский проспектінен ?ткенде Екатеринин каналы оны шайып ?туге ?алы жо?.
16) But of course we know, he's a rich man, a millionaire.
Біра? бізді? біліуімізше ол бай адам, ол миллионер.
17) In the Myrmansk find new way about contest with drug.
Мурманскте наша?орлы??а ?арсы жа?а т?сіл табылды.
18) Nature of Kazakhstan very good, but the air bad.
?аза?станны? таби?аты ?те ?демі , біра? ауасы лас.
19) A fine friend you are!
Жа?сы дос, с?з жо?!
20) Tigers and elephant are beautiful animals, but very dangerous
Арыстандар мен пілдер оте ?деми,біра? ?те ?ауіпті жануарлар
21) Adolph Coors ІІІ was the former heir to the Coors bear empire
Адольф Кур ІІІ сыра империясынын м?рагері болды
22) An-anti technology website
Технология?а ?арсы вебсайт
23) An anti-capitalist website sells anti-capitalism T-shirts for a profit
Капитализмге ?арсы вебсайт, капитализмді ?ор?ау туралы кеудешелер сатуда
24) Stress relief candles set someone's house on fire
Ар ?йде адамны? шарша?анын басатын шамдар бар
25) A fire house burns down
?й со?ына дейін ?ртеніп кетті
26) A paper cut from a box of bandages
?а?аз бинт салын?ан ж?шіктен ?иып алынды
27)Year before his death at the age of 23, basketball star “Pistol” Pete Maravich told a Pennsylvania reporter “I don't want to play 10 years [in the NBA] and then die of a heart attack when I am 40. In1988 he collapsed and died of heart attack at age, after playing 10 NBA seasons
Атакты баскетболист “Пиcтол”дын олгеннине жыл отти, Пит Марович Пенсилвания тилшилерине “Мен [NBA]да 10 жыл ойнап, содан сон журек ауруынан олгим келип турган жок”-деди, 1988ж. 40 жасында ол NBAга «? жыл ойнап, журек ауруынан кайтты.
28) When the telephone was invented, some people were especially quick to see the possibilities. One man even said: “I can easily see that every town will want one”.
Телефонды ойлап шы?ар?анда, адамдар оны? ?асиеттерін к?рген. “Мен телефон ?р ?алада?ы адамдар?а керек болатынына сенімдімін”
29) They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance. “Nearly the last words of American Civil war General John Sedgwick
Олар б?л жерде пілдермен кездесе алмады. “Б?л Американды? азамат со?ысында бол?ан Генерал Седвигтин с?здері ”
30) The Artist Monet's loss of vision, but not hearing
?ртіс Монетті? к?зі кормеседе, ??ла?ы естиді
31) Ludwig van Beethoven's loss of hearing, but not vision
Лудвиг Ван Бетховен ??ла?ы естімесе де,к?зі к?реді
32) The 1956 loss by fire of the top of Harvard's Memorial Hall tower while being restored by workmen to make sure it would last for generations.
1956 жылы Гарвардты? Мемориалды Залыны? жо?ар?ы б?лігі ?ртеніп кетті, біра? о?ан ?арамастан ж?мысшы топ жо?ар?ы б?лігін о?дады
33) After that, Colonel Cathcart did not trust any other Colonel on the Squadron. The only good Colonel, except for himself.
Полковник Казкард Скуадронда?ы ешбір полковникке сенбеді, Ол ?зін б?рінен ?здік санады.
34) Nately had lived for almost twenty years without trauma, tension, hate, or neurosis, which was proof to Yossarian of just how crazy he really was.
Натали сыны?сыз, ренішсіз, ашусыз 12 жыл ?мір с?ріп жатыр, б?л Иоссаранды соншалы?ты ?нататынын к?рсетіп отыр
35) At the end of 10 days, a new group of doctors come to Yossarian with bad news: he was in perfect health and had to get out of the hospital
10-шы к?нні? со?ында Иоссаран?а жа?а д?рігерлер тобы келіп жаман жа?алы? хабарлады; олар оны? толы? сауы??анын ж?не ауруханадан шы?атынын айтты,
Bibliography
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
Arnold I.V Blakh M.Y Galperin I.R Garbovsci N.K Kukharenko V.I. Kuznes M.D. |
English stylistics A cource in Theoretical English Grammar Stylistics. Theory of translsation A book practice in stylistics Stylistic. w.w.w.google.com. w.w.w.geocities.com/bibl.htm |
1981 2000 2002 1987 2000 1989 |
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