Artistic styles in European culture XVII-XVIII century

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"Artistic styles in European culture XVII-XVIII century

Introduction

Art and Literature XVII-XVIII centuries. each European country characterized unique originality. But at this time due to expansion of the educated people, intellectuals among them made some contacts, visits the cultural connections.

If in the bygone era of the emergence and changing artistic styles went century, now it is much faster: in the first half of XVII century. dominated by the Baroque style in the second half - Classicism, in the first half of XVIII century. - Rococo (genetically related to the Baroque), in the second half - in a slightly different form - returns classicism. Let us focus on these major art styles in more detail.

Features of the Ukrainian Baroque style

The exact origin of the term baroque is unknown. Its starting to take in the XVIII century. with a somewhat dismissive tone (translated from Italian - "wrong" or "bizarre"). This style is directly pereklykavsya a way of life royal courts, especially the French, who dictated the European fashion, the combination of endless holidays, regular entertainment and strict etiquette, strict regulation. At the same time with attitude disappears stability, strength, characteristic of a bygone era.

Baroque architecture widely used open Renaissance techniques, but for other purposes. This is a very smart, wonderful, decorative style. It is characterized by spatial scale, a large number of architectural details, the predominance of curved lines, very complex compositions. Baroque differentiates contrast, dominance of bright colors, plenty of gilding. These features were very bright in the outlines of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Rastrelli.

The consciousness of the Baroque era, with its contrasts, instability is most consonant musical art, opens a new era in its development. For the first time in the history of music culture begins to play the independent role. The circle of musical instruments, enjoy special respect craftsmen who made them. And today, none are violin instruments - creative handiwork of famous Stradivari, Guarneri. Even the organ sounds not only during services, but also at concerts. For organ by celebrated works of JS Bach, for the life of the great composer is not fully appreciated.

In keeping with typical Baroque convention for him and spread the synthesis of arts, a new genre of music - opera, which highlighted the beauty of the melodies. Emerging, he in Italy, but quickly spread throughout Europe.

This style extensively on the synthesis of art - a combination of a single ideological and artistic design of the various arts. Start building designed not only themselves but also the entire ensemble. One of the most famous - the square in front ensemble built before St. Peter's in Rome, which was conceived by L. Bernini, surrounded by a large-scale colonnade, and placed in the center of a huge ancient Egyptian obelisk. In architectural projects include the environment, special sound becomes architecture. There is architecture fountains - garden and city. Many fountains in baroque style is in Rome, of which the most famous Trevi Fountain. In the countryside residence of Russian emperors - Peterhof - fountains are the core of all the palace and park ensemble.

Great start to play the role of interiors: light floors, crystal chandeliers, draperies, stucco decorations. Painting and sculpture lose their independent role, become part of the decor. It is very common so-called illusory ceiling - painted in a special ceiling - that depict, usually in combination with sky multifigured composition. A similar effect of illusions used in architecture. The most famous Italian architect and sculptor Bernini's Baroque well designed staircase in Vatican Palace, which they perceived the bottom much longer than it actually is. When the upper landing there Pope, his figure seems surprisingly large and majestic.

Characteristic features of the Baroque can be seen in the work of the great Flanders painter PP Rubens (Flanders - modern Belgium). His celebrated a fantastic artistic skill, which opened up new prospects for fine art. Favorite subjects were the ancient myths. The artist was very popular, which brought him material wealth, because then in vogue were ceremonial portraits.

Otherwise, the usual fate Rembranta Dutchman van Rijn. With increasing skill in his paintings is primarily psychological depth, realism. If the beginning of his career became a collective portrait of the order "Anatomy of a doctor Tulpa" that brought fame, the final - the tragic canvas "Return of the Prodigal Son." And what became of far-reaching Rembranta, the more he lost his popularity among his contemporaries.

Glory of Spanish art is art Diego Velazquez. In his portraits, grand in form, Velasquez has always paid attention mainly to the inner world of the character. When Pope Innokentiy X saw his portrait, called it "very true". Revolutionary for strictly Catholic Spain was Velazquez painting "Venus with a Mirror."

Classicism, as the art of "heroic citizenship"

Classicism was intrinsically difficult style. The central idea of ??classicism - in line with rationalist philosophy - the idea of ??rationality, orderliness, "correctness". On the one hand, this idea was widely used to justify the necessity of absolutism: government headed by the monarch was treated as the embodiment of mind, which restricts human vices. But on the other hand, the same philosophical rationalism was the basis for the development of advanced science, the foundation of bourgeois ideology. In the XVII century. lead was the first trend. France becomes the official classicism style, special instructions are given by Cardinal Richelieu, then Louis XIV. Created special organizations designed to monitor the literature and art. In a 1634 - French Academy, mainly philological, later - Academy of Painting and Sculpture, Academy of Sciences.

A classic example of architecture of classicism - the royal palace complex at Versailles. It includes the palace, park, lots of buildings. Strict planning and geometric organization of the palace and park, symmetry define its appearance. Even trees and bushes provided a form of geometric shapes. This type is called the French, a regular park. Even more complex and ambiguous in nature classicism (from Lat. Siazzisyz - sample) who experienced profound changes and filled with new meaning in the second half of XVIII century. As an integrated system for this style became operational in France in the XVII century. In the era of the rise of absolutism, its theoretical principles outlined N. Boileau (1636-1711) in the didactic poem "Poetic Art". Based on the principles of philosophical rationalism, classicism brought a perfect understanding of a reasonable and fair power of enlightened monarch, as in works of art were dominated by the public, heroic and patriotic motives. In the spirit of the ancient aesthetic ideal utverdzhuvavsya clear division of genres of art to "high" and "low". The former, which appear life mythological characters, kings, generals, belonged to the tragedy, the ode, the heroic poem, the second, whose heroes were the peasants, commoners, - comedy, fable, satire, idyll. In the drama is not permitted mixing of tragic and comic, majestic and simple, strictly followed the law "three unities" - action, time, place. The outstanding achievements of classical art owes playwrights Jean Racine and Moliere, JB. Jean Racine (1639-1699) plays in the "Britannica", "Mithridates" showed the conflict between human dignity, high moral duty and arbitrary power, selfish passions. Through creativity J.-B. Moliere (1622-1673), which strengthened the genre of "high comedy" classicism appealed to the problems of national life.

End of XVII - beginning of the nineteenth century. characterized in Ukrainian architecture of significant growth in the construction and dissemination of new style - classicism. Classicism is provided to all urban planning activities of state official character. On the other hand, within this style to some extent were historically progressive construction and architectural trends of the time. In addition, all plastic and imaginative arsenal of classical nose of a vidlysky antiquity and the Renaissance, interest in them has increased again in the era of enlightenment. In their best examples of classical art bore important aesthetic and educational functions. The solemn simplicity of buildings, squares, streets outside as if subordinate, geometry, bore a deep emotional impulses. The development architecture is largely conditioned by the progress of construction equipment. At this time gradually introduced in the construction of metal structures, however, is still widespread were wooden construction. In the development of classicism can identify three stages: formation of style, maturity and decline.

Architecture of the first stage marked the transition from baroque to classicism, finding new means of artistic expression, and a new approach to ensemble building. During the classical open character becomes important composition ensembles squares, streets and individual complexes. The main achievement of the second stage was the creation of large ensembles, and in architecture - the use of decorative arts to meet the great artistic ideas. The third phase extended multi-storied construction, increased industrial enterprises, educational institutions. The decline of classicism was also away from understanding and creative use of ancient forms of domination in the canons and stamps, in the manifestation elektryzmu. The best gains are supported by mature classicism, spread in the creative practice of Ukrainian architects and sculptors.

Famous architects of the first half of the nineteenth century such as Andrew Voronikhin, Andriyan Zakharov, Alexander Bryullov, Basil Stas, Vincent Beretta completed the basic formula of classicism, the provisions of the integrity and the group and its synthesis of ancient buildings. They pay special attention to the unity of architecture. The greatest building of their plan, had to meet the requirements of circular or sectoral-panoramic view and have the perfect proportions of the different points of view. They had to keep the ensemble streets and neighborhoods.

One of the greatest achievements of mature classicism was embodied in the practice of synthesis of architecture and sculpture. In the first half. Nineteenth century, these two arts community has reached an unprecedented perfection. Among the major and best buildings of the late eighteenth century, stands five-domed Transfiguration Cathedral in Novgorod-Seversky, laid the plan Petersburg architect J. Kvarenchi. Cathedral located in the center building of the monastery. Square in plan structure with four sides has projections. On the performance of the main facade created portico-loggia with four columns, sandwiched between two antamy. Side performances highlighted chotyrma pivkolonamy of which average semicircular, and the two extremes - the square. Side entrances originally placed in niches. Apse of the eastern facade looks pivrotondy with prychetvertymy columns.

At the end of the seventeenth century in Ukrainian cities was very common type of traditional selenskoyi house "into two halves." Now increase the size and complicated planning. Gradually developed a type of income and so-called home. There are two-and three-storey residential buildings.

Development of Kyiv architecture is largely associated with the name of a prominent architect Andrey Mylenskoho, who was born in 1766 in a military family. His path in the construction business he started in 1775 and later studied in the Kremlin expedition led by K. Blanca, and since 1787 - in St. Petersburg in Kvarenchi, where he worked 5 years. Mylenskyy a short time turned the patriarchal Kyiv with its many monasteries and ruins of former power and glory of a modern European city. Under his leadership, many streets were laid, and also identified as the main Khreshchatyk in the future outside of Kyiv. To link to Khreshchatyk pid'yizdnymy paths crossed Mylenskyy it started Olexandrivska Street between hem and Caves, and the end of Khreshchatyk continued on S and S one of the longest in that time Kiev streets - Vasilevsky. At Khreshchatyk Mylenskyy built the first theater in the city hall with 470 seats (not preserved). In 1802 the project Mylenskoho built first in Ukraine "monument in honor of the renovation of Magdeburg Rights", which is a Tuscan column with p'yedystalom in the form of arches.

For the chosen location of the monument at the end Khreshchatyi valley on the banks of the Dnieper River, surrounded by greenery, where according to legend was the baptism of Kiev in 988 In 1810, at Askold grave built the church rotunda as movzoleyu-monument Askold, which according to a chronicle considered first Kyiv Prince. The church stands in a beautiful natural setting. After a devastating fire in 1811 hem Mylenskomu had a lot of work on buildings of this part of town. He restores old buildings and built many new ones. In Florovsky Monastery Mylenskyy built Resurrection Church of the central rotunda, covered dome, and two symmetrical side wings.

The Church certainly had the appearance of civil buildings, and had a cross on the dome, which testified to its religious purpose. The biggest building in Kyiv the first half of the nineteenth century was the building of the university. Its builder V. Beretta - a famous architect, whose skill has developed under the influence of his teacher at the Academy of Arts A. Zakharov and Thomas de TOMAN, which Beretta had to work later in St. Petersburg. University building located at the crossroads of two major highways of the new city, making it well connected with Kreschatiku, Caves and Old Town. The main facade of the building of the university goes to Volodymyrska street. The central front entrance accented vosmykolonnym Ionic portico order. Calm expanse of wall stresses rustovanym cap, frame window openings, belt second floor window sills with iron balustrades and details of Lithuania.

A large high-rise buildings now tower stands the Assumption Cathedral in Kharkov, built by the architect E. Vasilyeva in memory of the victory over Napoleon. Each of the four-story bell tower of tiers is a separate song is really beautiful, and the fifth tier is crowned with gilded dome drum.

In the second half. Eighteenth century unfolded substantial construction work in southern Ukraine. For a short time there arose such a significant Yelisavetgrad, Kherson, Mariupol, Ekaterinoslav Odesa.U planning and building of these cities participated outstanding Petersburg architect.

In 1818-1920 he was the design of Stasov in the central part of the bourgeois suburb monument prominent English humanist John Howard, who died in Kherson. By will put on his grave obelisk with a sundial. In early 1790 the architect I. Starov instructed to choose a new territory, to draft a city of Nikolayev. The architecture of Nikolayev in straight streets and large areas at once felt the character of the town planned on the basis of classicism. The central square was at the intersection of two main wide streets. Its buildings consisted of a church in honor of Gregory the Armenian, buildings magistrate, with stone benches. Most significant is the two-story stone house. It adjacent symmetrically on both sides of the wings in the form of open galleries, which give building ease. The first floor looks like an arcade magistrate that underpin the second floor wall and column side galleries link building with other buildings of the area. In other buildings in Nikolaev also felt attempts a new interpretation classics using bold shapes of wooden architecture, inspired by folk ar

Supporter forms of ancient architecture, TOMAN said that his theater is "the manner of a small Greek temple." Theatre built in 1809 near the sea well stood out among the surrounding buildings and everyone who came by sea to Odessa, the first saw this building. In the building of Odessa attended St. Petersburg architects such as F.K. Boffo, GI Horichelli, V. Kozlov, F.K. Boffo was born in Sardinia. Over forty years of creative work, he built a few most significant buildings. The main architectural focus is central semicircular area, she built two symmetrically arranged concave houses. It is this architectural idea clearly detected in huge Potemkin stairs. Stairs, monument and the street between the houses of compositional concave transverse axis boulevard that divides it into two parts. Boulevard limit on both sides of complex structures - Voronov and manor house of the Old Exchange. Vorontsov Palace was designed by Boffo. Palace has wonderful interiors, outstanding decorative richness and artistic taste. All rooms have hardwood floors, are furnished with English furniture. Architecture of the former house of the old building with two beautiful Corner and colonnade that connects them was designed by J. Quarenghi. During the first third of the nineteenth century, Simferopol turned into an impressive city, with characteristic early classical trypromenevoyu system plan with a central semicircular area in front of the cathedral. Since the late classicism in Simferopol remained simnadtsyatymetrovyy sharing with light-green diorite, built in 1842 It is based on a cubic base, towering on high basement. Obelisk closes street perspective. Among the new towns developed nayburhlyvishe Sevastopol. Important role in the planning and construction of military engineers played. Sevastopol growing very quickly. In 1804 Sevastopol declared principal military port of the Black Sea Fleet, and later a fortress.

Special activities for building Sevastopol developed an outstanding fleet of sheep and scientist Lazarev. The architecture of Sevastopol dominated ancient Greek form. In the Greek Doric warrant was built in 1843, Peter and Paul Cathedral, which is a perypter chotyrma with forty columns. At the Naval Library was built so-called tower of winds. The upper circle bas-reliefs that depict mythological heroes. House Marine Library was destroyed, but the tower survived to our days, recalling the architecture of the first period of development. In the early nineteenth century one of the most interesting examples of architecture in Lviv is a large house, decorated with stone relief carvings. Log house underlined Greek Doric columns. The main facade is decorated with embossed antique compositions created by sculptor G. Witwer-ohm and A. Shimzerom. Drew attention to a building on Armenian Street, which adorn the facade of six Ionian pilasters that unite 2 and 3 floors. During the third floor windows made five bas-relief compositions. In a depiction of Chronos, and on the sides - four seasons. The house has a balcony with a beautiful iron fence forging operation that separates a wide strip like basis - on the ground floor which rests the whole edifice.

In the late classical period characterized by the development of income at home. This category is built in 1842 the so-called Theatre of S. Skarbka in Lviv. Theatre built in a large four-building with apartments. The main facade is underlined imposition forward portico, which is based on the arcade.

The influence of classicism and to some extent affected, and on folk architecture. His formal elements evident in the planning of villages, towns, building churches. Penetration of elements of classical to folk architecture due to the nature of local building material, most of which were wood. Classicism in architecture ended 60 years of the nineteenth century, but this threshold is arbitrary, because the traditions, achievements in urban development kept the impact on architectural practice these days. Regular planning system of the city, famous palace park complexes reveal the wealth of construction and artistic culture of the time and occupy a significant place in the common cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people.

baroque rococo classicism

Rococo art as a "gallant old"

At the beginning of the XVIII century. becomes the leading rococo style (the term derives from the name of a decorative ornament in the form of bowls). This style is associated with the baroque, but deprived of its scope. Rococo style decorative features is sophistication, sensuality. Rococo assumes no straight lines, using soft colors - pink, blue, gray. It is associated with the definition of "gallant century". Aristocracy finally departs from participation in practical life, locked in their artificial world. Especially consistently performed in the Rococo interiors. Favorite materials - mother of pearl and porcelain, which became known in Europe and came into vogue only in the XVIII century. Work of art becomes even look human. Rococo style was created for women and adapted to its tastes and whims. Almost the main floor of the Rococo era, the word "whim" (whim). In art is determined by light, nervous, delicate and fanciful shapes ("playful" Rococo). He was primarily in the plan of decoration and interior (palaces, churches, churches). In the day Rococo art (mostly polychrome) became an essential part of architectural composition and ornamentation (particularly in the thread) took the form of structures («rocaille»). In the age of rococo widely developed myst. crafts - weaving, jewelery, porcelain, furniture, tapestries.

Some researchers do not consider self-rococo style, but merely a branch of the late Baroque, which lost a large monumental style. However, in Rococo "gallant century" France has its own characteristics. As a product of purely secular culture, even more narrowly - the court, the aristocracy is an art - a chamber in comparison with the baroque, intimate, closely associated with life, more pure. World of miniature forms not accidentally pulled its head expression in the arts - in furniture, dishes, bronze, porcelain, and in architecture - mainly in the interior, which is now seeking splendor and majesty, and a pleasant and convenient.

Rococo era nobles set a goal everyday enjoyment. Pleasure shall be required to contribute had luxurious interiors of palaces and churches, splendid dresses, turn holidays in Baroque gardens and pavilion in the summer and winter palaces. Highly used cosmetics - white, powder, blush, black paint (antimony) for eyebrows fly. Cosmetics used profusely both women and men. Special widespread use of flies in the face - the location of flies had their value for knowledgeable in courtly games lords. In the Rococo era paintings dominated festivals and theatrical performances, endless couples mifolohinyh persons. In all the portraits emphasized smiling, kind, elegant, but it was a mask that concealed numerous deficiencies and extremely difficult problems.

It is believed that the painting of the Rococo style originated in France. Cultural ties neighboring countries and the prevailing fashion era very quickly made an international rococo art, mostly at royal courts or in aristocratic houses. Stylystyku have zhypopys Rococo France, Italy, the German principalities, Austria (and the Czech Republic in its structure), the Russian Empire, the smallest Netherlands, Portugal, Spain (morning works Goya

The best examples of rococo painting gave France and Italy. In France, the founders are French Rococo and Watteau Italian from Venice Rosalba Career. Later, the case continued to Franзois Boucher, Jean-Honore Fragonard and a few masters incomparably smaller gifts (Lancret, Carl Vanloo, Pierre Kiyyar, artists Kuapel, Noel-Nicolas and Charles-Antoine, Jean-Battista Pater, etc..) Rococo style characterized by students' and morning gifted gigantic works of Jacques-Louis David, the future representative of Classicism and Empire. Personal and work has taken place Chardin, the renowned master of still life in the French rococo day. Rococo features inherent in some genre pictures of Chardin, but no eroticism, theatricality and idyllichno-pastoral motifs, typical of the rococo style. Among the artists of the Rococo style of the Italians divided Amihoni Jacopo, Pietro Longhi, Giambattista Tiepolo, Bernardo Belotto, less gifted Stefano Torelli, Pietro Rotary and others. Cosmopolitanism Rococo painting is the most characteristic works of the Italians, which is quite easy to cross the borders of different countries and years worked in outside Italy (Amihoni - in Bavaria, London and Madrid, Bernardo Belotto in Germany and Poland, Pietro Rotary in Dresden, Vienna and Petersburg).

In the 18th century fell a new flowering of art portrait. Involved in the late Baroque and Rococo should recognize and Alexander Roslin, the famous portrait painter from Sweden, also a cosmopolitan figure of the day (he worked in Sweden, Italy, Germany, the Russian Empire, France, died in Paris).

Rococo era has its outstanding masters among sculptors, although it is much less than painters. An interesting school days Rococo sculptors formed in Prague (Mathias Bernard Braun et al.) And Lviv (Pinzel and his school).

Training in Italy and the favorable effect of bright patterns in Baroque sculpture well marked by sculptures of Brauna.Yakscho in the morning works tangible examples of Baroque Italy (Holy Christ comforts Lyuithartu), then the best examples of rococo sculptor is not immersed in frivolity, while maintaining the elegance, grace, even theatricality (carnival mask on the face sculpture allegory "Intrigue," Stump Castle, Czech Republic). Extremely full Rococo reflected in the works of decorative art.

It seems the second time after the beginning of the 17th century, experienced a new lace ups and entered the high fashion. Decorative quality full lace used in dresses aristocratic ladies. Merezhovo adorned hair, neck, sleeves ceremonial and festive costumes. Lace connect with diamond ornaments, satin, fur and more.

Porcelain This is a day Rococo accounted finding the secret of Chinese porcelain. Experiments 1708-1709 biennium, which carried Betther Johann Friedrich in Dresden for the first time in Europe gave a full porcelain samples that yielded no samples Kytaya.V Meissen open Europe's first porcelain manufakturu.Trohy later there other centers of porcelain production in France, the Russian Empire, Czech Republic, Austria and more. In a small porcelain sculpture attract the best sculptors of the day: in France it is Etienne Maurice Falconet, in Meissen - Johann Joachim Kendler, Johann Gottlieb Kirchner and others.

Capricious and chudernatske Rococo was not able to qualitatively reproduce the heroic, powerful characters. Limited Rococo style well felt the same Falcone. And when he received an order to the equestrian monument of Peter I (The Bronze Horseman), completely abandoned the techniques of the Rococo, referring to samples of classical and baroque developed. Rococo could not all.

The best examples of Rococo architecture of days in Ukraine: the Intercession (1766) and Riverside-Nicholas (1772-1774, architect I. Grigorovich-Barsky) Church at the hem, Lavra Belltower (1731-1745, architect J. Shedel), Andrew's Cathedral (1747 - 53; architect B. Rastrelli) - in Kyiv, the Town Hall in Buchach (1751) and the Cathedral of St.. George in Lviv (1745-1770; B. Meretyn-Marderera), Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady of Kozeltse in Chernihiv region (1752-1763, architect A. Kvasov and I. Grigorovich-Barsky), Cathedral of the Assumption Pochaiv Laura (1771-1783, architect G . Hoffman), the Roman Catholic church Dominican (1745-1749, architect A. and T. Moschynskyy Talovskyy) and in Ternopil (1747-1764, architect J. de Witte) Dominican church in Lviv, the parish church in Hill (1753).

Center of Rococo sculpture was the Lions. In the early days here working mostly Rococo Wizard of German origin, the author of numerous statues that decorated the Roman Catholic Church: T. Hutter, K. Kuchenratner (Bernardine Church in Lviv), T. Fersher (in Belz), J. Markvart (in Zhovkva and the Jesuit church in Lviv) and others. Since 1740th pp. mainly worked in the Palace sculpture master French (Lyaben) or French. school (palaces in Pidhirtsi, Rivne, Olesky, Zhovkva, etc.).. Outstanding representatives of the late Rococo were S. Fessinher (stone sculptures on the facades of churches in Pidhirtsi, Dominican and Mary Magdalene in Lviv), A. Osynskyy (altar pieces in the church in Zbarazh Bernardino, Dominican Lviv, etc.). Pinzel and J. (sculpture for the Cathedral of St. facades. George and Crucifixion for the church of St. Martin in Lviv for the town hall and church in Buchach church in Monastyryska, bas-reliefs in the church and the church in Horodentsi etc.).. To this period belongs to a series of figures under the dome Dominican church in Lviv teamwork. In the latter stage of the Rococo sculptures in Ning. 1760th pp., Has worked mainly place. Wizard: S. Strazhevskyy, M. Filevych, M. Poleyovskiy, J. Obrotskyy et al., ch. finishing at the Cathedral of St.. George and rebuilding the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Lviv and in Przemysl, Pochaiv, Volodavi and others.

At the same time increasing strength comes another trend in the culture that comes from the third condition - the line of the bourgeois opposition to absolutism. In the second half of XVIII century. again confirmed classicism, but its inner meaning is changed. In the foreground is now making the democratic component. The basic idea - a single national statehood, patriotism, civic duty - are consonant with pathos Enlightenment. Rococo elegance contrasted severity and simplicity of the ancient. Greek city democracies and republican Rome was declared an example of "fair system". Particularly intensified after the capture of antiquity excavation of ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herakulanuma who died during the eruption of Vesuvius. The greatest connoisseur and promoter of classical art historian I. Winckelmann wrote: "The only way for us to become great, and if possible, and unique - is to imitate the ancient." The architecture is widely used idea of ??ancient Greek columns and porticos orders. New art in the park was the appearance of the English landscape parks that mimic natural forest. By the classical second half of XVIII century. use the term Enlightenment classicism, neoclassicism.

Classicism with its idea of order unity of the whole and its parts, harmony and strict proportions with special force found itself in instrumental music. Europe's leading music school was Viennese. The basis of the principle of gains becomes symphonic - especially as the development of musical thought, when a new idea comes slowly, in converting the original image, the main theme of generating side, which contrasts with the principal. This is the approach embodied in the new genre - the symphony. Crowned the musical art of the XVIII century. and prepared a new breakthrough works great Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: opera "The Marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni", "Magic Flute", three symphonies, tragic "Requiem", which interrupted work on the composer's death.

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