The notion of translation

Some idioms may have a peculiar nature of their componental parts and there is no genuine phraseological analogies for the units in the TL. Therefore the lexical meaning can be expressed by means of approximate analogies or in a descriptive way. These analogies are slightly similar to the SL but no less picturesque (to lose one's breath - кидати слова на вітер, to come off scot free - вийти сухим з води).

Some SL ph.units are only partly/partially similar in their meaning to certain TL idioms. So they can be interchangeable translation equivalents only in certain contexts.

Ex. to be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth (means to be born lucky) - народитися в сорочці, під щасливою зіркою (поталанило)

(тобто значення частково співпадають, обмежено використ.)

a jack of all trades (but master of nons) (negative meaning) - майстер на всі руки (positive meaning)

5. Descriptive translating of ph.units

The meaning of a considerable number of ph.units can be rendered only in descriptive way.

Depending on the complexity of meaning of the SL idiom, it can be expressed in the TL in following ways:

§ by single word (to pall and peal - грабувати, to go aloft - померти)

§ with the help of word-combination or sentence (to shoot Niagara - вдаватися до ризикованих дій, well-day - час між приступами хвороби)

Ex. wait-and-see policy - пол.-ка очікування

to play politics - вести пол. гру (нечесну)

dollar diplomacy - дипломатія долара

carrot and stick diplomacy - дипломатія батога та пряника

the common touch - вміння спілкування з народом (про великих)

to strike the middle ground - погоджуватись, іти на компроміс

translation communication literal lexical

23. The Subjective Infinitive Construction

It is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation (i.e. relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the sentence) to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence.

This construction is rendered into Ukrainian by means of:

1) a complex sentence with a subordinate object clause, while the principal clause is indefinite personal or impersonal;

The Ukrainian foreigti minister is said to know several languages -

Кажуть, що міністр закордонних справ України знає кілька мов.

2) a simple indefinite personal or impersonal sentence;

They are allowed to visit their relatives in the Gaza Strip -

Їм дозволяють відвідувати своїх родичів у секторі Газа/

Їм дозволяється відвідувати своїх родичів у секторі Газа

3) a simple personal sentence.

They we certain to be discussing this matter now.-

Вони напевно зараз обговорюють це питання

The Subjective Participial Construction

It is a construction in which Participle I is in predicate relation (i.e. relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the sentence) to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence.

This construction is usually rendered into Ukrainian by means of a complex sentence with a subordinate object clause, while the principal clause is indefinite personal or impersonal.

In Modern English it is generally used after passive forms of see and hear.

Silvio Berlusconi was seen shaking_hands with his opponents. -

Бачили (було видно), як Сільвіо Берлусконі тиснув руки своїм оппонентам

24. The Objective Participial Construction

It is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation (i.e. relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the sentence) to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case.

In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. It usually corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Ukrainian, though a simple sentence is sometimes also possible.

We consider the problem solved. - Ми вважаємо, що цю проблему вирішено/Ми вважаємо цю проблему вирішеною

I hate anyone complaining. - Я ненавиджу, коли скаржаться/

Я ненавиджу скиглення

After the verbs have, get the construction shows that the action expressed by Participle II is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence. It may also show that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence experiences the action expressed by the participle. With these verbs the construction is rendered into Ukrainian by means of a simple sentence.

He had a draft resolution brought. - Йому принесли проект резолюції

Charles I had his head cut off. - Карлу І відтяли голову

25. The Objective-with-the-lnfinitive Construction

It is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation (i.e. relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the sentence) to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case.

In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. It usually corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Ukrainian, though a simple sentence is sometimes also possible.

He heard the bomb explode, - Він чув, як вибухнула бомба/ він чув вибух бомби.

What caused you to change your mind? Що змусило вас передумати?

This construction may be used after the words suffer and have

* suffer in affirmative sentences is rendered by неохоче дозволити, скіпивши серце;

in negative sentences it is rendered by дonycmumu

He suffered her to become prime minister. - Він вкрай неохоче дозволив їй стати прем'єр-міністром.

She could not suffer this man to remain the mayor of the capital. -

Вона не могла дозволити цій людині залишитися мером столиці

* have denotes permission only in negative sentences, it is very close in meaning to suffer and is translated in the sane way; in affirmative sentences it means "to tell or arrange for sb to do smth for one

We won't have you sell the land like that -

Ми не дозволимо вам ось так продавати землю

Parliament will have him account for every hryvnia. -

Парламент накаже йому відзвітувати за кожну гривню

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