Structures with the verb to be

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PLAN

Introduction

1 The simple present of the verb to be

1.1 The Verb «Be»

1.2 Uses of the simple present tense

1.3 The simple present of the verb to be

2 Structures with the verb to be

2.1 Conjugation of the verb «to be»

2.2 Reducing the «to BE» Verb in Writing

2.3 Don't Misuse the Verb «to be»

2.4 The verb To Be with a noun or pronoun complement

2.5 The Verb «Be» with Adjectives and Prepositions

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Actuality of theme. The grammar of a language is an analysis of the various functions performed by the words of the language, as they are used by native speakers and writers.

There are many different ways of analyzing a language. In such an analysis, words can be given various names, depending on the function which they perform. For instance, words which perform the function of naming things are commonly referred to as nouns, and words which perform the function of expressing states or actions are commonly referred to as verbs.

It should be kept in mind that many English words can perform more than one function. For instance, in the following sentences, the underlined words can be referred to as nouns because they perform the function of naming things.

e.g. I have lost my comb.

Water is one of the necessities of life.

However, in the following sentences, the same words can be referred to as verbs because they perform the function of expressing actions.

e.g. I comb my hair every morning.

Do you water your plants once a week?

In this work, widely used terms such as noun, verb, pronoun and so on, will be used in order to explain the way in which words function in the English language.

The verb «be» is the biggest verb of English. It can function as a main verb, as a linking verb, as an auxiliary verb, and can also express modality in the phrase «be to». The verb «be» is an irregular verb and has the forms «was, were» for the Simple Past Tense and «been» for the past participle.

1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF THE VERB TO BE

1.1 The Verb «Be»

structure verb conjugation

The Verb «Be» - the Easiest Way to Build Sentences. The verb «be» is the biggest verb of English. It can function as a main verb, as a linking verb, as an auxiliary verb, and can also express modality in the phrase «be to». The verb «be» is an irregular verb and has the forms «was, were» for the Simple Past Tense and «been» for the past participle.

«Be» as a main verb. As a main verb, the verb «be» has the meanings «be located somewhere, exist, take place», for example:

- Madrid is in Spain.

- The TV is in the living room.

- Anton will be here tomorrow.

- This book is in two versions.

- Ella was in Paris a year ago.

- They were at the conference last week.

- The meeting was at 6 yesterday.

The phrase «there is, there are» is used when you want to say WHAT is in some place:

- There is an old man in the room.

- There are two cups on the table.

- Is there meat in the refrigerator?

- There's no food in the house.

- There was a car accident on Seventh Street yesterday.

- There is a lot of light in this room.

- There were a lot of people on the streets.

«Be» as a linking verb. As a linking verb, the verb «be» may be followed by a noun, adjective (or participle), numeral, pronoun, or postposition as part of the predicate. The verb «be» in this function gives you a lot of ways to build sentences.

- He is a doctor. They are teachers.

- She is hungry. He is young.

- He is interested in history.

- I'm tired of his complaints.

- She is two years old. / She is two.

- The book was 40 pages long.

- It's me. This is he.

- He is out. / He's not in.

- He'll be back in an hour.

- What are you up to?

When you use the verb «be» with adjectives or postpositions, you can sometimes replace the verb «be» with the verb «get» to show the beginning, change, or result of the action. Compare these sentences:

- It is cold. It is getting cold.

- She was angry at Jim. She got angry at Jim.

- My coat is wet. My coat got wet.

- He is back. He got back yesterday.

(The use of the verb «be» with adjectives and prepositions is described in the files The Verb Be with Adjectives in the section Idioms.)

«Be» as an auxiliary verb. As an auxiliary verb, the verb «be» helps to form the Continuous and Perfect Continuous Tenses in the Active Voice and all of the tenses in the Passive Voice.

Active Voice

- He is sleeping now.

- He was sleeping at 3 yesterday.

- He will be sleeping at 3 tomorrow.

- He has been sleeping for 2 hours.

- He had been sleeping for about 2 hours by the time you returned.

Passive Voice

- This work is usually done by Tom.

- That picture was brought from Italy.

- This work will be done tomorrow.

- The report is being prepared now.

- This letter has been written by John.

(See the files English Tenses in the section Grammar to learn more about the formation and usage of the tenses.)

«Be» in the phrase «be to». In the structure «be + to + infinitive», the verb «be» expresses modality in the meaning «strong expectation of some action according to a rule, agreement or order», and is close in meaning to the modal verb «must», while the phrase «be not to» is close in meaning to «must not». The phrase «be to» is not very common in everyday speech. Other modal verbs - «must, should», the substitute phrases «have to» and «be supposed to» are often used instead of it. (The structures «be to», «be not to», «be (not) supposed to» are described in the file Prohibition: must not in the section Grammar.)

- You are to be here at 6.

- You have to be here at 6.

- You are not to smoke here.

- You shouldn't smoke here.

- The lecture is to begin at 5.

- The lecture is supposed to begin at 5.

The verb «be» in questions. The verb «be» as a main verb or linking verb forms questions in the Simple Present and Simple Past on its own. (All other main verbs use the auxiliary verb «do» for this purpose, for example: Does he go there? Did he go there?) Look at these examples:

Anna is a new teacher from Chicago.

Is Anna a new teacher? - Yes, she is. - No, she isn't.

- Who is Anna? - Anna is a new teacher from Chicago.

- Where is Anna from? - Anna is from Chicago. / From Chicago.

- Anna is a new teacher from Chicago, isn't she? - Yes, she is. - No, she isn't.

- Anna isn't from Chicago, is she? - Yes, she is. Anna's from Chicago. - No, she isn't. Anna is not from Chicago.

He was in Rome last year.

- Was he in Rome last year? - Yes, he was. Yes, he was in Rome last year. - No, he was not. No, he wasn't in Rome last year.

- Where was he last year? - He was in Rome. / In Rome.

- When was he in Rome? - He was in Rome last year. / Last year.

- He was in Rome last year, wasn't he? - Yes, he was. Yes, he was in Rome last year. - No, he wasn't. No, he wasn't in Rome last year.

Contracted forms of the verb «be». Contractions of auxiliary verbs are widely used in speech and in writing. Full forms are considered preferable in formal style of writing.

The verb «be» in the affirmative.

Present tense

Singular: I am - I'm; he is - he's; she is - she's; it is - it's.

Plural: we are - we're; you are - you're; they are - they're.

Past tense

I / he / she / it was - not contracted;

we / you / they were - not contracted.

The verb «be» in the negative

Present tense

Singular: I am not - I'm not; he is not - he's not / he isn't; she is not - she's not / she isn't; it is not - it's not / it isn't.

Plural: we are not - we're not / we aren't; you are not - you're not / you aren't; they are not - they're not / they aren't.

Past tense

Singular: I was not - I wasn't; he was not - he wasn't; she was not - she wasn't; it was not - it wasn't.

Plural: we were not - we weren't; you were not - you weren't; they were not - they weren't.

1.2 Uses of the simple present tense

The Simple Present is one of four present tenses in English, and is used in various ways. In the examples given below, the verbs in the Simple Present tense are underlined. For instance, the Simple Present can be used to refer to actions which occur at regular intervals.

e.g. We visit our friends every Sunday.

They take a holiday once a year.

Geese fly south every fall.

The Simple Present is also used in stating general truths.

e.g. Gas expands when heated.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.

Canada lies north of the United States.

In addition, the Simple Present is used when referring to printed material, and when describing events portrayed in a book, film, or other work of art.

e.g. The report presents the information clearly.

At the end of the film , the hero finds the hidden treasure.

Occasionally, the Simple Present is used to express actions occurring in the future or the past.

e.g. Our plane leaves at eight o'clock tomorrow night.

Burglar Steals Valuable Paintings

In the first example, the Simple Present is used to refer to something which will happen in the future. In the second example, which is written in the style of a newspaper headline, the Simple Present is used to refer to something which happened in the past.

1.3 The simple present of the verb to be

A conjugation of a verb is a list showing the different forms a verb may take. When a verb is conjugated, it is usually accompanied by all of the personal pronouns which can act as subjects of a verb. Thus, a conjugation can show the different forms a verb must take when it is used with different subjects.

The English personal pronouns which may be used as subjects of verbs are as follows:

I

you

he

she

it

we

they

It should be noted that in modern English, the same verb forms are used with the subject you, whether you refers to one or more than one person or thing. In an older form of English, there was another personal pronoun, thou, which was used with different verb forms, and which generally referred to one person or thing.

The Simple Present of the verb to be is conjugated as follows. In spoken English, contractions are often used.

Without contractions With contractions

I am I'm

you are you're

he is he's

she is she's

it is it's

we are we're

they are they're

In written English, an apostrophe: ' is used in a contraction, to indicate that one or more letters have been omitted.

Affirmative statements. An affirmative statement states that something is true. In an affirmative statement, the verb follows the subject.

e.g. I am awake.

They are ready

In the first example, the verb am follows the subject I. In the second example, the verb are follows the subject they. In written English, statements are always followed by a period: Statements and questions must begin with a capital letter.

Questions. For the Simple Present of the verb to be, questions are formed by reversing the order of the subject and the verb, so that the verb precedes the subject.

e.g. Am I awake?

Are they ready?

In the first example, the verb am precedes the subject I. In the second example, the verb are precedes the subject they. In written English, questions are always followed by a question mark: ?

Negative statements.

In the Simple Present of the verb to be, negative statements are formed by adding the word not after the verb.

e.g. I am not awake.

They are not ready.

In the first example, not follows the verb am. In the second example, not follows the verb are.

In spoken English, the following contractions are often used:

Without contractions With contractions

is not isn't

are not aren't

Negative questions. In the Simple Present of the verb to be, negative questions are formed by reversing the order of the subject and verb, and adding not after the subject.

e.g. Am I not awake?

Are they not ready?

In spoken English, contractions are usually used in negative questions. In the contracted form of a negative question, the contraction of not follows immediately after the verb. For example:

Without contractions With contractions

Are you not awake? Aren't you awake?

Is he not awake? Isn't he awake?

Are we not awake? Aren't we awake?

Are they not awake? Aren't they awake?

It should be noted that there is no universally accepted contraction for am not. In spoken English, am I not? is often contracted to aren't I?. However, although the expression aren't I? is considered acceptable in informal English, it is not considered to be grammatically correct in formal English. In formal English, no contraction should be used for am I not.

Tag questions. A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence. A tag question following an affirmative statement generally has the form of a negative question, with the meaning: Isn't that true? In some languages, such tag questions are invariable. However, in English, tag questions vary, depending on the verbs and subjects of the preceding statements.

In the following examples, the tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions. For example:

Affirmative statement Affirmative statement with tag question

Are you not awake? Aren't you awake?

I am awake. I am awake, am I not?

You are awake. You are awake, aren't you?

She is awake. She is awake, isn't she?

We are awake. We are awake, aren't we?

They are awake. They are awake, aren't they?

These examples illustrate how the subjects and verbs of the preceding statements are repeated in tag questions. For instance, in the first example, the subject I and the verb am are repeated in the tag question. In the second example, the subject you and the verb are are repeated in the tag question.

In spoken English, the expression aren't I? is often used as a tag question. However, this is not considered to be grammatically correct in formal, written English.

2 STRUCTURES WITH THE VERB TO BE

2.1 Conjugation of the verb «to be»

The most irregular verb in the English language is be. It has eight different forms: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, and being. The collection of all of these forms may be illustrated in a precise table called a conjugation, which categorizes the different forms in proper order by person (I, you, he, we, they), tense (time of action), and number (singular or plural).

Examples of various forms:

That may be true. We were planning to meet last weekend.

I am a good student. Atlanta has been my home for years.

He is my best friend. I was being quiet in class when I dropped my pen.

We are going to camp in the park. She was a colleague of mine at one time.

The following is a list of conjugations for the verb to be:

PRESENT TENSE: Action takes place now or in the present time.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE: Actions or situations in progress at the moment of speaking.

PAST TENSE: Actions or activities that began and ended in the past.

PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE: Actions or activities that happened at the same time in the past. The past progressive is rarely used in simple sentences.

FUTURE TENSE: Action will take place in the future.

*PERFECT TENSE: Action began in the past and continues in the present.

*PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: Refers to indefinite past time. It is formed by using have + the past participle.

*PAST PERFECT TENSE: Actions or activities that were completed before another action or activity in the past.

*FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: Action will take place in the future and end at a definite point in time.

*NOTE: The perfect tenses all use a form of have.

2.2 Reducing the «to BE» Verb in Writing

As writers, we require the verb, «BE» (i.e. am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been), regularly. We use «BE» to

- help main verbs communicate a sense of time (e.g. was typing, will be typing, is typing).

- link one idea to another, similar to an equal sign (The water bottle is black.).

- indicate passive voice, when the subject receives the action (e.g. was purchased, will be finished, was hit, will be spent).

However, we often tend to rely too heavily upon the «BE» verb in our writing, rather than choosing a stronger main verb (or re-writing the sentence in active voice). This can lead to vague, and even boring, papers. Replacing the «BE» verbs in your writing will help you to

- increase the coherency of your claim.

- identify redundant sentences/information.

- broaden your vocabulary in writing (and speaking).

So, where do you start? Follow the simple process below to help identify the «to BE» verb and find a stronger way to replace it.

Step 1: Circle every «BE» verb in your paper (i.e. am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been).

Step 2: Use the questions below to identify the function of the «BE» verb.

A. Is «BE» used along with an -ing verb (e.g. is finishing)?

Helping verb. Most likely unavoidable because it's communicating a sense of time.

B. Is «BE» used along with an -ed verb or another irregular verb in the past participle tense (e.g. was finished or was hit)?

Helping verb. Passive voice. Try to change to active voice. See step 4.

C. Is «BE» linking a subject to a description (e.g. Yesterday was fun.)?

Linking verb. Try to replace «BE» with a stronger verb. See step 3.

Step 3: Replacing «BE» with a stronger linking verb. It's not always possible to replace «BE»; when possible, try a stronger linking verb from the list below.



Ex: The sunset was magnificent. The sunset looked magnificent.

Step 4: Changing passive voice to active voice. You've identified a «BE verb + past participle» (typically, an -ed verb or other irregular past participle) in your paper, otherwise known as passive voice. When you use passive voice, it's easier to create confusing, awkward, wordy sentences. It takes more words to say what you mean, and even then, it's not always clear what you're trying to say. So, when possible, always try to write in active voice. (LBH 302-304)

Active voice: the subject performs the action (The car hit the tree.)

Passive voice: the subject receives the action (The tree was hit by the car.)

Tips to help change your sentence from passive voice to active voice (when the sentence contains «BE»):

- Use the list of irregular past participle verbs (LBH 279-280);

- Ask who or what performs the action in the past participle verb?

Ex: The charge was contested

Ask yourself: «Who or what contested the charge?»

Brian contested the charge.

In 1942, the Czech town Lidice was razed because it was believed the townspeople had aided and abetted the murders of a high-ranking Nazi. *

Who or what razed Lidice? Who or what believed this about the townspeople?

In 1942, the Nazis razed the Czech town Lidice because they believed the townspeople had aided and abetted the murderers of a high-ranking Nazi. *

NOTE: If you do not know the answer to the «who» or «what» question (Brian or the Nazis, in these examples), you may leave the sentence in passive voice.

- Look for any phrases starting with «by» in the sentence (e.g. by the car in the first example). If you find one used in the same sentence as «BE + past participle,» most likely, you've found your subject (the person or thing causing the past participle verb). Now, rearrange the sentence where the subject performs the action.

Ex: It is believed by teachers that students should be required by the school to have textbooks.

Teachers believe that the school should require students to have text books.

Ex: The obstacles to love in A Midsummer Night's Dream are not created by the lovers themselves.*

In A Midsummer Night's Dream, the lovers themselves do not create the obstacles to love. *

- Use general terms, such as «researchers,» «the study,» or «experts in this field,» when the subject of your sentence is anonymous.

Ex: The students were surveyed in class on Tuesday.

Researchers surveyed the students in class on Tuesday.

It was discovered that endorphins are released when you run.

The study discovered that running releases endorphins.

2.3 Don't Misuse the Verb «to be»

Some words that are useful and effective in most situations can be troublesome in others. An example is the verb «to be.» Although one of the most used and most useful verbs in the English language, it also lends itself to misuse that detracts from effective /NA technical writing.

As a link that establishes identity between nouns (the so-called predicate nominative), «to be» is indispensable.

Examples of this effective use of «to be» are:

- Volunteer corn plants are weeds.

- Orobanche is a parasite.

- Franklin D. Roosevelt was president in 1940.

The verb «to be» helps form the tenses that some English verbs lack. How do we form the future tense of «may»? We simply can't say «He shall may go.» Rather we say, «He shall be permitted to go.» In such cases, «to be» is indispensable.

Verbs in the English language can be used in the present progressive tense. Not all languages have this very descriptive and useful construction, which shows that an action is taking place right now. Only the verb «to be» is used to form this tense. Examples are:

- The seedlings are emerging.

- The storm was approaching when we arrived.

- The leaves are falling.

«To be» is also the verb most commonly used to form the predicate adjective, another very common and useful construction.

Examples are:

- The leaves are green.

- The tree is dead.

- The soil was too wet to cultivate.

The predicate adjective construction causes trouble when the adjective has been derived from a verb. Excess words are required, and the force of the verb is reduced because it has been converted to an adjective.

Examples are:

- Poor: Trifluralin is inhibitory to root growth.

- Better: Trifluralin inhibits root growth.

- Poor: Paraquat is injurious to leaves.

- Better: Paraquat injures leaves.

Sometimes a predicate adjective has not been converted directly from a verb, but can still be replaced by a descriptive verb.

- Poor: Sethoxydim was lethal to bamyardgrass.

- Better: Sethoxydim killed bamyardgrass

The verb «to be» is found in another potentially troublesome construction, the passive voice. Instead of the direct wording of the active voice (The herbicide controlled the weeds.), the order is reversed in the passive voice (The weeds were controlled by the herbicide.). Both forms present the same information, but the passive voice requiresm ore words. In general, the passive voice, with the verb «to be,» is appropriatew hen the performeri s not mentioned. When the performer is mentioned, the sentence usually is better in the active voice.

Following are examples:

Proper (performern ot stated): Representativep lants were collected. Poor (performer stated): Representative plants were collected by the students. Improved: The studentsc ollected representativep lants. Proper (performer not stated): The house was destroyed. Poor (performer stated): The house was destroyed by a tornado. Improved: A tornado destroyed the house. Proper (performer not stated): The weeds were all killed. Poor (performer stated): The weeds were all killed by glyphosate. Improved: Glyphosate killed all the weeds

Most verbs can form nouns that name the performer of the action of the verb. Thus, «to think» becomes «thinker,» « to perform»b ecomes «performer,»e tc. Such nouns are useful, but they can add words and detract from the force of the sentence if used where the verb would be better. The verb «to be» is used to form the less desirable construction.

Examples are:

Poor: Sethoxydim is a crabgrass killer Better: Sethoxydim kills crabgrass. Poor: Surfactantsa re penetratione nhancers. Better: Surfactants enhance penetration.

Whenever you use a form of the verb «to be» (such as is, am, was, were, has been, shall be), be sure to consider whether the use represents one of the troublesome constructions that should be changed.

Remember:

- The verb «to be» is often used;

- In ways that are correct;

- For uses causing trouble, should;

- The manuscript be checked.

2.4 The verb To Be with a noun or pronoun complement

A noun, noun phrase or pronoun which follows the verb to be is said to be the complement of the verb. When what or who is followed by both the verb to be and a noun or pronoun complement of the verb, the word order of an indirect question usually differs from that of a direct question. As illustrated in the following examples, in a direct question, the verb to be is followed by its complement; whereas in an indirect question, the verb to be is usually preceded by its complement.

In each of the following examples, the verb to be is underlined, and its noun or pronoun complement is printed in bold type.

e.g.

Direct Question: What is that?

Indirect question: Can you tell me what that is?

Direct Question: What was that noise?

Indirect Question: I wonder what that noise was.

Direct Question: What time is it?

Indirect Question: Ask him what time it is.

Direct Question: Who is she?

Indirect Question: Do you know who she is?

Direct question: Who was that man?

Indirect Question: I will ask who that man was.

Direct Question: Whose shoes are these?

Indirect Question: I wonder whose shoes these are.

Similarly, when which is followed by the verb to be, followed by a pronoun, the pronoun complement generally precedes the verb in an indirect question.

e.g.

Direct question: Which was it?

Indirect Question: I want to know which it was.

Direct Question: Which organization is that?

Indirect Question: Please ask which organization that is.

However, when which is followed by the verb to be followed by a noun or noun phrase, the noun complement often follows the verb in an indirect question.

e.g.

Direct Question: Which is the right road?

Indirect Question: Please tell me which is the right road.

Direct Question: Which insects are predators?

Indirect Question: He wants to know which insects are predators.

It should be noted that in sentences with the verb to be, the word order of indirect questions differs from that of direct questions only when the verb is accompanied by a noun or pronoun complement.

If the verb to be is accompanied by an adjective, the word order of direct and indirect questions is the same. In each of the following examples, the verb to be is underlined, and the accompanying adjective is printed in bold type.

e.g.

Direct Question: Who is here?

Indirect Question: I will ask who is here.

Direct Question: Who was successful?

Indirect Question: Tell me who was successful.

Direct Question: Which answer is correct?

Indirect Question: Please tell us which answer is correct.

The following table summarizes the variations in word order which occur in direct and indirect questions. The examples of direct questions should be compared with the corresponding examples of indirect questions.

Word order of Direct and Indirect Questions beginning with What, Which and Who. Direct Questions.

Type of Question Word Order

The interrogative word is the Subject precedes verb. Examples: subject of the verb, or modifies Who told her?

the subject of the verb Which boy did it?

The interrogative word is Subject follows the first auxiliary: the object of a verb or What has he done?

preposition, or modifies the To whom shall we send it?

object of a verb or preposition Which questions did she answer?

For which child did you buy it?

The verb to be is accompanied The verb to be precedes its complement: by a noun or pronoun complement Who are their friends?

What was that?

What time is it?

Which book was it?

Which is the right answer?

Indirect Questions

Type of Question Word Order

In all cases Subject precedes verb. Examples:

I wonder who told her.

You asked which boy did it.

She wants to know what he has done.

He wonders to whom we shall send it.

I wonder which questions she answered.

Please tell me for which child you bought it.

The verb to be is accompanied The verb to be usually follows by a noun or pronoun complement its complement. Examples:

He will ask who their friends are.

I wonder what that was.

Do you know what time it is?

Please tell me which book it was.

However, in the case of which,

the verb to be often precedes a

noun complement. For example:

I wonder which is the right answer.

2.5 The Verb «Be» with Adjectives and Prepositions

The structure of this kind is difficult for Russians because the choice of prepositions in these expressions is not governed by any rules and often seems illogical. Participles can be used in this structure instead of the adjectives. Sometimes, the verb «get» can be used instead of «be» to show the beginning or end of the action: I was angry at him. I got angry at him.

There are two lists of the verb «be» with adjectives and prepositions on this page. The Short List contains the most common, frequently used and really necessary expressions. Some of the expressions on the Main List are formal and used mostly in formal and business correspondence. An active verb can be a simpler and more practical substitute for them in conversation.

CONCLUSION

Most languages use a construction with a verb `be' plus a marker of location, accompaniment or the like.

To some extent, the conceptual nexus represents a radial category (Lakoff 1987, Langacker 1987, 1991) with BE as the organizing prototype for the other concepts, yet the relationships and connections between various concepts in the nexus seem to be more complex than typical radial categories in language.

As an analytical tool for linguists, the conceptual nexus provides a structure for the historical development and renewal of BE, it contains the most likely verbal candidates for grammaticalization as auxiliaries and modals, and provides structural motivation for the spread of certain constructions and case uses.

The verb «be» is the biggest verb of English. It can function as a main verb, as a linking verb, as an auxiliary verb, and can also express modality in the phrase «be to». The verb «be» is an irregular verb and has the forms «was, were» for the Simple Past Tense and «been» for the past participle.

As a main verb, the verb «be» has the meanings «be located somewhere, exist, take place».

As a linking verb, the verb «be» may be followed by a noun, adjective (or participle), numeral, pronoun, or postposition as part of the predicate. The verb «be» in this function gives you a lot of ways to build sentences.

As an auxiliary verb, the verb «be» helps to form the Continuous and Perfect Continuous Tenses in the Active Voice and all of the tenses in the Passive Voice.

The verb «be» as a main verb or linking verb forms questions in the Simple Present and Simple Past on its own.

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