5th Avenue Theatre

2

Educational institution

Summary

Subject: 5th Avenue Theatre

Content

Introduction

1. Architecture

2. History

2.1 Planning and construction

2.2 Grand opening

2.3 Decline and restoration

2.4 Post-1980 history

3. Significance

4. The 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company

4.1 Genesis

4.2 TUTS partnership

4.3 Broadway "testing ground"

4.4 Community outreach programs

References

Introduction

The 5th Avenue Theatre (often referred to as 5th Avenue or the 5th) is a landmark theater located in Seattle, Washington, USA. It has hosted a variety of theatre productions and motion pictures since it opened in 1926. It is operated as a venue for nationally touring Broadway and original shows by the non-profit 5th Avenue Theatre Association. The theatre, located at 1308 Fifth Avenue in the historic Skinner Building, has been listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places since 1978.

The 2,130 seat theatre is the resident home to the 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company and employs over 600 actors, musicians, directors, choreographers, designers, technicians, stage hands, box office staff, and administrators, making it the largest theatre employer in the Puget Sound region. A non-profit, the theatre company is supported by individual and corporate donations, government sources, and box office ticket sales.

Currently, the 5th's subscriber season programming includes 6 to 7 shows per year, a mix of locally produced revivals of musical theatre classics, and premieres of bound-for-Broadway shows, and national touring musicals. The 5th Avenue Theatre has established a tradition of being a "testing ground" for new musicals before they make their debut on Broadway, launching hits such as Jekyll & Hyde, Hairspray, and The Wedding Singer. The theatre also hosts a variety of special events, and offers a number of education and outreach programs to school-age children and adults reaching over 61,000 students, professional performers, and audiences each year.

1. Architecture

Located in the Skinner Building, an historic office block ranging from five to eight stories with retail shops on the ground level, the theatre is surrounded on three sides, with its entry facing its namesake avenue. In addition to an auditorium with an original seating capacity of 3,000, the theatre contains a grand entry hall, and a mezzanine that once featured a tea room in addition to a waiting room and women's lounge.

The interior design of the 5th Avenue Theatre was modeled to reproduce some of the features of the most historic and well-known Beijing landmarks. The Norwegian artist Gustav Liljestrom executed the design based on his visit to China and the illustrated account of Ernst Boerschmann's travels there, Chinesische Architecktur, published in 1925.

The ornate historical Chinese style of the theatre distinguishes itself from the Neo-Renaissance exterior of the Skinner Building. Only at the street entry under the marquee does the viewer get a preview of the interior design. Here, adorning the ceiling are plaster representations of wood brackets, beams, and carved reliefs painted in a polychromatic scheme and decorated with stenciled dragons and flower patterns. Carved cloud shapes screen light fixtures to create an indirect lighting effect as the viewer approaches the wooden, brass knobbed entry doors. The original central free-standing box office was replaced by the current box office located to the side of the entry as part of a 1979 renovation. The original Imperial guardian lions (Rui Shi), commonly called foo dogs or foo lions, originally located outside the entry were moved inside as part of the 1979 renovation.

The interior architecture of the theatre is an "excellent imitation of Chinese wooden temple construction".

The two story rectangular lobby features red, stenciled columns wrapped in plaster rising to a timbered roof structure of decoratively painted beams supporting a canopy of bamboo, also imitated in plaster. The original pair of guardian lions, both male, guard the stairway to a second level gallery that serves the theatre balcony. In addition to the Imperial guard lions, other original furnishings, light fixtures, and decoration remain intact.

The decorative details continue in the 2,130-seat auditorium, but the highlight and focal decorative feature is the octagonal caisson from which a sculpted five-toed Imperial Chinese dragon springs. A large chandelier of glass hangs from the dragon's mouth, in reference to the Chinese symbol of a dragon disgorging flaming pearls.[3] One claim puts the size of this caisson at twice the size of the model on which it was based in the throne room of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City.[4] The opening night program spoke effusively of it:

...Its most imposing feature is the great dome...its symbolic themes borrowed from Chinese legends, its motifs from Chinese poetry. Coiled within an azure sphere and surrounded by glowing hues of cloud red, emblematic of calamity and welfare; blue of rain; green symbolic of plaque; black of flood; and gold of prosperity - is the Great Dragon, guardian genius of the place, his presence shadowed and multiplied in varying forms throughout the structure. On the huge beams surrounding and supporting the dome are five-clawed dragons--the Emperor's emblem--spitting fire in pursuit of the Jewel, rendered in the shape of a disc emitting effulgent rays, and symbolic of Omnipotence.[2]

The dragon motif is repeated in the radial coffers of the caisson and the timbered coffers throughout the theatre. The Imperial dragon is accompanied by the symbol of the Empress, the Chinese phoenix (Feng huang), sometimes called Ho-Ho or Ho-Oh Bird from the Japanese. This personal symbol of the Empress is also repeated throughout the theatre, but most prominently in relief as part of the grills above false balconies that once screened organ pipes. In addition to these symbols, orange blossoms, chrysanthemums, and lotus flowers appear throughout the theatre. The highly decorated proscenium arch and safety curtain maintain the Chinese design influence.

Beyond the decorative features of the building, the 5th Avenue Theatre also contained notable technical features when originally built. An ascending orchestra pit and independent Wurlitzer organ platform allowed the musicians to be raised up to main stage height or to orchestra pit level from the basement below.[5] The ventilation system had thermostatic controls throughout the building, and allowed the air to be 'washed' prior to its introduction into the venue at outlets under every third seat.

2. History

2.1 Planning and construction

The president and general manager of Pacific Northwest Theatres, Inc., Harry C. Arthur, believed Seattle to be a place of growing importance in the motion picture industry in the mid-1920s, and consequently as the place to invest for the long term.[6] Arthur's company absorbed a competing chain of 40 theatres by 1926, and sought further expansion. A large holder of the theatre company's stock and debt was C. D. Stimson who sat on the board of directors of both Pacific Northwest Theatres and the Metropolitan Building Company, developer of what became known as the Metropolitan Tract. Stimson promoted the establishment of a theatre district like that which had developed around a theatre he had built in Los Angeles, California.[7] The planned Skinner Building with a theatre owned by Arthur's company would complete the Stimson development of the Metropolitan Tract.[8]

The architect, Robert Reamer, had joined the Metropolitan Building Company after World War I and as their house architect designed the Skinner Building and the 5th Avenue Theatre.[7][9] In creating the 5th Avenue Theatre, Reamer was joined by his colleague, Joseph Skoog, of Reamer's office and Gustav Liljestrom, of the S. & G. Gump Company of San Francisco.[7]

Construction began in October 1925 with construction taking 11 months[8] and costing $1.5 million.[10]

2.2 Grand opening

The theatre celebrated its grand opening on September 24, 1926 with an opening unit program that included both film and live vaudeville performances.[11] The opening program included the silent film Young April, Fanchon and Marco's stage presentation The Night Club, and Lipschultz and his Syncopated Soloists.[12] Oliver Wallace, a popular local musician and composer, returned from Portland, Oregon to be the accompanying organist for opening night. Wallace had been the first theatre organist in a Seattle motion picture house.[13]

Opening night was also marked by festivities outside the theatre. Seven blocks of downtown Seattle around the theatre were closed to street car and automobile traffic. Lured by free street car, bus, and taxicab rides, thousands of people packed Fifth Avenue between Seneca Street and Pike Street, University and Union Streets. The Seattle Times reported:

It is doubtful that any Friday night in Seattle's history saw more people circulating through all the downtown streets than were there last night. The density in the center of the activities was such that street cars were diverted... [14]

--The Seattle Daily Times

In the street outside the theatre a street carnival took place. Living up to the moniker for the theater's marquee, “the Magic Sign of a Wonderful Time,” spotlights scanned the night sky, banks of Klieg lights illuminated the streets outside the theater, and flares were shot from the roofs of nearby buildings.[15] Additionally, dance bands were placed at the closed intersections to provide entertainment and, using giant screens to project the words, a sing-along was orchestrated on Fifth Avenue in front of the theatre. An estimated crowd of between 50,000 and 100,000 people participated in the events [11]

2.3 Decline and restoration

Following the grand opening, the theatre served as a venue for vaudeville and film, and following the decline of vaudeville as a movie palace until the 1970s. With the economic recession, the advent of television, and movie complex development in the suburbs, crowds dwindled and the theatre struggled to stay open. It was forced to close its doors in 1978 along with the nearby Orpheum theatre. A variety of re-use possibilities were proposed for the theatre including a Chinese restaurant, a triplex movie theater, an office building, or a shopping center.[4][10][15][16] The city of Seattle was unable to protect the theatre as a designated landmark because of its unique position on the site of the original territorial university grounds owned by the state of Washington.[17]

In 1979, 43 business leaders formed the non-profit 5th Avenue Theatre Association and underwrote a US$2.6 million loan to save the theatre.[18] Among these was Ned Skinner of the Skinner shipbuilding family who was an active patron of the theatre.[19] Architect Richard McCann oversaw the restoration efforts.[20]

Several changes were made during the renovation. The vertical marquee, the second of two [citation needed], which had marked the theatre's presence from 1926 to 1980, was removed,[21] the orchestra pit and auditorium seating were rebuilt, the dressing rooms moved, and the technical systems updated. However, the furniture, fixtures and interior signage were retained. Even the paint was carefully restored to its original luster. The renovation made it suitable again for live performances and filled Seattle's need for a touring Broadway musical venue. Renovation work was completed without federal, state, or local funds. [10]

June 16, 1980 marked the theatre's rebirth and a new chapter in Seattle's arts community. At the Grand Opening Gala for the renovated theatre, actress Helen Hayes christened the stage with a kiss and declared the 5th “a national treasure.” Beginning on July 3 the 5th presented Annie, the first touring Broadway musical to appear at the theatre. The sold-out show ran for 10 weeks with a total of 77 performances.[22]

The 5th Avenue Theatre continues to thrive with the assistance of many generous donors and volunteers.[4][16]

2.4 Post-1980 history

Since the renovation, the 5th Avenue Theatre has become one of Seattle's most established theatres. In 1989, The 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company was established as the resident non-profit theatre company. [18]

In 1997, the theatre applied for a city permit to put up a vertical marquee similar to the sign that was removed as part of the 1980 renovation. The proposed sign would spell out "5th Avenue" in vertical letters, with the word "Theatre" at the bottom in horizontal letters. Small lights would illuminate the sign. To date, the vertical sign has not returned, most likely due to the city height limit of 65 feet for downtown signs. The theater had applied for a variance because its proposed sign would rise 79 feet from street level.[21]

On February 28, 2001, the Nisqually earthquake rocked the 5th Avenue Theatre. At the time, actors were on stage rehearsing the musical 1776. The theatre suffered minimal damages with no structural damage from the quake.[10] Earthquake repairs included removal and replacement of 72 plaster ceiling supports and the repair of numerous cracks and damaged decorative plaster pieces in the ceiling. Contractors had to install scaffolding tall enough to reach the highest interior crevice in the ceiling eight stories up--the first time that area had been reached in 75 years. The chandeliers had to be lowered for repair and maintenance.[23] As part of the repair work, Turner Construction provided services for seismic upgrades to the Skinner Building.[24]

3. Significance

Preceding Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood, California, the 5th Avenue Theatre "has been called the largest and most authentic example of traditional Chinese timber architecture and decoration outside of Asia."[2] In addition, its association with architect Robert Reamer, whose other notable works include the nationally known Old Faithful Inn in Yellowstone National Park, as well as many important buildings in the Art Deco style add to its significance.[9] The Fifth Avenue Theatre was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1978.[25]

4. The 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company

4.1 Genesis

From the renovation in 1980 until 1985 the non-profit 5th Avenue Theatre successfully operated as a venue for touring Broadway shows. As the United States went through an economic downturn from 1985 to 1989 there was a shortage of touring shows for venues like the 5th. Consequently, many of the country's Broadway houses went unused for extended periods of time. However, the 5th remained open during these years with a reduced staff and was used for community events and local promoters.[22][26][27]

This situation forced the theatre to move beyond merely being a presenter of touring musicals. In 1989, the non-profit 5th Avenue Theatre established a resident theatre company, dubbed The 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company, to produce musicals locally. Since the theatre company's establishment, the 5th's yearly subscriber season programming has included 6 to 7 shows: national touring musicals, locally produced revivals of musical theatre classics, and premieres of bound-for-Broadway shows. With 150 musical theater performances each fall-to-spring subscriber season which attract over 30,000 subscribers and average ticket sales of 300,000 tickets annually, the 5th ranks among the nation's largest musical theatre companies.[23][28][29][30]

The musical company employs over 600 actors, musicians, directors, choreographers, designers, technicians, stage hands, box office staff, and administrators, making the 5th the largest theatre employer in the Puget Sound region.[16][29] A non-profit, the theatre company is supported by individual and corporate donations, government sources, and box office ticket sales.[28]

4.2 TUTS partnership

Frank M. Young was the first executive director of the 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company. From 1989 to 1999 a collaborative partnership existed between the 5th and Houston's Theatre Under the Stars (TUTS) where Young also served as executive director.[30][31][32] This partnership produced 10 seasons of musical theater, including both national tours and self-produced musicals. On October 17, 1989 the first 5th Avenue/TUTS self-produced musical was presented: Mame, starring Juliet Prowse. In 1995, after premiering at the 5th, Jekyll & Hyde became the first 5th Avenue Theatre production to open on Broadway in April 1997. The show was produced in cooperation with Houston's Alley Theatre and TUTS.[10]

In August 2000 the 5th's partnership with TUTS ended as David Armstrong joined the 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company becoming its first resident Producing Artistic Director launching a new era of collaboration with leading musical theater companies and producers across the country.[28][30]

4.3 Broadway "testing ground"

Since the creation of the 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company in 1989, the 5th has established a tradition of being a "testing ground" for new musicals before they make their debut on Broadway. Since 2000 the 5th has produced one pre-Broadway world premiere every 2 to 3 years.

We've become a very sought-after partner for developing Broadway musicals.[33]

--David Armstrong, Producing Artistic Director

Some notable musicals shown to Seattle audiences at the 5th Avenue Theatre prior to their success on Broadway include: Jekyll & Hyde in 1995 which was nominated for 4 Tony Awards, Hairspray in 2002 which won 8 Tony Awards, and The Wedding Singer in 2006 which had 4 Tony Award nominations.[34] The film adaptation of Hairspray premiered at the 5th on July 16, 2007 (4 days prior to its nationwide release) as an acknowledgement of the 5th's role in the musical's success on Broadway.[35] The "testing ground" tradition continued in the 2008-2009 season with the pre-Broadway world premiere of Shrek the Musical[36], and in the 2009-2010 season with the world premiere of Catch Me If You Can.[37]

4.4 Community outreach programs

The theatre also hosts a variety of special events, and offers a number of education and outreach programs to school-age children and adults reaching over 61,000 students, professional performers, and audiences each year.[29] One example of this is the 5th Avenue High School Musical Theatre Awards which evaluate and honor the performances of student actors and stage hands in Washington state high school productions. At the end of each school year, a Tony Awards-style ceremony is held which includes high-profile presenters, performances by nominees, and acceptance speeches by the award recipients. The awards ceremony has become a useful scouting event for colleges looking to recruit talent for their drama departments.[28][38]

References

1. a b "Opening of Fifth Avenue Theatre friday is big event: Comfort is first at new theatre", The Seattle Daily Times: 16 col. 5, 1926-09-23

2. a b c d e f Seattle Office of Urban Conservation (March 1978). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form" (PDF). National Park Service, Department of Interior. http://www.dahp.wa.gov/gis/pdfs/432.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-16.

3. Walters, Derek (1995). Chinese Mythology. London: Diamond Books. p. 45. ISBN 9780261666573.

4. a b c "Our Historic Theater". The 5th Avenue Theatre. http://www.5thavenue.org/about/ourhistorictheater.aspx. Retrieved 2007-02-28.

5. "Opening of Fifth Avenue Theatre friday is big event: Rising orchestra pit is feature of theatre", The Seattle Daily Times: 16 col. 1-4, 1926-09-23

6. "Seattle's future is best in nation says theatre man", The Seattle Daily Times: 10 col. 1-2, 1926-09-04

7. a b c Kreisman, Lawrence (1992). The Stimson Legacy: Architecture in the Urban West. Seattle: Willows Press/University of Washington Press. pp. 144-145. ISBN 978-0-96-316300-4.

8. a b "Metropolitan unit complete: Skinner Building ranks high", The Seattle Daily Times: 8 col. 1-2, 1926-09-23

9. a b Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed. (1998). Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 186-191. ISBN 0295973668.

10. a b c d e "5th Avenue Theatre Press Kit" (PDF). The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2006-05-15. http://www.5thavenue.org/download/press-kit-2006-05-15.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-10.

11. a b Flom, Eric L. (2002-04-24). "Fifth (5th) Avenue Theatre opens in Seattle amid gala celebration on September 24, 1926". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3753. Retrieved 2007-03-24.

12. "Advertisement for Fifth Avenue Theatre". The Seattle Daily Times. 1926-09-23. pp. 8, Col. 5-8.

13. "Oliver Wallace at the organ: popular musician back home". The Seattle Daily Times. 1926-09-23. pp. 17 col. 2-4.

14. "Throng sees theatre open". The Seattle Daily Times. 1926-09-25. pp. 1 col. 3-5.

15. a b Flom, Eric L. (2002-04-21). "Fifth (5th) Avenue Theatre". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3750. Retrieved 2007-03-24.

16. a b c "Historic theaters still in operation". The Seattle Times. 2001-08-12. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/local/seattle_history/historic_theaters.html. Retrieved 2007-03-24.

17. Kreisman, Lawrence (2000-01-16). "Historic Times". The Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=A20000117010259&date=2000-01-16. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

18. a b "Founders". The 5th Avenue Theatre. http://www.5thavenue.org/about/founders.aspx. Retrieved 2007-02-28.

19. Wilma, David (2005-01-03). "Skinner, Ned (1920-1988) and Kayla (1919-2004)". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7195. Retrieved 2008-02-18.

20. Gray, Philbert (2007-12-14). "Fox Riverside Theatre restoration begins with a cloud of dust". CinemaTreasures.org. http://cinematreasures.org/news/17837_0_1_10_C10/. Retrieved 2008-03-28.

21. a b Moriwaki, Lee (1997-04-14). "Change Planned At Skinner Building". The Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=2539156&date=1997-05-14. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

22. a b "Musical Chronology". The 5th Avenue Theatre. http://www.5thavenue.org/about/musicalchronology.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

23. a b "5th Avenue Theatre renovation begins". Puget Sound Business Journal. 2002-08-05. http://seattle.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2002/08/05/daily32.html. Retrieved 2008-03-29.

24. "Skinner Building Seismic Upgrades". turnerconstruction.com. http://www.turnerconstruction.com/seattle/content.asp?d=1513&p=1382. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

25. "National Register Information System (NRIS)". National Park Service. http://www.nr.nps.gov/. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

26. a b All data relating to seasons prior to 2004-2005 from "Show Archives". 5th Avenue Theatre. http://www.5thavenue.org/about/showarchives.aspx. Retrieved 2007-09-01.

27. "5th Avenue Theatre emits silver sparks". The Seattle Times. 2005-05-24. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=fifthaved24&date=2005-05-24. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

28. a b c d e "5th Avenue Theatre 2005-2006 Season Report To The Community" (PDF). The 5th Avenue Theatre. May 15, 2006. http://www.5thavenue.org/download/5thAvenue_AnnualReport.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-10.

29. a b c "About Us". The 5th Avenue Theatre. http://www.5thavenue.org/about/. Retrieved 2007-02-28.

30. a b c Berson, Misha (1996-12-13). "New York director is hired for top job at 5th Avenue". Houston Business Journal. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=4015174&date=2000-04-13. Retrieved 2008-03-28.

31. Berson, Misha (1999-10-24). "The Time Is Right For Changes At 5Th Avenue". The Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=2990908&date=1999-10-24. Retrieved 2008-03-28.

32. Perin, Monica (1999-10-24). "The Time Is Right For Changes At 5Th Avenue". The Seattle Times. http://seattle.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/1996/12/16/focus1.html. Retrieved 2008-03-28.

33. Freeman, Paul (2006-01-20). "National spotlight shines on Seattle stages". Puget Sound Business Journal. http://seattle.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2006/01/23/focus6.html. Retrieved 2008-03-29.

34. "5th Avenue to launch 'Princesses'". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2004-04-09. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/theater/168297_tf109.html. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

35. ^ Payne, Patti (2007-07-20). "Seattle welcomes 'Hairspray' the movie with a boisterous, bawdy premiere". Puget Sound Business Journal. http://seattle.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2007/07/23/tidbits2.html. Retrieved 2008-03-29.

36. a b Berson, Misha (2008-01-17). "Musical "Shrek" to debut in Seattle". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2004129682_shrek17.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20.

37. Berson, Misha (August 10, 2009). "Great performances shine in 5th Avenue's 'Catch Me If You Can,' but it's still a bumpy ride". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/thearts/2009618992_catchme08.html. Retrieved 2009-11-10.

38. Goodnow, Cecelia (2007-06-08). "5th Avenue Theatre awards honor Washington state's best musical theater stars". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/theater/319111_5thavenue09.html. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

39. a b Berson, Misha (1 March 2009). "5th Avenue season's unique "Catch": a musical based on Spielberg film". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/thearts/2008793967_fifthavenue01.html. Retrieved 3 March 2009.

40. "This is BIG! The 5th Avenue Announces An Extra Large 2008-2009 Season With Huge Laughs, Colossal Talent, Epic Love Stories and A World Premiere". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2008-02-04. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/season0708announcement.aspx. Retrieved 2008-02-05.

41. "SHREK THE MUSICAL Exclusive World Premiere at Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre August 14 - September 21, 2008". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2008-01-17. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/ShrekTheMusical.aspx. Retrieved 2008-01-20.

42. Berson, Misha (2008-03-20). ""Shrek the Musical" announces 3 cast members for Seattle show". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/thearts/2004295343_zart20shrek.html. Retrieved 2008-03-28.

43. "Oh What a Season! Jersey Boys, Lone Star Love, Cabaret, Into The Woods and More". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2007-04-04. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/season0708announcement.aspx. Retrieved 2007-04-09.

44. "Luly Yang Couture Gown Featured in MAME". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2008-02-01. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/LulyYang.aspx. Retrieved 2008-02-15.

45. Adcock, Joe (2008-02-10). "Randy Quaid's Seattle fiasco costs him future stage roles". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/theater/350807_theater11.html?source=mypi. Retrieved 2008-02-15.

46. Berson, Misha (2006-03-26). "New "Cry-Baby," "Scissorhands" highlight season at 5th Avenue". The Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=fifth26&date=2006-03-26. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

47. a b "Seattle World Premiere of Cry-Baby Delayed. Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story Added to Season". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2006-10-11. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/buddy-announced.aspx. Retrieved 2007-02-19.

48. Berson, Misha (2005-02-26). "5th Avenue Theatre's 2005-2006 season". The Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=fifth27&date=2005-02-26. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

49. "The Sound of Music Replaces Doctor Dolittle as The 5th Avenue Theatre's Holiday Musical". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2005-10-18. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/sound_of_music_press_release.aspx. Retrieved 2007-02-19.

50. Berson, Misha (2005-02-26). "5th Avenue Theatre's 2005-2006 season". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2002190291_fifth27.html. Retrieved 2008-02-05.

51. "Legendary Les Miserables Returns for Final Seattle Engagement". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2006-04-18. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/les_miz_pr.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

52. Berson, Misha (2004-02-01). "'Hairspray' will return to 5th Ave. next season". The Seattle Times. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=fifth01&date=2004-02-01. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

53. "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, In Concert Starring Lucy Lawless, Faith Prince". The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2005-01-06. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/gpb_pressrelease.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

54. "New Musical Princesses Goes From Seattle Direct-to-Broadway!" The 5th Avenue Theatre. 2005-02-14. http://www.5thavenue.org/press/ps_pressrelease.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

55. "Arts briefs: 'Princesses' will debut at 5th Ave.". The Seattle Times. 2004-04-09. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=briefs09&date=2004-04-09. Retrieved 2008-03-10.