September

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ

ВЛАДИВОСТОКСКИЙ ГУМАНИТАРНО-КОММЕРЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА

September

Студент 1-го курса

Группы ______________

Владивосток

2008

September

Harvest Festival

Corn Dolly

Great Fire of London

Michaelmas Superstition

Horn Dance

Hop Hoodening and Horseman's Sunday

September

The name September comes from the old Roman word “septem”, which means seven, because in the Roman calendar it was the seventh month. The Anglo-Saxons called it Gerst monath (Barley month), because it was the time to harvest barley to be made into their favourite drink - barley brew. They also called it Haefest monath, or Harvest month.

The Romans believed that the month of September was looked after by the god Vulcan. As he was the god of the fire and forge, they therefore expected September to be associated with fires, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. The flower of September is aster. The gemstone is sapphire.

September is the start of the school year. Students return to school after the six week summer holiday (in England).

The Gregorian calendar is the one most used universally nowadays. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII who introduced it in 1582. There is a leap year every four years (or more precisely, 97 leap years every 400 years). This means that the year corresponds closely with the astronomical year (365.24219 days) so that it is just one day out every 3,300 years.

Some non-Catholic countries, such as Britain, refused to adopt the calendar at first. The Julian Calendar, previously used in Britain (adopted in 597) was based on the solar year, the time it takes for the Earth to rotate around the Sun. This is 365.25 days, which is fractionally too long (it is actually 365.24219 days), so the calendar steadily fell out of line with the seasons. In 1752 Britain decided to correct this by abandoning the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian. By doing so, 3 September instantly became 14 September - and, as a result, nothing whatsoever happened in British history between 3 and 13 September 1752. Many people believed their lives would be shortened. They protested in the streets, demanding “Give us back our 11 days!”

Harvest Festival

Traditionally 24th September was the day on which harvesting began in medieval England.

As the last of the crops are gathered in, there used to be a lovely ceremony called “Calling the Mare”. The farmers all wanted to prove that they had the best reapers, so they tried to gather in the last of their crops before the neighbouring farmer did. The last sheaf of the harvest was used to make a rough mare shape and it was quickly sent round to any farmers who had not finished gathering his crops. It was a way of saying to the farmer that wild horses would be after his crops if he didn't gather them in quickly. The men would run round to the neighbouring farm, throw the mare over the hedge into the field where the other farmer was working, and they would shout “Mare, Mare” and then run away.

The farmer, who received the mare, would then have to work quickly to see if he could finish before another farm did, then he would throw the mare to them.

The farmer who was last to finish had to keep the mare all year and have it on display so that everyone knew he had been the slowest farmer of that year.

Corn Dolly

Similar to the mare there is a custom of making corn dollies. A corn dolly was supposed to have been the spirit of the corn goddess and dates back hundreds of years. People believed that the corn goddess lived in the corn and would die when the corn was harvested unless some of it was saved. So to make sure the corn goddess stayed alive until next spring sowing, a corn dolly was made from the last sheaf of corn for the corn goddess to rest in until the next.

Great Fire of London

The Great Fire of London, which started on 2nd September, 1666, at the house of a baker named Farrynnes in Pudding Lane, destroyed two thirds of the City. Included in the destruction were 89 churches, 13,200 houses and 430 streets.

Michaelmas Day - 29th

Michaelmas Day is the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel, celebrated on 29 September. St. Michael is the patron saint of the sea and maritime lands, of ships and boatmen, of horses and horsemen. He was the Angel who hurled Lucifer (the devil) down from Heaven for his treachery.

Michaelmas Day is traditionally the last day of the harvest season. The harvest season used to begin on 1 August and was called Lammas, meaning “loaf Mass”. Farmers made loaves of bread from the new wheat crop and gave them to their local church. The custom ended when Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church, and nowadays we have harvest festivals at the end of the season near Michaelmas Day.

Michaelmas used to be a popular day for the winter night curfew to begin - the first hint that winter was on the way. Curfew took the form of a tolling of the church bell, usually one strike for each of the days of the month that had passed in the current year and generally rung at 9pm.

The word curfew may derive from the French word couvre feu, meaning “cover fire”. Curfew was the time when household fires were supposed to be doused. The bell was tolled every night, apart from Sunday, until Shrove Tuesday.

Chertsey is one of the last places to still ring a Curfew bell at 8 pm from Michaelmas Day to Lady Day (29th September to 25th March). Their oldest Curfew bell dates from 1380!

Michaelmas Day is sometimes also called Goose Day. Goose Fairs are still held in some English towns, but geese are no longer sold. A famous Michaelmas fair is the Nottingham Goose Fair which is now held on or around October 3.

A great custom in England was to dine on goose on Michaelmas. One reason for this was said to be that Queen Elizabeth I was eating goose when news of the defeat of the Armada was brought to her. In celebration she said that henceforth she would always eat goose on Michaelmas Day. Others then followed her lead.

Another suggestion is that, as Michaelmas Day was a Quarter Day, rents were due and bills had to be paid. Tenants seeking delay of payment traditionally bought a goose as a present for their landlord to help seek his indulgence. Geese were supposedly very tasty at this time of year.

On the day after Michaelmas, every year agricultural labourers presented themselves, along with their tools, at the nearest market town. There they offered themselves for hire for the coming year. A fair followed the hirings and this was called “Mop Fair”.

Michaelmas signalled the beginning of Michaelmas Term at Oxford and Cambridge Universities.

Old Michaelmas Day is October 10th.

After the calendar reform of 1752, some activities traditionally associated with Michaelmas Day (29 September) moved forward eleven days to October 10, which is sometimes called “Old Michaelmas Day”.

Michaelmas Weather-lore, Beliefs and Sayings

The Michaelmas Daisies, among dead weeds,

Bloom for St. Michael's valorous deeds.

And seems the last of flowers that stood, Till the feast of St. Simon and St. Jude.

(The Feast of St. Simon and Jude is 28 October)

Eat a goose on Michaelmas Day, Want not for money all the year.

He who eats goose on Michaelmas day shan't money lack or debts to pay.

If St. Michael brings many acorns, Christmas will cover the fields with snow.

A dark Michaelmas, a light Christmas.

Michaelmas Superstition

Folklore in England holds that the devil stamps on bramble bushes or as they say in some areas, “spits” on them. Therefore one must not pick blackberries after Michaelmas.

The reason for this belief has ancient origins. It was said that the devil was kicked out of heaven on St. Michael's Feast Day, but as he fell from the skies, he landed in a bramble bush! He cursed the fruit of that prickly plant, scorching them with his fiery breath, stamping on them, spitting on them and generally making them unsuitable for human consumption. Legend suggests he renews his curse annually on Michaelmas Day and therefore it is very unlucky to gather blackberries after this date.

If the breast bones of the goose are brown after roasting the following winter should be mild, but if the bones are white or have a slight blue hue then the winter will be severe.

The Victorians believed that trees planted on this day would grow especially well.

In Ireland and northern England, it was thought that if you ate goose at Michaelmas you would have good luck for the rest of the year. In Ireland, finding a ring hidden in a Michaelmas pie meant that one would soon be married.

Festivals and Traditions

Conkers - A traditional game for this time of year Conkers are the fruit of the horse-chestnut tree. Children have been playing with conkers for years.

Horn Dance

On the first Monday after September 4th, in a town called Abbots Bromley in Staffordshire, a very picturesque custom takes place. It is called the Horn Dance. Six men hold masks on sticks which have long reindeer horns attached to them.

There are two teams of three men each. One team's reindeer horns are painted white - the other's are blue. Each team dances towards the other as if to fight, then they go back, then advance as if to lock horns, and then go back again. After a while they pass each other straight over the other side and they start again.

The dancers follow a 10 mile course and perform the ritual in 12 different locations in and around the village, whilst the musician plays tunes such as “The Farmers Boy” and “Uncle Mick” on a melodeon, with accompaniment from a triangle.

There are other people in attendance dancing as well - a hobby horse, someone dresses as Maie Marian, a boy with a bow and arrow, a triangle player, a musician and a Fool.

Gurning Competition

The World Gurning Championships are held at the Egremont Crab Fair in the Lake District in a tradition dating back to 1267. To gurn has many meanings but one of them is to “distort the face”, and making faces is just what this competition is - to see who can make the most awful face.

14 September - Holy Rood Day Rood is another name for a cross and traditionally on this day children were freed from school or work so they could gather nuts.

Church Clipping Painswick Church Clipping, Painswick, Gloucester-shire - 3rd week in September. Wirksworth Clipping the Church, Peak Districton - Sunday nearest to the 8th of September. This involves surrounding a Church by holding hands. The custom is supposed to be an outward display of affection by the parishioners, for their church. Its origins are unknown.

Hop Hoodening - Canterbury Kent - Early September

The county of Kent was the main hop growing area in the country. Hop Hoodening celebrates the harvesting of the hops. The celebration begins with a Procession through the shopping precincts into the Cathedral by the Hop Queen in a Hop Bower, followed by country dancers and Morris Men. The procession is usually accompanied by two Hooden Horses.

Horseman's Sunday - Hyde Park Church - Third Sunday

The vicar of St. John's Church appears before his congregation on horseback and blesses a hundred or so horses. He then leads a cavalcade of over 100 horses and riders to the church to celebrate horse riding in the heart of London. At noon the horses begin to arrive in procession, lining up along the forecourt of the church and on Hyde Park Crescent for a blessing, before taking part in a ride-past and a presentation of rosettes.