Peculiarities of using modern means of information warfare in the global trade system

Ключові слова: інформаційна війна, вплив, соціальні медіа, інтернет, маніпуляція, пропаганда.

information warfare global trade

International trade is characterized by conflicts between its participants, which become more active during the period of increased globalization and increasing importance of international relations due to increased competition. Countries in the struggle for better conditions for the sale of goods and services increasingly become participants in trade wars. In recent years alone, there have been about ten trade wars in the world (the most famous are the trade wars between the US and China, the US and the EU) and a large number of trade conflicts and disputes. Trade wars are accompanied by an information confrontation between the parties, which quite often turns into information wars. This is due to the fact that the modern development of globalization processes is accompanied by the massive use of the latest information and communication technologies, which led to the creation of a single global information space in the world, in which information is created, changed, stored, exchanged and used by individual organizations and citizens. and countries. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the event of trade disputes, in the event of their escalation, informational influence is used to achieve certain goals. In this case, the formed information environment becomes the plane of conducting information wars, in which the goal is to change the behavior of the opposite party.

Analysis of research and publications

The question of using the features of information wars in world trade was studied by the following scientists: V.M. Bogush, M. Libisky, V.A. Lipkan, O.K. Yudin, who studied information security; Drogomyretskyi, H.G. Pocheptsov, R. Chirva outlined the concept of information war; O. Hotsur, M. Makliuen, G.G. Pocheptsov, M.M. Prysiazhnyuk, O.F. Khristoforova considered modern tools for conducting information wars. Despite the availability of scientific works in this area, research on the problems of information wars in the world economy due to the increase in trade conflicts remains relevant.

The purpose of the study is to determine the features of the application of modern means of information warfare in global trade.

The tasks of the research are:

- define the concept of information war;

- to investigate modern means of information influence;

- to consider directions of use of digital technologies in information wars.

Hypothesis:the development of information and communication

technologies contributed to the spread of information warfare in global trade.

Research methods. During the writing of the article, the following methods were used: monographic method, generalization method, systematization method - were used during the research of theoretical issues of the peculiarities of information wars; the method of analysis and synthesis, the abstract-logical method, the graphic method - were used during the study of modern technologies of conducting information wars; system-structural analysis was used during the analysis of directions for the use of digital technologies in information wars.

The information base of the research was the works of domestic and foreign scientists, periodical articles, dissertations, monographs, Internet resources.

The article is divided into sections: the first section examines the evolution of information wars and their essence, the second part examines modern digital tools for conducting information wars, and the third - examples of their use.

Presentation of the main research material. In times of globalization of society, the media have become an integral part of the life of a modern person, capable of deforming the perception of reality, which leads to tangible social consequences. At the same time, it should be noted that the concept of information war, like the phenomenon itself, is quite controversial. After all, until now, scientists have not reached a consensus on the definition of this concept, since it is dynamic and individual for each situation. The processes of information warfare are constantly taking on new forms, as they constantly adapt to modern times, to current situations.

Evolution of information wars

The concept of information wars dates back to the Greco-Persian wars, when the opposing sides used spiritual influence to weaken the enemy's morale and combat power, while at the same time raising the fighting spirit of their own troops. Along with the informational and psychological impact on the enemy's troops and its command, there was also an informational and psychological impact on the population. This is due to the peculiarity of the organization of military service in those times, when the army consisted mostly of militiamen (former peasants), while professional soldiers were few in number. Therefore, the issue of simultaneous informational and psychological impact on the army and the population from which recruits were taken was at the forefront.

The methods of information struggle in that historical period were limited by the state of technological development of society, therefore verbal technologies were used mainly (speeches by orators, representatives of religion, spreading rumors, theatrical performances, disinformation), visual means of intimidation (demonstration of superiority in military power, propaganda writings) and physical opposition (arrests, terror, murders of speakers). One of the most important subjects of the information struggle at that time were public figures, religious preachers, politicians and other educated persons who had a significant influence on all social strata of the population, had authority among the population and were leaders of public opinion. Moreover, the emergence and spread of writing initially did not play a serious role in the spread of informational influence, since the bulk of soldiers and civilians remained illiterate for a long time [5, p. 75].

The next stage in the development of information influence was the mass spread of literacy, the development of printing, thanks to which the population began to be widely covered by new information carriers: books, letters, newspapers. During this period, an effective means of informational struggle emerged and gained mass distribution - a postcard.

The third stage of the development of the information struggle began with the emergence of new means of information dissemination, such as: telephone, telegraph, radio, television, cinema, the Internet. The gradual spread of new communications naturally led to a significant acceleration of information transmission. At the beginning of the XIX century. the first news agencies began to be created, the media gained significant social importance, first newspapers and magazines, then radio and television, and at the end of the 20th century Internet. Due to this, the visibility and imagery of the means of information influence increased, the possibilities of accumulating and storing information increased significantly. All this made it possible to provide operational, long-term, selective, and mass informational influence on the consciousness of the population, its will and feelings.

The development of new communication and information technologies led to the fact that the industrial society began to acquire features of the information (post-industrial) society. This process brought a new way of waging modern wars, which is characterized by the use of the latest information technologies and a decrease in the number of human casualties (in the physical sense). Currently, one of the key resources is the information that circulates in telecommunication and computer systems, and military operations and the sphere of information influence of a new type require the presence of significant intellectual resources [5, p. 77].

The modern concept of information warfare

The term "information war" in its modern sense appeared at the end of the 80s of the 20th century, when the concept of information wars began to form in the military sphere, and quickly became popular. At the same time, a large number of definitions of this concept arose, which caused difficulties in its understanding.

The terminology of information wars began to be actively formed in 1991 in connection with the war in the Persian Gulf. Already in 1998, the US Ministry of Defense developed the "Joint Doctrine of Information Operations", in which the definitions of the concepts "information war" and "information operation" (Information Operations) were presented:

- information operation means actions to complicate the collection, processing, transmission and storage of information by the adversary while protecting its own information and information systems;

- information war meant a complex influence on the enemy's state administration system and its military-political administration, which already in peacetime can cause the adoption of decisions convenient for the country waging an information war, and during an armed conflict is capable of completely paralyzing the functioning of the enemy's administrative infrastructure .

Let us consider the approaches to the interpretation of the concept of information warfare by foreign and Ukrainian researchers. M. Makliuen can be

considered a pioneer in the study of information wars, who in the 60s of the 20th century. noted that if "hot" wars use weapons to physically destroy enemies, then informational weapons, on the contrary, immerse the entire population in a certain imaginary world [12]. The American scientist U. Schwartow defines the information war as an electronic confrontation, in which the main goal is information that needs to be captured and destroyed. M. Libicki defined the task of information war not in the destruction of physical force, but in the destruction of society [11]. According to D. Stein, the purpose of the information war is to influence the minds of political elites - people who determine the country's policy and outline the place and time of using the potential and opportunities that operate in their strategic structures. A significant number of scientists (H. Jowett, V. O'Donnell, P. Burakovsky, H. Pocheptsov) associate the information war with propaganda. Thus, D. Brown understands propaganda as a system of views based on the influence and emotional state of people. G. Jowett and V. O'Donnell see in propaganda a hidden effort to shape the perception, mind and behavior of society to achieve certain goals [5, p. 98].

Table 1 shows the main approaches to defining the concept of information wars.

Table 1. Approaches to defining the concept of information wars