Economic and environmental diplomacy: strategic context of development

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ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY: STRATEGIC CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT

MAZARAKI Anatolii, Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Professor,

Acting rector State University of Trade and Economics

BOKHAN Alina, Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Associate Professor, Professor at the Department of World Economy

State University of Trade and Economics

Kyoto St.,19, Ukraine

Abstract

Problem. It is necessary to develop the potential of economic and environmental diplomacy as integrators of politics, economics and ecology, initiators of the functioning of platforms for consolidation of countries in solving global problems.

The aim of the article is to define the features of economic and environmental diplomacy in the context of strategic directions of development in.

Methods. The methodological basis of the study are general and special methods, comprehensive analysis.

Results. The article considers topical issues of modern development of economic and environmental diplomacy, directions of policy changes in international economic relations, image formation and competitive positions. The development of the country's national economic potential on the world stage depends on new forms of diplomacy, mechanisms to protect the economic and environmental interests of countries, development of international dialogue, trade negotiations, business cooperation and intensification of business initiatives.

Conclusions. The development of economic and environmental diplomacy of Ukraine is a progressive type of activity aimed at representing and protecting the national interests of the country and assisting exporters in world markets.

Keywords: economic and environmental diplomacy, national brand, international competition, «soft power», economic globalization.

Анотація

МАЗАРАКІ Анатолій, д. е. н., професор, в. о. ректора Державного торговельно-економічного університету, вул. Кіото, 19, м. Київ .

БОХАН Аліна, д. е. н., доцент, професор кафедри світової економіки Державного торговельно-економічного університету, вул. Кіото, 19, м. Київ.

ЕКОНОМІЧНА ТА ЕКОЛОГІЧНА ДИПЛОМАТІЯ: СТРАТЕГІЧНИЙ КОНТЕКСТ РОЗВИТКУ.

Вступ. Важливим питанням є забезпечення активізації міжнародних економічних відносин в умовах глобалізації та посилення екологічних детермінантів. Використання механізмів, моделей та інструментів економічної та екологічної дипломатії, покращуватиме конкурентні позиції та імідж країн.

Проблема. Необхідно розвивати потенціал економічної та екологічної дипломатії як інтеграторів сфер політики, економіки й екологіії, ініціаторів функціонування платформ консолідації країн у вирішенні глобальних проблем.

Метою статті є визначення особливостей економічної та екологічної дипломатії в контексті стратегічних напрямів розвитку

Методи. Методологічною базою дослідження є загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи, комплексний аналіз.

Результати. Розглянуто актуальні питання розвитку економічної та екологічної дипломатії, напрями змін політики у міжнародних економічних відносинах, формування іміджу й конкурентних позицій. Розвиток національного економічного потенціалу країни на світовій арені залежить від нових форм дипломатії, механізмів захисту економіко-екологічних інтересів країн, розвитку міжнародного діалогу, торговельних переговорів, ділового співробітництва й активізації ділових ініціатив.

Висновки. Розвиток економічної та екологічної дипломатії України є прогресивним видом діяльності, що орієнтовано на представлення і захист національних інтересів країни та сприяння експортерам на світових ринках.

Ключові слова: економічна та екологічна дипломатія, національний бренд, міжнародна конкуренція, «м'яка сила», економічна глобалізація.

Introduction

Global vector of human development accompanied by economic contradictions between the centers and peripheries of the world, the intensification of the resource crisis due to anthropogenic pressure and irrational use of nature. Socio-economic contrasts between countries may diminish with effective international policies and the use of diplomacy. Because the emergence of new problems in this area correlates with various forms of resource and environmental expansionism. The context of the reality of the problems is reflected in the words of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Antonio Guterres: «The global community is at a critical moment in its pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The current crisis is threatening decades of development gains, further delaying the urgent transition to greener, more inclusive economies. Yet, with a surge in global solidarity and leadership from the highest political level, countries can still deliver on the 2030 Agenda and the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change» [1, p. 2].

The modern space of international economy is formed on the principles of the globalization system of human activity. This area of public communication is a certain phenomenon of progressive, risky and innovative nature of activity. The peculiarities of the implementation of projects in the field of international business testify to the specific features inherent in it in comparison with other levels of its business (private, national, regional). But competition causes complication of mechanisms for mechanisms for their implementation, the state's initiative in presenting national potential in the international arena. Such popularization of countries is characterized by a wide range: cultural, economic, technological, information, etc. The most important of these is economic and environmental - the impetus to integrate all other areas of activities. This strengthens the position of the countries in the world markets and unites them to solve the global problems of humanity. In the face of globalization challenges, most countries are aware that their business interests must be correlated with social and environmental responsibility, as this is the key to competitive advantage.

Analysis of recent research and publications. Modern issues of diplomacy in scientific research include new thematic areas and combines various issues of international economic relations: the new economic diplomacy in context decision making and negotiation in international economic relations (N. Bayne N., S. Woolcock) [2]; international economic diplomacy: mutations in post-modern times (Saner R., Yiu L.) [3]; economic diplomacy as a subject and research agenda (Killian P. M. E.) [4]; environmental diplomacy in aspects of development: foreign relations and foreign policy, environmental history (Dorsey K.) [5]; global environmental diplomacy: negotiating environmental agreements for the world (Tolba M. K.) [6]; effective forms of environmental diplomacy (Nicolas L., Elie Kallab E. [7].

The aim of the article is to define the features of economic and environmental diplomacy in the context of strategic directions of development in the context of globalization and increasing international competition.

Materials and methods. In accordance with the purpose of the study in the article general and special methods, comprehensive analysis is studied. They intensify the understanding of its progressive directions, the impact on shaping the country's image and development of the potential of international competition. The informative base on this issue is a complex analysis of the renowned national and foreign scientists' investigation.

Results

A special feature of the study of economic and environmental diplomacy is its interdisciplinary content, where different aspects of international positioning of countries are present. Formation of leadership of the countries takes place with the active participation of politicians, diplomats and businessmen. This, in turn, alters the country's image construct by expanding its content, in which the ecological component is not yet sufficiently disclosed in the areas of external strategies, economic policy, and state-building of the consolidating model. International actors and countries should enlist the support of image-based economic and environmental diplomacy and be able to integrate it into the business system (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Aspects of the functioning of environmental diplomacy*

* Author's elaboration

But in this area of international activity there are obstacles to establishing contact, which makes it appropriate to use a «cluster approach» to identify a set of types of network interactions of international actors that have a dominance in the ways of their expression. The development of clusters of economic and environmental diplomacy affects the tasks of its participants, methods and mechanisms of response to economic processes. Multilateral environmental diplomacy integrates different areas of practice of international, business and public relations. Therefore, these clusters can be studied by characteristics: scale, specificity, sectors, topics, security, socialization, potential.

The challenges of globalization and the dangers of a pandemic are changing the living environment, ways of communicating and human activities. Traditional approaches to the formation of social relations, which are usually considered rational, often acquire irrational characteristics. One of the reasons for the formation of new mechanisms of interaction between the countries is the change of priorities of the development of society both in material and cultural terms. Therefore, the economic priorities of the country's development should be included in environmental diplomacy at different levels: 1) ideological (environmental policy, improving the environment of economic cooperation); 2) strategic (international and global partnership); 3) organizational (includes an international network of diplomatic support for initiatives of countries, international platforms for environmental, economic, business and public communications); 4) integration (participation of integration associations in the peaceful resolution of resource problems, intensification of international business in order to diversify environmental activities, expanding cross-border cooperation in preventing and combating environmental conflicts, etc.).

This created the conditions for the growing interest of countries in the image aspects of economic and environmental economic diplomacy. Some of its elements are stated in such a scientific and practical field as: the international image of the country, the image of companies, the national brand, the «green» brand. These topics are presented in a number of scientific works of researchers: domestic (D. Kislov [8]; T. Tsygankova, T. Zavgorodnya [9]; G. Polishko [10] and foreign (D. Akker [11]; S. Angolt [12]; J. Fan [13] and others. In particular, in their opinion, country branding is a complex process of reconciling market actions, political efforts, business strategies, attracting investments and innovations, establishing international communications in order to form an associative model of positive perception of the country.

At the present stage, international competition and integration between states causes a change in their positioning in the world markets and the formation of leadership dominations through the renewal of national branding. One of the important aspects in this field is the consideration of greening trends in international economic relations, which have the specific implementation. They adjust countries' positions in international rankings and change the performance of the global economy. Foreign experts are paying attention to the issue of «environmental progress» in various formats of negotiations, international conferences and summits on global issues [14]. For example, the 2020 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranks 180 countries on 32 performance indicators in the following 11 issue categories: air quality, sanitation and drinking water, heavy metals, waste management, biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, climate change, pollution emissions, agriculture, and water resources. These categories track performance and progress on two broad policy objectives, environmental health and ecosystem vitality. Leaders of this ranking: Denmark, Luxemburg, Switzerland, United Kingdom, France, Austria, Finlandia, Sweden, Norway, Germany (table 1).

Table 1 The country's position in the ranking EPI 2020*