The inter-regional diffusion of Russian protest repertoires in an international context, 2008 - present
The development of repertoire in post-Soviet Russia and its diffusion between regions. Hypothesises a hierarchical relationship between Russia’s major cities – particularly Moscow and St. Petersburg – and "the regions". Financial crisis protests.
| Рубрика | Международные отношения и мировая экономика |
| Вид | дипломная работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 01.12.2019 |
| Размер файла | 6,7 M |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
5. PROCESS TRACING & EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
As already stated, the subject of the study is not, primarily, causes of repertoire adoption. It follows, then, that the study does not adopt a `Single Outcome' approach. Shifting the analytical process away from causes and outcome, it thus makes sense to employ Process Tracing methodology that focuses on the `causal processes that are triggered by causes and that link them with outcomes in a productive relationship.' Derek Beach, `Process tracing methods in Social Science', Oxford Research Encyclopaedias, January 2017 < http://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-176 > [accessed 25 March 2019] The study adopts a systemic understanding of mechanisms, aiming to `to unpack explicitly the causal process that occurs in-between a cause (or set of causes) and an outcome and trace each of its constituent parts empirically.' Beach Put simply, this means unpacking Diffusion processes within each case. The types of mechanistic evidence employed are primarily Traces (pieces of evidence the mere existence of which provides proof) and Accounts (the content of said evidence). Namarsh.ru is the primary source of such evidence since the existence of and content of its articles, documenting the repeated occurrence of particular repertoires, confirm the occurrence of Diffusion.
A common criticism of the case study approach is that their results cannot be generalised to other cases. Van Evera, p. 52. While the results extrapolated from three protest cycles may not allow us to declare definitively whether Moscow and St. Petersburg lead the development of protest repertoire in post-Soviet Russia, or to quantify the impact of international protest examples, they do allow the identification of nascent patterns and trends upon which future studies may elaborate. As acknowledged in the previous section, the bounds of each case study are constructs of the researcher. It is, therefore, expected that future scholars may contest those chosen here.
6. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: THE PROTEST AS TEXT
In the final section of this chapter, I turn to the suitability of discourse analysis for studying protest Diffusion and Repertoire. I employ Philips & Hardy's (2002) definition of discourse as: `An interrelated set of texts, and the practices of their production, dissemination, and reception, that brings an object into being.' Nelson Philips & Cynthia Hardy, What is Discourse Analysis? (London: Sage, 2002). No page numbers available in eBook. The central contention here is that the events which comprise a protest are, themselves, discursive units. As Philips & Hardy write, texts - or discursive units - may take the form of pictures, symbols, and artefacts, not only written or spoken words. Philips & Hardy. Waring (2017) adds to this notion, claiming that discourse is `not limited to language but includes manifold semiotic resources such as gaze, gestures, body movements, artefacts, and material setting.' Hansun Zhang Waring, Discourse Analysis: The Questions Discourse Analysts Ask and How They Answer Them (New York: Routledge, 2017), p. 7. Zuev's 2010 article on the Russian March offers a model for analysing these aspects within a protest context. Denis Zuev, `A Visual Dimension of Protest: An Analysis of Interactions during the Russian march', Visual Anthropology, 23.3 (2010), 221-253
Drawing on the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, all discourse analytical approaches `take as their starting point the claim of structuralist and poststructuralist linguistic philosophy, that our access to reality is always through language.' Marianne Jorgensen & Louise Philips, Discourse Analysis as Theory & Method (London: Sage Publications, 2002). No page numbers available in eBook. As Jorgensen & Philips write, recent discourse analytical approaches tend to reject the Foucauldian / Althusserian notion that only one discourse governs society, and an individual's subject position(s). Jorgensen & Philips.
Diffusion is not a quantitative concept: one cannot speak of `how much' Diffusion and, moreover, it is very difficult to assess the `true' impact of the process. Tarrow speaks of emulation by `an actor': While the observation seems trite, it bears emphasising that protest cycles comprise a multitude of actors belonging to a multitude of organisations, or even none at all. Whether an action within a protest event is the result of Diffusion as hitherto defined is, therefore, highly subjective. We cannot quantify Diffusion or its impact within a certain protest cycle. However, we can analyse discourses of diffusion: The way in which actors situate themselves - consciously or unconsciously - within discourses that connect them to actors in other locations.
For the analysis of protestor discourse, the study uses the slogans and images reported by namarsh.ru and other news websites, as well as protestor-produced content on Social Media. In the case of formal organisations such as political parties, it also refers to press releases and articles published on official websites. For the analysis of regime discourse, it will draw primarily on transcripts available on kremlin.ru of speeches, interviews, and public appearances by Russian officials such as President Putin's Direct Line.
7. PROTEST AS PERFORMANCE
Tarrow (1994) and della Porta & Tarrow (2012) use the terms `performative' and `performance' in reference to protest repertoires without defining these terms, or considering their theoretical implications. Prentoulis & Thomassen come close to doing so when they write that `protests - or the act of protesting - constitute the protestors as subjects', and that protestors should be considered producers, not objects, of social reality. Prentoulis & Thomassen, p. 168-69. Strangely, they do not use the term `performativity' even though their concept is extremely similar to the notion of performativity theorised by Austin (1955) and Butler (1988). Judith Butler, `Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory', Theatre Journal, 40.4 (1988), 519-531, p. 521
J.L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962) Butler argues that gender is not an objective reality, but rather a construct produced through gestures given meaning by social discourse. Butler, p. 521. While Butler's theory falls within Gender studies, it is also salient within the context of protest events: Protestors slogans, demands, props (etc.) should not be assumed to represent pre-existing identities, but rather as gestures constructing identity.
8. CONCLUSION
Treating Diffusion as both an empirical and discursive phenomenon, this Chapter has justified the use of Process Tracing and Discourse Analysis as the study's primary methodologies. It has also illustrated the pitfalls of adopting a purely positivist approach. Namarsh.ru provides the primary data source for tracing the diffusion of protest repertoires between regions, while reports from Russian and English language news websites and social media content will supplement this data. The potential flaws of the chosen methodologies are the ontological dilemma of defining cases, the unequal quantity of data available for each case, and the reliance on Western - as opposed to Russian - news sources.
CASE STUDY 1 THE FINANCIAL CRISIS PROTESTS 2008-2009
|
Date |
Location |
Repertoire |
Organisers |
Slogans |
Link |
|
|
10/09/2008 |
Vladivostok |
Motor Rally |
Trade Union Federation of Primorsky Krai |
"There is no limit to the price of fuel!" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C7A4119636C.html |
|
|
10/09/2008 |
Khabarovsk |
Picket, Signatures |
Trade Union Federation of Primorsky Krai |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C7A4119636C.html |
||
|
10/09/2008 |
Yakutsk |
Motor Rally |
Trade Union Federation of Primorsky Krai |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C7A4119636C.html |
||
|
10/09/2008 |
Moscow |
Rally Signatures |
Trade Unions |
"No increase in fuel prices!" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C79066283DC.html |
|
|
10/09/2008 |
Murmansk |
1 min horn beep Rally |
United Russia |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C7A9284A379.html |
||
|
10/09/2008 |
Novosibirsk |
Picket Rally |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C8E0153D527.html |
||
|
10/09/2008 |
Orel |
Golden cannister to VP Distribution of propaganda material Distribution of newspapers, leaflets, stickers ribbons (Central Office of Trade Unions of Motor Vehicle Workers) Picket |
Trade Union of Motor Vehicle Workers National Bolsheviks Untied Civil Front CPSU International union of Soviet Officers NB: Cannister = TU |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C8D6A35B49C.html |
||
|
10/09/2008 |
Penza |
Picket |
"Transport organisations" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C79BE9890DA.html |
||
|
10/09/2008 |
Samara |
Picket |
Trade Union of Transport & Communications workers (part of Samara Federation of Trade unions) |
"Introduce state regulation of fuel tariffs" "Reduce fuel and aviation kerosene prices" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C8C96DD9E39.html |
|
|
10/09/2008 |
St. Petersburg |
Picket |
Trade Union Activists Petersburg Society of Motorists |
"Fuel prices are rising - Inflation is growing!" "Fuel prices under state control" "Authorities! Do not smoke on a barrel of gas!" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C7EE05EEEF7.html |
|
|
10/09/2008 |
Volgograd |
Rally |
? Possibly - industry reps: Water, rail, motor transport, roads, fisheries |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C80C7C63492.html |
||
|
10/09/2008 |
Tambov |
Rally |
? Motorists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C808613737A.html |
||
|
18/09/2008 |
Orel |
Picket Rally |
Communists |
"No increase in tariffs for gas, heat and light!" "Authorities - you live in peace while simple people thrive in poverty" "Rising prices and tariffs are the result of the economic policy of the party in power" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48D3731C6A0B0.html |
|
|
18/09/2008 |
Chelyabinsk |
Rally |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48D3731C6A0B0.html |
||
|
19/09/2008 |
Kirov |
Rally |
Communists |
"Inflation for the people is a smart table for gentlemen" "We demand free medicine" "They plundered the country - and starve people" "The right to work is a guarantee of work and decent wages for all" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48D7431FE2812.html |
|
|
19-20/09/2008 |
Murmansk |
Picket |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48D3731C6A0B0.html |
||
|
19-20/09/2008 |
Vologda |
? |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48D3731C6A0B0.html |
||
|
19-20/09/2008 |
Saratov |
? |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48D3731C6A0B0.html |
||
|
22/09/2008 |
Saransk |
Rally |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48D77649B54CF.html |
||
|
22/09/2008 |
Kaliningrad |
Rally |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48D739DE87BE1.html |
||
|
29/09/2008 |
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk |
Motor Rally |
? Motorists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48E0D0E444BBB.html |
||
|
04/10/2008 |
Pskov |
Picket |
National Bolsheviks |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48E878085AA0E.html |
||
|
04/10/2008 |
Vsevolozhsk |
Rally |
? Communists, Left Front, TU activists |
"Stop predatory reforms!" "Less taverns - more schools!" "Do not forget, do not forgive" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48E8744D2D345.html |
|
|
04/10/2008 |
Gatchina |
Picket |
Communists Tus |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48E8744D2D345.html |
||
|
04/10/2008 |
Kurgan |
Birthday celebrations' for Governor Oleg Bogomolov Picket - A series of posters with thanks to EdRa for "fair" wages, pensions, scholarships, housing and utilities tariffs, and health care were also prepared. The logo and colours of these "justice" on the posters repeated the logo "EdRa" |
"Non-Systemic Opposition" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48E9D25D1631C.html |
||
|
25/10/2008 |
Moscow |
Rally Burning Luzhkov image |
? Tus (e.g. Sotsprof) Left Front Oborona Green Union of Russia Citizen groups Khimki forest defenders |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/490336C4E661B.html |
||
|
25/10/2008 |
Astrakhan |
Rally Salt & matches given to passers-by Motorists beep in support |
? Other Russia TU activists Union of Residents Astrakhan Youth Movement ' Point of Reference' |
"Bread of the country at the people's price" "No increase in prices and tariffs, oil and gas belong to the people!" "Authorities! How did the people wrong you?" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4904534E7F92E.html |
|
|
25/10/2008 |
Kirov |
Rally |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49044F38095E0.html |
||
|
25/10/2008 |
Krasnoyarsk |
Rally Leaflets w/ info on how to respond to 'global financial crisis' afflicting Russia Telling passers-by how to survive crisis e.g. stocking up on basic household supplies |
National Bolsheviks Other Russia |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/490348E68DB09.html |
||
|
25/10/2008 |
Nizhny Novgorod |
Rally Telling passers-by how to survive crisis Leaflets & Newspapers distributed |
? Other Russia, National Bolsheviks (main), Communists, Human Rights activists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49047D518683B.html |
||
|
25/10/2008 |
Penza |
Rally near Karl Marx memorial Distributing leaflets from Union of Coordination Councils of Russia |
United Coordination Councils of Russia |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49030C13C6737.html |
||
|
25/10/2008 |
Izhevsk |
Rally |
Coordination Council of Civil Initiatives |
"One, two three - Volkov must leave" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49031E5AAF169.html |
|
|
07/11/2008 |
Saransk |
Rally |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49143D28D7F1A.html |
||
|
10/11/2008 |
Penza |
Rally |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4917E097DB376.html |
||
|
10/11/2008 |
Orel |
Rally |
Communists |
"Free education and medicine for all!" "No increase in tariffs for gas, heat and light" "We demand a change in social and economic policy" "Communist Party of the Russian Federation - Join Our Ranks, Comrade!" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4917E7B4F1C7F.html |
|
|
10/11/2008 |
Vladivostok |
Motor Rally Orange ribbons and posters |
? Motorists |
"Right-hand drive - our choice" "Cancel 5,000 euros for a car body" "We need designers," "No increase in duties on used cars" "No reduction in the threshold for importing cars from 7 to 5 years " |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/491810D6F40AC.html |
|
|
11/11/2008 |
Ulyanovsk |
Picket |
Russian People's Democratic Union |
"Enough crises at the expense of the people!" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/491AA38254DD6.html |
|
|
11/11/2008 |
Moscow |
Picket |
Russian People's Democratic Union |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49199792CDE2C.html |
||
|
11/11/2008 |
Archangelsk |
Picket (but banned( |
Russian People's Democratic Union |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/491AA38254DD6.html |
||
|
11/11/2008 |
Voronezh |
Picket |
Russian People's Democratic Union |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/491AA38254DD6.html |
||
|
13/11/2008 |
Omsk |
Picket Passers by asked questions about reasons for price rise |
Chairman of Omsk City Council, Igor Basov |
No clumsy reforms! Observe the Constitution!” “There is no way out of the crisis at the expense of the people!” |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/491BDD7BDEA1C.html |
|
|
15/11/2008 |
Moscow |
Rally Leaflets & newspapers distirbuted |
? Left Front, Union of communist youth, Revolutionary Workers' Party etc. |
"Government, resign!" "All retired and imprisoned," "Capitalism is a crisis," "Freedom, equality, socialism." |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/491EE3922BD3B.html |
|
|
16/11/2008 |
Yekaterinburg |
Hand out matches w/ ant crisis slogans on box leaflets on what to do in the crisis |
National Bolsheviks |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/492040588414E.html |
||
|
22/11/2008 |
St. Petersburg |
March Picket Shoot a film (but banned) |
Libertarian Party |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49283CAA9A4F0.html |
||
|
22/11/2008 |
Vladivostok |
Motor Rally Orange ribbons and posters Hanged effigy of government official Yellow ribbons Signatures Voodoo dolls |
? Motorists |
“The ban on auto business - the collapse of Primorye!”, “We are for an affordable car!” “Stop scaring people!” “We are against increasing duties!” |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4927D755A8E59.html |
|
|
22/11/2008 |
St. Petersburg |
Motor rally Picket |
Freedom of Choice' organisation |
“No increase in duties and prices!” “Authorities! people have had enough of this nightmare! “Oil fell by 70 percent, gasoline was thrown off by 1 rouble!” “We choose cars ourselves! ", " Set an example - change from foreign cars to VAZ, GAZ,... TAZ! " |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/492829A68CFA7.html |
|
|
03/12/2008 |
Kaliningrad |
Motor rally |
? Motorists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/493681DCACD1D.html |
||
|
14/12/2008 |
Kaliningrad |
Motor Rally Yellow ribbons and flyers w/ invitation to anti-corruption rally |
? Motorists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49452928B9B45.html |
||
|
14/12/2008 |
Vladivostok |
Motor blockade airport Motor rally |
? Motorists |
< http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4946461F28A46.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Khabarovsk |
White Zhiguli "a gift to Putin from Khabarovsk", invited passers-by to leave own messages to VP and DM Rally |
? |
< http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4946461F28A46.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
St. Petersburg |
Rally m model of 'Aurora' car brought on - bucket full of rusty iron symbolising domestic auto industry tied to car |
Freedom of Choice' organisation/movement |
"Do not tell us what to drive and we won't tell you where to go!" "Vladivostok, we are with you" "Enough of nightmare people with increased fees and prices" “Domestic VAZ is life threatening,” “Power to help the auto industry - switch from foreign cars to VAZs and GAZs” “Stop testing our patience!” |
< http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4946461F28A46.html |
|
|
21/12/2008 |
Yekaterinburg |
Motor rally |
? Motorists |
“Authorities! Stop scaring the country by raising duties and prices” “Bolt you, not duties” “Come back, Russia, trouble in our house! MedvePuta are coming” “EdRo to the trash” |
< http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4946461F28A46.html |
|
|
21/12/2008 |
Kaliningrad |
Motor Rally 'Funeral of Justice' Rally |
National Bolsheviks and ? |
“Putin is responsible for everything!” |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
|
|
21/12/2008 |
Kemerovo |
Banners posted on cars |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Tomsk |
Motor rally |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Barnaul |
Picket |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Krasnoyarsk |
Motor rally, black ribbons tied to cars |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Novosibirsk |
Picket Signatures |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Chita |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Komsomolk-on-Amur |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Kazan |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Abakan |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Moscow |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
21/12/2008 |
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/494E41967F4F4.html |
||
|
24/12/2008 |
Moscow |
Picket |
United Civil Front, Oborona and ? |
“Government in retirement” “No price increase”, “Vladivostok, Moscow is with you” “No mass layoffs” “Loans to agricultural producers” “Putin, report to the stabilization fund” “Putin in retirement” "We demand a reduction in VAT." “Tariffs are under civilian control,” “Stop stealing the stabilization fund,” “Officials have a living wage, Muscovites' pay for officials” “ Get out of crisis will be at the expense of the population? " " |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4952758F79FA2.html |
|
|
08/01/2009 |
Blagoveshchensk |
Rally |
Communists |
"We have the right to choose!" "We will not sit down in Russian auto-junkies!" "Say no fees today, tomorrow we will walk!" |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49660D1F6FBB2.html |
|
|
08/01/2009 |
Irkutsk |
Motor rally Signatures |
? Motorists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49662D5862397.html |
||
|
08/01/2009 |
St. Petersburg |
Rally |
United Civil Front and ? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4965F3123164D.html |
||
|
10/01/2009 |
Vladivostok |
Rally |
Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49688A892B4A5.html |
||
|
24/01/2009 |
Moscow |
Zhiguli dragged across Avtozavodsky Bridge, to mirror Repin 'Barge Haulers' painting |
"We" Movement |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/497AED4C7AF39.html |
||
|
31/01/2009 |
Moscow |
Rally |
National Bolsheviks United Civil Front Smena Anti-War Club International Union of Soviet Officers Communists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49840DF323A73.html |
||
|
31/01/2009 |
St. Petersburg |
Single pickets |
United Civil Front |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49843331AD333.html |
||
|
31/01/2009 |
Orel |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49840DF323A73.html |
||
|
31/01/2009 |
Omsk |
Flashmob 'Put Putin Zhiguli' posters Motor rally |
Yabloko ? Motorists |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/4986A21B32CAC.html |
||
|
31/01/2009 |
Tambov |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49840DF323A73.html |
||
|
31/01/2009 |
Voronezh |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49840DF323A73.html |
||
|
31/01/2009 |
Vladivostok |
Protest Marathon' - 5km march |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49843331AD333.html |
||
|
31/01/2009 |
Tomsk |
? |
? |
http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/49840DF323A73.html |
1. INTRODUCTION
This case study begins September 2008 because this month saw the onset of the Russian Government's attempts to counter the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) which included supporting the value of the rouble, and providing Russian banks and big business with currency. Padma Desai, `Russia's Financial Crisis: Economic Setbacks and Policy Responses', Columbia SIPA: Journal of International Affairs, 17th April 2010 < https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/russias-financial-crisis-economic-setbacks-and-policy-responses > [accessed 29 December 2018] The time period designated for Case Study 1 is problematic because the effects of the GFC extend beyond the 31st January 2009. The Russian economy declined dramatically during this period, with the price of oil per barrel decreasing from $147 to $40 between June and December 2008. Anon., ` Russian Riot Police Detain 100 At Economic Crisis Protest', RFE/RL, 21st December 2008 <https://www.rferl.org/a/Russia_Riot_Police_Detain_100_At_Economic_Crisis_Protest/1362050.html > [accessed 04 February 2019] For this reason, the study focuses on a specific aspect of Russia's GFC protests: those centred on rising fuel prices and tariffs on imported cars. On the 17th of November, the Government announced that it would increase duties on imported cars, despite signing the G20's GFC communique in which members promised not to introduce protectionist measures for one year. Alan Beatie, `Russia to raise import duties', The Financial Times, 17th November 2008 < https://www.ft.com/content/23fe65ec-b4ca-11dd-b780-0000779fd18c > [accessed 25 February] The policy aimed to protect domestic car manufacturers, and prevent layoffs among the country's more than 1.5 million auto-industry workers. Claire Bigg, `Financial Crisis in Russia holds threat of unrest', RFE/RL, 23rd December 2008 < https://www.rferl.org/a/Financial_Crisis_In_Russia_Holds_Threat_Of_Social_Unrest/1362714.html > [accessed 04 February 2019] The Case Study ends on the 31st of January because, according to namarsh.ru, no further fuel/import tariff protests occurred after this date.
2. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
2.1. Locations
The data provides 78 recorded instances of protest between the 10th of September 2008 and the 31st of January 2009. Of these, Moscow accounts for 8 - a larger share than any other location. St. Petersburg and Vladivostok both account for 6 - the second largest shares. Orel (4), Kaliningrad (4), and Penza (3) take 3rd and 4th place. All other locations saw 2 or less protests.
2.2. Forms
More than 50% of all recorded protests took conventional forms. 6/8 of Moscow protests, and 4/6 of St. Petersburg Protests, were conventional. Conversely, only 1/5 of Vladivostok protests took conventional forms. The primary example of repertoire development is the Motor Rally, which first occurred in Vladivostok on the 10th of September. It then took place in the following locations: Yakutsk (10/09/08) Yuzho-Sakhalinsk (29/09/08) St. Petersburg (22/11/08) Kaliningrad (03/12/08, 14/12/08) Tomsk (21/12/08) Krasnoyarsk (21/12/08) Irkutsk (08/01/09) Omsk (31/01/09). Vladivostok saw 4 separate instances of Motor Rallies, while Kaliningrad saw 2. Despite accounting for the greatest frequency of protests, Moscow did not instigate either of these developments.
2.3. Organisers
Communists and Trade Unions account for the largest shares of individual protest organisers, initiating 19% and 14% respectively. 17% include multiple civic and political forces among their organisers. In more than 25% of cases, the organiser is unknown. `Other' (22%) refers to protests coordinated by a single organisation that is neither the Communists, nor the Trade Unions. In articles from this period, namarsh.ru does not specify whether `Communists' refers to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Communists of Russia, or other communist organisations.
2.4. Slogans
The slogans of 57/78 protests are unknown, or not reported, by namarsh.ru. Among the 21 for which slogans are reported, no repetition or continuity is observed.
3. ANALYSIS
Focusing on the Motor Rally, this section firstly examines Diffusion as an empirical phenomenon and, secondly, as a discourse.
3.1. Applying the Diffusion model: The Motor Rally
Tarrow argues that the emergence of modern capitalism created the cultural shift that facilitated the emergence of social movements. Tarrow, p. 70. Using Figure 1, the Diffusion of the Motor Rally could be narrated thus: The GFC created a global CULTURAL SHIFT which prompted the Russian Government to announce the increase in import tariffs. This announcement then prompted a domestic INTEREST SHIFT, opening new opportunities for collective action. These opportunities facilitate the emergence of a NEW REPERTOIRE (Motor Rally). Following its first appearance in Vladivostok, DIFFUSION occurred, causing groups in other locations to ADOPT the form. Constructed similarity (e.g. `Vladivostok, Moscow is with you!) facilitated the adoption. National media, such as RIA Novosti, Interfax, and Kommersant covered the rallies. Anon., `Protests against tariff increase on foreign car brands', RIA Novosti, 9th November 2008 < https://ria.ru/20081109/154680810.html > [accessed 26 February 2019]
Anon., `Anti-tariff mood continues', Interfax, 22nd December 2008 < https://www.interfax.ru/russia/53097 > [accessed 26 March 2019]
Anon., `New motorist protests take place across Russia', Kommersant, 23rd December 2008 < https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1098723 > [accessed 26 March 2019] By publishing descriptions and images of the rallies, it is likely that these outlets facilitated MEDIATED DIFFUSION, although it is impossible to ascertain their exact impact upon those who adopted the form.
3.2. International Context
3.2.1. Regime
Vladimir Pekhtin, a State Duma deputy from Primorsky Krai, stated: `There are branches of various international structures like Rotary Clubs in Primorsky Krai […] Here everything is not as straightforward as it appears.' Pekhtin's claim that `international structures' initiated protests runs counter to the data which shows that Trade Unions and political parties were the primary organisers. In a similar vein, a 2009 report by the State Duma concluded:
`The protests against increasing customs duties can be seen as [part of] a premeditated plot to destabilize a whole series of Russian regions […] The protests are being carried out according to a single scenario, which is reminiscent of the tactics of the so-called orange revolutions, in which discontent is artificially inspired and channelled into the political sphere, leading to the destabilization of the situation, the overthrow of the authorities, and the establishment of pseudo-independence.' Brian Whitmore, `Plots, Conspiracies, And Automobiles (Oh My!)', RFE/RL, 19th January 2009 < https://www.rferl.org/a/Plots_Conspiracies_And_Automobiles_Oh_My/1371950.html > [accessed 04 February 2009]
Namarsh.ru does not record any direct references to the Orange Revolution by protestors. The Duma's invocation of it, however, indicates a lingering fear of the `Colour Virus' and - consciously or unconsciously - the diffusion of foreign repertoires to Russia. The report, and Pekhtin's statement, lend resonance to the appearance of Orange during the protests. The colour appears twice in Vladivostok (in balloons and ribbons), and once in St. Petersburg where an orange model of the Russian `Aurora' car was driven through the city (21/12/08). Overall, then, regime representatives deploy Diffusion discourses in order to undermine the protests, while simultaneously embedding these protests within an international context that bolsters their resonance.
3.2.2. Protestors
Only 2 of the protests, however, refer to the GFC's global scope. The rally in Krasnoyarsk on the 25th October 2008 saw activists distribute leaflets on `how to survive the global financial crisis', while the rally in Moscow on the 15th of November 2008 featured the slogan `Capitalism in crisis'. Instead, protest discourse primarily indicates Domestication. Several slogans directly address the Federal authorities: `Authorities! How did the people wrong you?' (Astrakhan - 25/10/08), `Government, resign!' (Moscow - 15/11/08), `EdRo (United Russia) to the trash' (Yekaterinburg - 21/12/08). These examples, among others, domesticate the protests by transferring the focus from defects in the global financial system to the defective policy of the Russian Government.
3.3. Inter-regional Dynamics
That no slogan persists throughout the protest cycle suggests relatively weak inter-regional diffusion. Only two protests, in St. Petersburg and Moscow, feature slogans referring to other regions: `Vladivostok, we are with you' (St. Petersburg - 21/12/08, `Vladivostok, Moscow is with you' (Moscow - 24/12/08). Furthermore, in the emergence of balloons and ribbons as protest symbols, no single colour predominates - protestors use orange (Vladivostok), black (Krasnoyarsk), and yellow (Kaliningrad). The lack of visual unity between regions downplays inter-regional cooperation and/or diffusion. Interestingly, however, namarsh.ru itself refers to the protest cycle as `All-Russian', For example, see Grigory Lazarev, `Volgograd protest against fuel price increase as part of All-Russian Action', namarsh.ru, 10th September 2008 < http://www.namarsh.ru/materials/48C80C7C63492.html > [accessed 05 March 2019] which seemingly both rejects the emphasis on Moscow and St. Petersburg, and implies that actions in each region are interrelated.
3.4. No Repertoires?
The data includes eight examples of `stand-alone' protests:
1) 10/09/08 - Orel: Golden cannister sent to Putin
2) 04/10/08 - Kurgan: `Birthday celebrations' for Governor Oleg Bogomolov
3) 25/10/08 - Moscow: Burning Luzhkov's image
4) 21/12/08 - Khabarovsk: White Zhiguli with dedication `a gift to Putin from Khabarovsk', invited passers-by to leave own messages to Putin and Medvedev
5) 21/12/08 - St. Petersburg: Orange Aurora driven through city, bucket full of rusty iron symbolising domestic auto industry attached
6) 21/12/08 - Kaliningrad: `Funeral of Justice'
7) 24/01/09 - Moscow: Activists haul Zhiguli, recreating Ilya Repin's painting `The Barge Haulers' (1870-73)
8) 31/01/2009 - Vladivostok: 5km Protest `Marathon'
Continuing to employ Tarrow's theory, these should fall under the `No Repertoires' category, i.e. `Forms of contention that fail - i.e. make no impression on popular memory.' These exact forms are not repeated within the protest cycle, nor in later protest cycles. They should not, however, be omitted from analysis. The above protests, particularly those highlighted in bold, resemble Performance Art which, as Jonson (2015) writes, gained popularity in Russia as a protest form in the mid-2000s. Jonson, p. 146. In 2014, the Novosibirsk art group Babushka Posle Pokhorona (Grandma After the Funeral) organised `Monstratsiya' - a performance/flash mob featuring carnivalesque dress and meaningless slogans during the Communist May Day demonstrations. Jonson, p. 147. By 2009, the movement had spread to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Omsk, Perm, Vladivostok, Krasnoyarsk, Novorossiysk, and Belgorod. The street art group Voina, who uploaded all their performances to the internet, also emerged during this period (2007). While the stand-alone protests in Case Study 1 do not illustrate repertoire diffusion their style hints, more broadly, at the inter-regional diffusion of performance art.
4. CONCLUSION
This Chapter has demonstrated that, during Russia's 2008/2009 Global Financial Crisis protests, Moscow and St. Petersburg did not lead the development of protest repertoire despite accounting for the highest frequencies of protest. Rather, Vladivostok initiated the `weak repertoire' developments of motor rallies and the use of coloured balloons and ribbons. It has demonstrated the contrast between regime discourse - which globalises the protests - and protestor discourse - which domesticates them. It has also situated the stand-alone protests within a broader national trend towards performance art protest.
CASE STUDY 2 ELECTION CYCLE PROTESTS 2011-2012
|
Date |
Location |
Repertoire |
Organisers |
Slogans |
Link |
|
|
04/12/2011 |
Nizhny Novgorod |
Hung banner on Kremlin tower saying 'Your elections are a farce' |
Other Russia |
"Your elections are a farce" |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EDCC85BABF4D.html |
|
|
04/12/2011 |
Ryazan |
Rally |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EDC923C785AF.html |
|
|
05/12/2011 |
St. Petersburg |
March |
? Other Russia, Solidarity, Voina, Yabloko, United |
"Your elections are a farce" |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EDCBC7B59203.html |
|
|
05/12/2011 |
Moscow |
Rally |
? Solidarity, Russian Democratic Union |
"These elections are a farce" |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EDCEA634C623.html |
|
|
05/12/2011 |
Novokujbyshevsk |
Hunger Strike |
Communists (hunger strike) |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EDDC61849331.html |
|
|
06/12/2011 |
Moscow |
Rally |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EDE5AA9AD4C1.html |
|
|
07/12/2011 |
Moscow |
Single pickets in support of those arrested in St. P |
? Left Front |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EDF99E35F0AC.html |
|
|
07/12/2011 |
Moscow |
Rally |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EDFB842D2424.html |
|
|
07/12/2011 |
Saransk |
? Rally (suggested by photos) |
Local deputies |
"Nullify the illegal elections" (From photo) |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE1E6244120D.html |
|
|
10/12/2011 |
Moscow |
Rally |
? Communists, nationalists, liberals, Navalny associates, public figures (e.g. Akunin, Sobchak) |
"Power to millions, not millionaires" |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
|
|
10/12/2011 |
St. Petersburg |
March |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Tomsk |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kurgan |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Pskov |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Karelia |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Yaroslavl |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Krasnodar |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Yekaterinburg |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Ryazan |
Rally |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Tula |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Yoshkar-Ola |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Nizhnevartovsk |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Tolyatti |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Bryansk |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Volgograd |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kostroma |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Nizhny Novgorod |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Cheboksary |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Tambov |
Rally |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE366C190A49.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Belgorod |
? |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE32A408CF9F.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Makhachkala |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Pyatigorsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Obinsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Anapa |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Tikhvin |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kirishi |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Ukhta |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Ufa |
Rally |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Ivanovo |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Chita |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Rostov on Don |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Khabarovsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Ulyanovsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Tver |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Taganrog |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Skrytyvkar |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Surgut |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Strelitamak |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Stary Oskol |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Samara |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Perm |
Rally |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Penza |
Rally |
? |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE5EF1C9F026.html |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Orsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Orenburg |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Novosibirsk |
Rally |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Novorossisk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Novokuznetsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Nizhny Tagil |
? |
? |
"We are for fair elections" |
http://namarsh.ru/materials/4EE87369649EB.html |
|
|
10/12/2011 |
Magnitogorsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Naberezhnye Chelny |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Lysva |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kumertau |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Krasnoyarsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Krasnoznamensk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Krasnodar |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kirov |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kolomna |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Komsomolsk on Amur |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Irkutsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Izhevsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Volgodonsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Vladimir |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Vladivostok |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Vellky Novgorod |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Barnaul |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Arkhangelsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Abakan |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Chelyabinsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kachkanar |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kemerovo |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Lipetsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Omsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Petrozavodsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Smolensk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Saratov |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Tyumen |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Usinsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Ulan Ude |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Angarsk |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Cherepovets |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Apatiti |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Kaluga |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Stockholm |
Protest outside RU embassy, wearing white ribbons |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Helsinki |
Rally |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Bergen |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Oslo |
? |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Riga |
Lay white flowers outside RU embassy |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
||
|
10/12/2011 |
Odessa |
Protest outside RU embassy |
? |
https://yandex.ru/maps/?l=map&ll=13.329224%2C43.741679&mode=usermaps&spn=330.468750%2C158.141942&um=RWhMzYXacOxjl1tfovNAJ781J-K9CMzz&z=5.176808142456668 |
Подобные документы
The study of the history of the development of Russian foreign policy doctrine, and its heritage and miscalculations. Analysis of the achievements of Russia in the field of international relations. Russia's strategic interests in Georgia and the Caucasus.
курсовая работа [74,6 K], добавлен 11.06.2012The Soviet-Indian relationship from the Khrushchev period to 1991 was. The visit by Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to the Soviet Union in June 1955 and Khrushchev's return trip to India in the fall of 1955. Economic and military assistance.
аттестационная работа [23,4 K], добавлен 22.01.2014Content of the confrontation between the leading centers of global influence - the EU, the USA and the Russian Federation. Russia's military presence in Syria. Expansion of the strategic influence of the Russian Federation. Settlement of regional crises.
статья [34,8 K], добавлен 19.09.2017The causes and effects of the recent global financial crisis. Liquidity trap in Japan. Debt deflation theory. The financial fragility hypothesis. The principles of functioning of the financial system. Search for new approaches to solving debt crises.
реферат [175,9 K], добавлен 02.09.2014Russian Federation Political and Economic relations. Justice and home affairs. German-Russian strategic partnership. The role of economy in bilateral relations. Regular meetings make for progress in cooperation: Visa facilitations, Trade relations.
реферат [26,3 K], добавлен 24.01.2013Legal regulation of the activities of foreign commercial banks. Features of the Russian financial market. The role and place of foreign banks in the credit and stock market. Services of foreign banks in the financial market on the example of Raiffeisen.
дипломная работа [2,5 M], добавлен 27.10.2015Enhancing inter-ethnic conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh in 1989, and its result - forcing the Soviet Union to grant Azerbaijani authorities greater leeway. Meeting of world leaders in 2009 for a peaceful settlement on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh.
презентация [730,7 K], добавлен 29.04.2011Characteristic of growth and development of Brazil and Russian Federation. Dynamics of growth and development. Gross value added by economic activity. Brazilian export of primary and manufactured goods. Export structure. Consumption side of GDP structure.
реферат [778,3 K], добавлен 20.09.2012Presence of nominal rigidity as an important part of macroeconomic theory since. Definition of debt rigidity; its impact on crediting. The causes of the Japanese economic crisis; way out of it. Banking problems in United States and euro area countries.
статья [87,9 K], добавлен 02.09.2014Currency is any product that is able to carry cash as a means of exchange in the international market. The initiative on Euro, Dollar, Yuan Uncertainties is Scenarios on the Future of the World International Monetary System. The main world currency.
реферат [798,3 K], добавлен 06.04.2015
