Criminological characteristics of terrorism and extremism

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CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM

terrorism international world community

Raisa Orsaeva, PhD in Law

Ust-Kamenogorsk city, Republic of Kazakhstan

Terrorism is one of the most dangerous crimes of the present, which quite often has not only national, but also international character. Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, on the scales and intensity, on the inhumanity and cruelty turned nowadays in one of the most acute and topical issues of the global importance. Very often terrorism is connected with people who have nothing to do with religious, economic or political activity. Unfortunately lots of innocent people are being involved and suffer. Thus, generalizing the definition of terrorism we may say that it's a system of terrifying public violence characterized by increased danger for the society. Terrorism as the global problem demands constant attention and studying and therefore represents the wide field for researches with their subsequent practical application. The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the nature of terrorism, its negative consequences in development of the world community, study the phenomenon of terrorism in international and national conflicts and modern condition of fight against terrorism on the international arena.

Keywords: extremism, terrorism, crime, criminal responsibility.

There are so many problems in the modern world, such as global warming, environmental issues, shortage of natural resources, earthquakes, floods and other disasters. But one of the most dangerous of all is terrorism. It is a huge threat to all mankind. Today we hear more and more news on TV about terrorist attacks. All magazines and newspapers write about this problem. Each year different countries face terrorism. A lot of people suffer from terroristic acts.

It is known that Kazakhstan is a country that is going steady in its path to constructive politics without any fallbacks.

If we consider that in the XXI century, in which we live, there is a marked increase in religious extremism and terrorism that affect the political, social, economic, cultural and spiritual states of the world, then we should not forget that this problem has become one of the most pressing issues that is always on the agenda. Currently, as antagonism and opposition grow, which encourage terrorist attacks, religious fundamentalism and extremism are not peculiar to only one region or one country. What concerns people is not only the progress of religious extremism that leads to terrorism worldwide, but also the fact that different groups use it to solve their political and economic problems. In this regard, we recall the words of Nursultan Nazarbayev: «International terrorism, extremism and separatism today have precipitously and severely broke into our everyday life and the sphere of international relations. In a way it is a chronic disease of the present world community infected with political, social and economic inequality. In its most extreme form, these threats are now the highest of any danger to the state and society. And so we are all keenly aware of the danger, which brings terrorism, separatism and extremism with it».

The main feature of today's society is the relationship of the world states. The reason is that the integration process opens the way to the phenomenon of globalization. It is also known that these factors have both advantages and disadvantages. Namely, in the last ten years, extremism joined the ranks of the dangers that threaten humanity and states around the world. It is very dangerous for the environment and for the security of mankind. Therefore, as of today, one of the problems that need to be solved very quickly by the international community is the warning and prevention of financial leakages in the area of financing for the fight around the world against terrorism and extremism. Many states using the «list» they have been given in the fight against the financing of terrorism and extremism are working against the financing of organized extremist groups that are included in the list of their territories. In this regard, many countries of the world have been forced to allocate more financial resources on warning the mankind of the dangers of extremism and terrorism. As noted above, the fact that the work on crime prevention is being done is confirmed by the adoption of the United Nations Convention (28.09.2001) approved by the international community. Our country ratified the convention on October 2nd, 2002. Extremism causes great damage to the domestic and foreign policies of the state. It threatens the national security of Kazakhstan, leads to contradictions and conflicts in the national-ethnic, political and religious terms between representatives of different faiths in the country. Extremism in the neighboring countries and the arising of dangers from the worsening of socio-political situations there require the adoption of a number of urgent measures to find ways to prevent mentioned crimes to ensure national security in our country as well. And that is why the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N.A. Nazarbayev, at the meeting with law enforcement officials said that extremism does not occur in Kazakhstan on a large scale, but we need to anticipate and prevent confessional instability arising from the possible dangers, as extremism can too take place in Kazakhstan.

It is undeniable that there is financing of extremism and terrorism in the period of globalization. Therefore, it is clear that there is a huge need to improve the mechanism of laws for combating and warning of these crimes, and to apply the law in practice correctly.

There is no doubt that a comprehensive study of areas of circumstances promoting active dissemination of extremist and terrorist offenses, defining preconditions that affect it in the socio-political, economic, psychological and other situations makes it possible to determine where the crime originates.

According to the Russian media, it appears that the countries with the most number of terrorist groups are Colombia, Peru, Algeria, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Ireland China, Japan and Philippines. In addition, according to the same source, 600 explosions have been reported in Italy, 400 in France and 500 in Russia, most of which had a criminal nature. If the number of victims of international terrorism was 9000 between the years 1968 and 1995, over the past five years alone, 5000 people have become victims of terrorism attacks.

In recent years, according to the law "On religious activity and religious associations", 579 activities of religious groups have been discontinued on a legal basis. To date, the number of religious groups has decreased by 13 percent as compared to their number on January 1, 2011. That means that there were 4551 religious communities in Kazakhstan, but now there are 3972. However, in our opinion, it is still a very high figure for Kazakhstan.

In our country, the number of people prosecuted for crimes related to terrorist acts reached 116 in 2003, 220 in 2004, 108 in 2005, 333 in 2006, 114 in 2007, 222 in 2008, 224 in 2009 and 331 in 2010. What is worrying is that the number of deaths from the radical acts in the years 2011 and 2012 reached 44. The prosecuted persons committed such illegal actions as the violent seizure of power, terrorism, terrorism propaganda, open call for the execution of an act of terrorism, creation and management of a terrorist group and participation in their activities. Particularly, in recent years, there is an increasing number of participants of wars terrorism hotspots. According to the information published in the media, hundreds of Kazakhstani citizens are the cause of wars in the Czech Republic, Dagestan and Waziristan.

For the second half of the 20th century Israel, Great Britain, and Italy suffered from the terrorism most of all. All the most noticeable actions were performed by Islamic fundamentalists from AL-Qaeda early in the 21st century. The most famous one was the terrorist attack when towers of World Trade Center in New York, USA, were destructed on 11th of September 2001. About 3000 people died that time. Russia, approximately at the same time, suffered from several attacks of Chechen terrorists-secessionists.

The danger of terrorism has changed our lives. Countries are now gathering information about terrorists on a more worldwide level. But in spite of accepting, extent terrorism is still a serious threat for common people. It is considered to be the pressing problem of our time. Drastic measures should be taken in order to address the situation as peacefully as possible Терроризм. <ttps://www.engHshdom.com>..

Kazakh scientists (E.I. Kaiyrzhanov, A.N. Agybayev, E.O. Alaukhanov, N.M. Abdirov, E.T. Abilezov) presented ideas of criminological level for the theme of terrorism noted wrongful individual terrorist directions, individual actors, particular characters of the victim, causing terrorism as problematical task, requiring criminological researches, saying that terrorism is socially dangerous phenomenon.

V.V. Vandashev also followed this criminological direction, he said that the performance of certain acts are subjects, which directs for crimes of terroristic type, also effectively directed against events of terrorism and it would be proved real potential help for the victims by the side of government. Russian scientist O.M. Khlobustov noted two types of terrorism which is widely spread in Russia:

- specifically purposeful terrorism, that is directed to accurate objects, specifically to individuals;

- specifically purposeless terrorism Хлобустов, O.M. (2000). Терроризм:реальность сегодняшнего состояния. Москва, 73., that is random people.

Generally, many experiences show that is CIS states «criminal terrorism» is famous as «Administrant» Subjects get rid off their economical enemy not by themselves, so by the expense of others, that is with the help of criminal organizations and groups, with help of killers, which solves these problems operatively and the usual way for them. Many rich citizens as bankers, businessmen, sellers and entrepreneurs are objects of criminal terrorism. For example, in Russian Federation among the victims of terrorism merchants and entrepreneurs forms - 28,6%, unemployed - 22,3%, employees of police -3,4%, ringleader of criminal group - 2,5%, performing military duties - 2,2%, employees of prosecutor - 0,2%, employees of court - 0,2%, employees of tax- 0,4%, deputies - 0,2%, employees of other specialties - 21,6% Шпенбаева, А.Ж. (2008). Предупреждение терроризма в Казахстане. Алматы, 46..

Among the most effective counter-terrorism methods recently developed and used in the world, are deradicalization of educational programs employing former terrorist leaders, detection and elimination of sources of material and financial support of terroristic groups, international cooperation and exchange of data concerning terroristic groups and individual terrorists, development of internal and international law- enforcement techniques of combating and preventing terroristic acts, information campaigns among the population concerning how to behave and what to do in case of terroristic menace.

Effective countering of terrorism is possible, but this effectiveness requires certain efforts and expenses on implementing measures listed above. International cooperation in aspects of data exchange, counter-terroristic activity in the media and Internet, and cooperative trainings of counter-terroristic squads of different countries. Future anti-terrorism efforts should be focused primarily on measures for early detection and preliminary neutralization of terroristic forces.

Main danger of most religious terroristic groups and organizations is their unshakable faith and conviction for their means are justified by the “noble purpose” of liberation of their nation or holy war against those who do not share their religious beliefs. This conviction may provide very strong motivations for terroristic actions and even self-destructing acts of suicide bombers.

But these radical beliefs are not necessary shared by the most part of terrorists countrymen, who aren't sharing religious fanaticism or ideological devotion of radicals. Regular people want to live in peace and safety regardless of their beliefs. And the tactics of terrorism, though may be very effective in short-run periods, in the long-run conditions, especially when faced with no diversified international counter efforts, will lead only to exhaustion of the nation and gradual rejection of terrorists by the society. Борьба с терроризмом/Fighting terrorism. <http://engtexts.ru/>.

If we analyze today's character of terrorism, most of groups are doing their work secretly. Because of it is not easy to find, search, find and analyze. Not all of the terrorists similarly go to death with eyes closed. From the words specialists, percentage of terrorist who do kamikaze is 1-2%. They have principles as to die beautifully and go to heaven. Second group are terrorists, who ready to die in required moment and the percent is 20-30%. The vast majority of terrorists are terrorists-mercenaries. Their percentage is 50% and they take money for the act of terrorism. Terrorist-ideologists don't go anywhere and interfere to nothing, they just order terroristic act.

They are only 10% and very dangerous. Islam is only for peaceful relationships. Quran doesn't say to kill people of other religion.

Because of it we can't look terror and Islam similarly. Religious extremism and terrorism has itself, when politicize this religion. It is done by the help of different ideological processes. For example, method of using «dzhihad». Synonym of this word «dzhihad» is «effort», «zeal». So, in the Islamic religion «making dzhihad» means «showing an effort, zeal, diligence» Булытай, М. (2006). Дін жзне Ґлт. Алматы.. However, on the base of politicization it makes extremism and terrorism. Terrorists think that extremism justifies their goals.

By the criminological side, religious extremism can be not only Islamic, so and manifests in the type different religious and mythical sects Байтенова, Н.Ж., Рысбекова, Ш.С. (2011). Дазацстандагы діндер. Алматы.

Амреева, A.A. (2005). Діни экстремизм мен терроризмніц саяси-злеуметтік негіздері. Алматы..

If we look to the criminological side, so we come to conclusion that the vast majority of terrorists didn't see weasel of their mothers and naturally shows their aggressive character, kids with psychological lag, sick from the birth, took injuries in the childhood, second category, reckless human, absolutely changeable but skillfully hiding it, artistic personality, also personality doing crime purposefully, greatly realize consequences and damages of their acts and ideas, showing their superiority to another people. Most of terrorists are people, who saw humiliation, insult, violence in the childhood or youth who didn't take a seat in the life. They direct their hatred to society, to avenge for their offense, sorrow1. They do it to show their «ego» to acknowledge themself like personality, to implement unfulfilled ideas and thinking that society was not fair, so human do terroristic and extremist acts.

Nowadays it is hard describe concrete terroristic personality of representation level. Personalities which has ideology, which has is directed to terroristic acts can be different in intention.

Most of terroristic personalities after prosecuted for their criminal acts, therein appears revenge to society and revenge to government. From the information of Russian scientists (I.B. Linder, S.A. Titkova) most of terrorists and extremists were men, however women were among them. For example, in Russia women were seen as terror propagandists too.

Crimes which are indicated in articles 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan are recognized as terroristic.

Crimes which are indicated in articles like 174,179,180, 181,182,184,258,259, 260, 267 in the second and the third part of 404-2, 404-3, 405 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan recognized as extremist.

If we consider crimes, covering extremist or terroristic manifestations from the criminal point of view, they can be qualified as extremist crimes against world and safety of humanity; extremist crimes which contradict operating mode. Who disturbs peace of people will be punished in the framework of law. Nowadays politics of a country is not to punish, it is to do secure acts warning, clarificating, preventing crimes of people who on extremist way.

Anyway for a country which has peace and solidarity, for a country which is aimed to 30 developed countries, all of us have to do huge contribution in bright future of our country.

References

1. Amreyeva, A.A. (2005). Socio-political principles of Religious extremism and terrorism. Almaty, 24.

2. Baitenova, N.Z., Rysbekova, S.S. (2011). Religion in Kazakhstan. Almaty, 244.

3. Buiyltai, M. (2006). Religion and Nation. Almaty, 81.

4. Khlobustov, O.M. (2000). Terrorism: the reality of current state. Moscow, 73.

5. Shpenbayeva, A.Z. (2008). A warning of terrorism in Kazakhstan. Almaty, 4.

6. Essay on Terrorism (2017). <http://www.en365.ru; http://bankreferatov.kz/referat.html>.

7. Terrorism (2017). Englishtopic. <https://englishtopic.ru/>.

8. Terrorism.(2017). Englishtopic. <https://www.englishdom.com>.

9. Fighting terrorism. Eng Texts.ru. <http://engtexts.ru>.

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