Small entrepreneurships state regulation and development support of the European Union members countries

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Entrepreneurs' finances are important for the formation of state finances. There are various direct and inverse relationships between the macro level and the numerical micro levels of finance of economic units. Entrepreneurs pay taxes to the state and local authorities, in turn, the state provides them with direct and indirect subsidies, carries out the indirect actions that promote the development of entrepreneurship. european business economic

According to the structure of domestic entrepreneurship by size of enterprises on 01.01.2017, the share of small enterprises amounted to 94.3%, the average - 5.5%, and the large ones - only 0.2%, we can say with certainty that exactly small and medium enterprises are assigned to a special role in financial support formation as the subjects of small entrepreneurship, and as the financial potential of the region, where they provide their activity, as well as the state financial potential.

The development of the SE is an essential part of the economic system, which implements, besides business functions, also social - the organization of self-employment, creation of new workplaces, increasing of total income level of all population levels and professional education etc. However, SE is the most sensitive to changes in the market situation, crisis phenomena, delays in payments, which necessitates the state regulation of its activity in the part of economic protection providing.

Therefore, the proper development of the SE in Ukraine requires a combination of tax, fiscal, pricing, foreign economic and social policies in order to create a favorable business climate. Despite the adoption of a number of important decisions, the development and implementation of the National Program of SE Development Promotion, the conditions for its formation and development have not significantly improved. The SE has not yet become a full-fledged sector of the country's economy. Under the influence of various factors (the lack of proper legal and regulatory framework for the development of the SE, the lack of proper financial and credit support, limited financial and material resources), small entrepreneurship in Ukraine is developing slowly. The development of entrepreneurial activity requires comprehensive assistance from the state both at the legislative and financial levels.

In the countries with developed economies, in varying degrees, along with the postulate of equality in relations between the state and all subjects of economic activity, special methods of SE state regulation and development support and its competitiveness are used. The European vector of Ukraine's development, first of all, involves the observing of SE regulation experience of the European Union members countries.

Highlighting of unresolved issue. However, it should be noted that in today's conditions of the domestic economy European integration the organization of the state preferences for the beginning and development of small entrepreneurship becomes of special importance. A lack of financial resources or a complete absence of start-up capital, requires the government to establish a preference that will allow small and medium-sized enterprises to assess the difficulty of attracting funding in the early stages of their business, as well as to save time and appropriate financial resources. At present, these issues remain unresolved in the chosen research problem and require their scientific justification.

The purpose of a scientific article is to study the SE regulation experience of the European Union members countries, to explore the conditions and methods of applying special methods of state regulation and support the development of small entrepreneurship and its competitiveness in the developed countries, as well as the possibilities of their effective use for the development of domestic small business.

Research results. The practice of entrepreneurship state regulation in different countries of the world is extremely versatile. An approach to the entrepreneurship state regulation, as to a particular system, will outline those aspects of interconnection between the state and business sectors that ensure its highest efficiency.

In countries with a market economy, an effective institutional environment for the development of the SE is created: the provision of economic autonomy and freedom of action within the framework of the law, promotion of fair competition and limitation of monopoly, counseling and assistance in obtaining investment, financing and lending on privileged terms, protection of private property. There are horizontal and vertical approaches for the SE activity regulation. The horizontal approach is related to the SE interests protection in related areas of activity and the position strengthening in the corresponding type of activity, and vertical - creation of conditions for the economic and social development of this sector.

However, under these conditions, the structure of entrepreneurial activity varies widely between countries - members of the European Union, also differ in the reasons for their low interest in entrepreneurship. In addition, some EU member states with a developed entrepreneurship sector are less successful than other countries that promote the development of small enterprises. In addition, for most EU member states, SE support measures remain unsystematic and one-sided, while neglecting the specifics of the SE, in particular, microenterprises, working out with the legislation or in the beginning of new activity for formerly really bankrupt entrepreneurs.

Besides, only 37% of Europeans would like to be self-employed, compared with 51% of US and Chinese citizens. The problematic aspects faced by entrepreneurs in Europe include the following: quality education as the basis for entrepreneurial careers; difficult access to finance and markets; difficulties in business transferring. Buying an existing company is a good alternative way to start your business, as it is a cheaper way, unlike the ability to start a business from scratch. Each year, about 450,000 firms in the European Union member states and more than 2 million of their employees are transferred to new owners, but almost one third of the business transmitted operations are unsuccessful. It should be noted that a similar situation is observed in Ukraine, when starting a business from scratch or closing it is much more complicated and costly process than its transfer or sale.

In addition, state-provided privileges at the state and regional levels allow for simplification of procedures for the execution of documents in state bodies, which often significantly reduces the procedure for their adoption.

Under these conditions, it is important to take into account the experience of developed countries in the targeted character of small entrepreneurs supporting with a focus on beginners. In international practice, there are several categories of people who seek to do business and start their own business: the first category is beginner entrepreneurs, that is, citizens who have the ability and desire to engage in such activities. Here, the attention of the support bodies is directed, first of all, to young people, discharged into reserve militaries, ex-government officials, engineers who remain unemployed after the closure of large productions; the second category of entrepreneurs is those who have already started their business and have a small property. However, a family or small enterprises need the expansion or modernization, and sometimes a qualitative upgrade of production (for example, diversification) plus certain financial and credit resources; the third category of entrepreneurs is those who already have a stable business, and therefore there is a credit history. This category of entrepreneurs can get additional loans even under working capital. Of course, such entrepreneurs need support at the exit to foreign markets.

The European Commission believes that for the economy, business transfer is just as important as the development of startups, because there is fear of penalties and burdensome administrative procedures. Therefore, the European Commission's Enterprise Development Initiative, adopted in January 2013, aims to revive the spirit of entrepreneurship in Europe:

- youth education according the entrepreneurship issues, which involves the exchange of ideas, knowledge, experience and practice between countries, stakeholders and practitioners. Up to 20% of students are taking part in a program at a secondary school prefer to start their own business later;

- opportunities expansion for women and other groups of the population. Women account for 52% of the total European population, but only 34.4% of them are self-employed and 30% are entrepreneurs. In this case, the European Union is awarded a prize to women-innovators who are engaged in research and innovative financing; have recently started or have become a co-founder of a successful company based on innovative ideas.

Consequently, a special Commission has been set up to develop SE in the European Union members countries, which is intended to carry out specific functions and measures, to use effective tools. Accordingly, the main directions of state support for SE in the EU countries are support and entrepreneurship infrastructure formation, a privileges system and a taxation transparent system establishment, the availability of financial and credit support and cooperation with large enterprises etc. However, it does not mean the creation of «hothouse» conditions for small enterprises; but rather, it is a means of balancing of small, medium and large enterprises opportunities in a competitive environment, a way to compensate entrepreneurs costs in risky spheres activity.

The system of state support of the SE in Western Europe was worked out and modeled for a sufficiently long time (during the 50-90s of the last century). A system was developed that created financial rationality (to achieve high and consistent results), competitive neutrality (the invariability of the structure of import and export prices when taxed), the lowest possible tax rate and the lowest possible charging costs.

In the European Union, a general support of SE is based on two major legal acts, namely the Small Business Act for Europe (SBA) (2008) and the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Program (CIP) (2007). Subsequently, since February 2011, the main regulatory act for the Commission is the Small Business Act for Europe (SBA), which ensures the implementation of integrated political support for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises of the member countries of the European Union. The Commission's activity is subordinated to the SBA and focuses on the Europe 2020 strategy.

The main principles of the SBA Act are:

- entrepreneurship stimulation;

- giving a chance to start a business;

- increasing of small enterprises efficiency;

- administration responsibility;

- public procurement access simplification;

- financing access;

- single market formation;

- skills and innovations generalization, solving environmental problems;

- enterprises internationalization support.

With the SBA Act introduction, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) receive separate benefits in their activities, namely:

- can independently choose the accounting systems that are most convenient for them if they are not able to support significant accounting departments. This helps 5.4 million small enterprises save up to 6.4 billion euro annually;

- by reducing paper and bureaucratic work (their volume has decreased to 25% from 2012), it is possible to save 7.6 billion EUR, and if the European Commission approves also a several number of initiatives, then additional savings by expert assessment can be made to 30.7 billion EUR;

- simplification of reporting procedures for VAT payment. For enterprises with a turnover to 2 million EUR, there is a special scheme for VAT deferral (cash method). Electronic reporting is also provided to save up to 18 billion EUR;

- microcredit assistance, the European Investment Bank provided loans to 25,000 EUR for small enterprises (from 2008 to 2011 - EUR 30,000);

- in order to protect creditors, the procedure for paying the corresponding payments within a period of 30 days is determined by the law.

Besides, under the SBA Act for SMEs, a number of privileges are proposed to reduce tax and administrative burdens. For example:

• In Germany, small enterprises with annual sales of less than EUR 150,000 (previously a threshold of EUR 50,000 per year) in the catering and hotel industry are exempted from monthly reports;

• In Ireland, small enterprises whose turnover does not exceed certain thresholds (for enterprises providing services for an amount not exceeding EUR 37,500, and suppliers of goods - EUR 75,000), are not obliged to register as VAT payers;

• In Finland, companies are usually required to report and pay VAT monthly. However, if the company's turnover is less than EUR 25,000 per year, it can report and pay VAT only 1 time within a calendar year. If the turnover is from 25 001 to 50 000 EUR, then the report and payment must be submitted quarterly;

• In Lithuania, according to Council Directive 2006/112 / EC, taxpayers whose annual turnover is less than LTL 155,000 (about EUR 45,000) are exempt from VAT at a tax rate of 21%. For enterprises with a staff of less than 10 people and annual income of no more than 1 million LTL (about EUR 300,000), the profit tax rate is reduced to 5%;

• In Austria, the threshold has been raised from EUR 500 000 to EUR 550 000, below which the parties are exempted from providing any intrastate information, that is, an analogue of the tax return for domestic trade in the EU member states.

Consequently, Ukraine taxation transformational processes need to take into account successful foreign experience in order to unify tax rules as the basis for opening the national economy and recover the sustainability of its development.

The colossal effect of the SE use in the modernization of the regional economy abroad has been noted for a long time. Permanent attention is constantly given to the phenomenon of its impact on economic, political, social and technological transformations in the regions, as well as the ability to stabilize the processes of regional development occurring in these areas. An interesting experience for Ukraine is the experience of state regulation of SE in EU member countries in entrepreneurship support in crisis regions. With this aim, free-enterprise zones are created, in which there state-commercial funds are providing concessional loans and business services.

Small enterprises have historically relied on bank lending, which is not effective in times of crisis. At the same time, entrepreneurs feel the difficulties of attracting funding in the early stages of their business. In December 2011, the European Commission presented an action plan to improve access to finance for SMEs, as well as proposals for the use of venture and social funds. Financing is mainly due to the European Investment Bank and the European Investment Fund. However, there are a number of SME support programs aimed at innovative.

Fig. 1

To support the SE, the Structural Competitiveness and Innovation Program (CIP), adopted by the European Commission in 2007, was introduced. It is aimed at supporting innovation activities, including environmental innovations, which provides wider access to financial resources and provides support services for SMEs in the regions. One of the advantages of the CIP program is that it can stimulate the widespread use of renewable energy sources and increase energy efficiency of production.

Each year, the European Union supports more than 200,000 enterprises.

According to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine in 2016, the main source of domestic investment is domestic enterprises own funds 59.2%, while the rest - 40.8% - external sources (credits and other loans - 16.1% , state budget funds - 6.3% and local budgets - 3.2%) (Fig. 2). The consequence of limited access to the market for debt capital, lack of real investors may be a loss of SE market position.

Fig. 2

Since June 2016, domestic banks have lowered interest rates on SME credits by an average of 0.5-3 percentage points, but this is still remaining expensive. However, even to get such loans quickly and without the hassle, as it was before, may not every enterprise.

The best five banks of Ukraine to finance working capital of SMEs in UAH at an effective interest rate of % per annum are: Ukreximbank - 24.22%; OTP Bank - 26.33%; Oschadbank - 26.78%; Kredobank - 27.31%; TAScombank - 27.85%. Moreover, PrivatBank acts as an intermediary in a lending operation at a rate of almost 29% per annum, and for individuals - almost 35% per annum.

For comparison, we have researched a Polish experience in SMEs crediting. For example, in Poland in commercial banks for a credit can contact the companies that worked on the Polish market at least one year. For financing new companies can apply to the regional development agencies, which are located in every province that get credit to these companies in the segment of micro, small and medium businesses. The agency finances Polish companies both under the programs of the EU fund and on its own programs. The main conditions for obtaining a credit for business development in Poland are: registration of a company, doing business, and also attracting investments financed by credit funds in the territory of the Polish province (so the credits are distributed at the regional level). Crediting programs are mainly aimed at business development and implementation of innovations (purchase of equipment, various innovative programs). The credit amount is up to 400,000 zloty (EUR 100,000). Credit terms - up to 60 months. Interest rates: 3.16-6.16% per annum. One-time commission for the credit: 1% of the credit amount, if the credit period does not exceed 24 months, 1,5% - with the term of crediting more than 24 months. A mortgage on a credit may be movable or immovable property (including purchased from credit funds), also as guarantees of a special guarantee fund. Credits up to 50 thousand zloty - no deposit.

For clarity, credit conditions comparison of working capital replenishment for Polish and Ukrainian SMEs has been made and reflected (Table 1).

Tab. 1 shows a significant difference in interest rates, when Ukrainian SMEs have to pay credit interest in 4-5 times higher than Polish entrepreneurs, provided they have substantially lower living standards. This indicates that domestic banks are not in a hurry to intensify and reduce the cost of traditional SME crediting. Therefore, it just remains a hope about new opportunities for hryvnia crediting from the side of international financial institutions.

Table 1 - Credit conditions of working capital replenishment for Polish and Ukrainian SMEs on 01.01.2017