International non-governmental organizations

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Kazakh University of International Relation and World Languages named after Ablaykhan

International non-governmental organizations

Done by: Erbosinov Temirlan

Checked by: Shukezhanova A.N.

Almaty, 2013

Content

international relation association governmental

Introduce

1. International non-governmental organizations

2. The main activities of INGOs

3. INGOs and Global Governance

Conclusion

References

Introduce

It is states that always play a very crucial role in the study of international relations. The study of international relations has been concerned primarily with struggles for power, wars, and the efforts of states to gain best national interest that began in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. That tradition is continued by Realism or Structural Realism. However, a variety of other 11011-state actors are increasingly involved in the decisive issues of world politics. Therefore, there are some debates in the field of international relations. Over the past three decades or so. more and more scholars suggest the important roles of 11011-state actors. States are not only losing autonomy in a globalizing economy, but also sharing powers - including political, social, and security roles at the core of sovereignty - with business, international organizations, and a multinide of citizens groups, known as nongovernmental organizations. This results from the declining role of states, the increased emphasis 011 private sector initiatives and the emergence of civil society. This dynamic shift among states, private sectors, and civil society has brought about a new set of issues, challenges and opportunities for a tremendous amount of NGOs. hi addition. NGOs have risen to greater prominence in almost every region of the world. Most NGOs. which consist of nonofficial groups in different countries have come together to promote common interests through international actions. Today. NGOs deliver a lot of human development assistance. If current trends continue, the international system will become profoundly different in the future. Therefore, to comprehend roles of NGOs in international relations is very important and significant.

This chapter proceeds as follows: giving a general introduction of NGOs. including definitions and functions of NGOs. and discussing their roles in theory and practice in the field of international relations.

1. International non-governmental organizations

International non-governmental organization - a form of association members of the public around the world connected by one internal purpose, with the spirit and principles of the UN Charter and the norms of international rights not pursuing their activities in a profit and commercial purposes, which operates in more than two states.

The formal attributes of INGOs (organizations, associations, foundations, traffic, institution, union, etc.) are independent of the government , the democratic principles and clearly defined program of action, far from politics and violence. In contrast to the inter-state, non-governmental organization is not established on the basis of an agreement between the states and are by combining the physical and / or legal persons whose activities performed outside the official foreign policy of states. Actually INGOs created on the basis of constituent documents registered in accordance with the national law of one state, but in a strictly the legal framework for the work of international NGOs is governed by the rules international law, which is achieved through the provision of advisory status by the United Nations.

Non-governmental organizations in its modern form originated in another XIX century, but significant political influence they have acquired only in the last half a century. The term "non-governmental organization" came into international legal lexicon during the creation of the Charter of the United Nations 1945 due to the inclusion of Article 71 in it - a radical innovation at the time, allowed NGOs to legally participate in international relations and inter-state diplomacy.

Since then, the number of international NGOs has steadily increased, especially the rapid growth of non-governmental organizations, such as stress researchers question was in the country with an effective system of public administration and development of democratic institutions. In general, if in 1850 the world there were only 5 companies of this type, in 1914 - 330, in 1939 - 730, in 1970 - 2300, and in 2000 there were an estimated 45,674 international non-governmental organizations. In the last decade, the quantitative growth of INGOs is particularly noticeable: every year in the world there are hundreds of non-governmental organizations.

2. The main activities of INGOs

International non-governmental organizations operate on all five inhabited continents Earth, where their headquarters are located mainly in the developed countries of the North (About 90% of the total, "Amnesty International" - in London The International Committee of the Red Cross - in Geneva, "Oxfam" - in Oxford "Greenpeace" - in Amsterdam, etc.). Most notable in the area of global controls are non-governmental organizations, humanitarian, economic and a human rights focus. Various humanitarian organizations have been around for centuries. Traditionally, the beginning of an era of international non-governmental organizations decided to count from the time of inception in the 60s of the XIX century International Committee of the Red Cross. It was the Red Cross has made a decisive contribution to the rules of conduct in the fighting, which is still in effect.

Moreover, the Red Cross was, in fact, the first recognizable brand non-governmental organizations, one of the most recognizable symbols of the deep and respect for human rights to life and gave impetus to the establishment of humanitarian law as independent legal industry. On the battlefields of numerous wars XIX-XXI centuries, the Red Cross has become almost the only sign of confidence organizations and people, saving lives. Humanitarian non-governmental organizations operate in multiple directions. In the first place, these structures provide humanitarian assistance and support of refugees and victims of war and natural disasters. Broad known, for example, have received humanitarian action INGOs during the conflict in Rwanda in 1994, when their activists just days pitched camp 750,000 refugees. At the beginning of the XXI century humanitarian INGOs working in almost all the hot spots of the world. An important area of work is the provision of information, the international community about the situation in the regions of civilian conflict and the accommodation of refugees, as well as security war-affected populations (for example, by mine clearing).

The most significant international event recently in which participated humanitarian INGOs, has initiated a number of major non-governmental organizations, the International Campaign to Ban anti-personnel mines, which saved millions of lives in different parts of planet. Activists humanitarian INGOs help to return to civilian life to survivors of armed conflict, and act as intermediaries between yesterday's enemies, monitor elections, promote the formation of civil society in post-conflict regions, etc.

Much attention is paid to the work of humanitarian INGOs and Address charity, which is usually allocated to the needs of the people experiencing physical and emotional suffering and financial difficulties. In Depending on the situation, it might be food items first necessary, clothing, medicine, shelter and more necessary for life support. In addition to financial support, many organizations implement programs of social adaptation and delivery psychological help. The most common sites of targeted assistance humanitarian INGOs - the disabled, children, the elderly and refugees (as well as former refugees).

3. INGOs and Global Governance

Today in the world there about 50,000 international non-governmental organizations, some of them acquired global dimension. They have become integral parts of the international legal system and are directly involved in global governance. The number and degree of influence on world politics

constantly increasing, and it increases the volume of their interaction with States and other influential actors. Like the TNC, social movements, criminal networks and other non-state actors, global INGOs play a growing role in the world. Prominent Western political scientist P. Hanna recently said: " NGOs - is tugs progressive diplomacy, which dragged by a barge and governments international organizations in the right direction , namely, the human rights and response to climate change. That civil society groups have insisted on allocation of micro-credit to the poor and on the prohibition of anti-personnel mines, and scientists drew attention to the problem of climate change. What you need to do much more "Oxfam" says the British Department for International Development, and not on the contrary. NGOs were the main supporters of the reform bloated and wasteful of international organizations like the World Bank. It NGOs insist on corporate social responsibility. As one German diplomat, "civil society is engaged in solving their problems, but it is not an equally important role is to monitor what is happening. That it should fuss if something goes wrong. "Even after the financial crisis of NGOs organized fund-raising around the world and continue to do well, providing humanitarian assistance to the faster , cheaper, and better than many governments ". Indeed, today INGOs extremely quickly adapt to global change, and they have the most flexible structure developed vertical and horizontal links, multiple options funding , a non-rigid level of responsibility as to their own members (associates) and to the general public. These organizations easily established and abolished (the right time), quickly accumulate resources that are the ability to act and locally and globally. They - a product of globalization and because, according to some researchers, have within themselves the adaptation mechanisms to the structural global challenges.

Such organizations achieve success through innovative approaches, effective management and advanced vocational analysis, they spend a large-scale public relations campaigns and company events, lobbying Governments and intergovernmental structure. Their work has obvious advantages: flexibility, mobility, initiative, sensitivity to changing conditions, as well as knowledge of the situation on the ground. In their potential weight possibilities for making contact with the particular environment especially effective INGOs are using the fruits of the revolution in communications and improve information technology, primarily the possibility WAN Internet , allowing you to mobilize millions of supporters all over the world (not for nothing some researchers call them "helicopter organizations", meaning exceptional mobility in time and space). Non-governmental organizations do have the unique ability to quickly create social networks to solve a particular problem.

Expanding the content of individual INGOs and even entire categories of organizations: human rights organizations increasingly emphasize attention not only to protect the rights of vulnerable sections of the population, but also on economic problems that give rise to inequality, humanitarian organizations turn to the topic of environmental safety, environmental INGOs in addition Environmental issues involved in agriculture, control of proliferation, etc.

Thus, the activities of INGOs covers virtually all areas modern society. Different organizations of this kind are not only record the state of public opinion on certain issues, but are directly involved in the key events of the contemporary international life, making reckon with his actions of the state and other actors. In First of all, INGOs are extremely active in the provision of information (recall the role of NGOs in turning the Internet into a global phenomenon of the world Development) and intermediary services in relations between nation-states, intergovernmental organizations, large corporations, on the one hand, and extremely diverse civil society - on the other. The role of EOR in providing access to information cannot be a huge number of people overestimated.

The modern world is in need of organizations that could work out the usual framework of the international system to optimize the various, sometimes negative impacts of globalization, to assist national governments on issues such as environmental protection or rights person. It should be noted that polls conducted repeatedly opinions clearly show that the level of trust of ordinary citizens to non-governmental organizations (especially in the West) is very high and often ahead of the rating is not only businesses, but also political parties. Non-governmental agencies have a positive impact on the evolution of democratic institutions in developing countries and contributes to the effectiveness of public administration (that demonstrate successful examples of political transformation that took place with the direct participation NGOs in recent years in Brazil, Chile, the Philippines and Thailand). On the other hand, often their performance is assessed as highly controversial , and themselves structures are not just given a reason to characterize themselves as agents of influence of various the great powers. Widespread in recent years the idea that the growth impact INGOs means end of an era and the beginning of the sovereign states of so-called postvestfalskoy era, of course, needs a major adjustment if global INGOs and are independent of political and moral actors they are not independent in the sense that thrive in an environment of states, international intergovernmental organizations, donor agencies and corporations.

INGOs are social peers symbiotic parasites that seek infect and control the behavior of its host, but do not want his death, for in the this case will die themselves. They are independent in choosing their own programs and goals but to implement them they need a strong "agents" and comfortable " environment".

In our view, one has to agree with the opinion of U.S. researchers problems that have compared the current role of global INGOs with the role of President Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919. Like the American president at the end of the First World War, modern INGOs are full optimistic and idealistic plans in a more just world reconstruction and solving global problems. However, the international reality interests of the other players in the world political system makes this task very, very time-consuming. Nevertheless, the emergence and growth of non-state actors world politics, such as INGOs, has become a powerful factor of change the existing world order.

Today it is clear that without the involvement of the public in Government cannot successfully address the many global issues. On the world stage a special weight gain actors have network structure, that is, non-governmental organizations. It is therefore Every year the role of INGOs as players in the international system structure, as real participants of the processes of global governance more increases. In recognized as legitimate actors and world political system international non-governmental organizations not only express public opinion and influence its formation, but also have a serious impact on world development through participation in the resolution of social and humanitarian problems of mankind.

It seems that in the foreseeable future, global INGOs unlikely will be able to replace in the world and the nation-state is seriously undermine international order based on the primacy of sovereign states, but imagine the modern world without them is impossible. International non-governmental organizations, of course, do not have the economic resources which are at TNK, in contrast to the states, they do not have their own armed forces or police formations, but they are in a unique position to mobilize world public opinion and an agenda in a number of areas international life, which is an important lever of influence on the global processes. Global governance, according to authoritative experts, "is collection of all the rules and procedures governing human society in Globally", and there is every reason to believe that in the XXI century will bring INGOs an important contribution to the reform of this " community". In conclusion, suggesting that talk about the degree of influence INGOs on the world stage in the traditional categories of the concept of force (like power) is not relevant. Rather , the vector further research should be at the plane of the study INGOs as an increasingly influential actors that use achieve their goals and strengthen their role in global governance is not "Hard", but " soft " and " smart" power. And in this very successful ...

Conclusion

To anyone who has read this far it is obvious that the accomplishments of NGOs have been greater than is usually realized. To ignore the roles of NGOs in international relations is to miss the most encouraging and constructive aspect of international affairs. Although NGOs may never become as powerful as national governments, and they may never become preoccupied with as many diverse issues as governments do their attempts to move toward goals are salient enough features of the world scene to shape the course of events and cause governments to interest them. Thus, we cannot take our eyes off the roles of NGOs in international relations.

References

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