Stepan Haiduchok’s contribution to the formation and development of volleyball in Lviv (1920s)

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Stepan Haiduchok's contribution to the formation and development of volleyball in Lviv (1920s)

Andrii Sova

Doctor of Historical Sciences (Dr hab. in History), Senior Research Fellow Associate Professor at the Department of Olympic Education I. Boberskyi Lviv State University of Physical Culture Senior Research Fellow at the Department of Contemporary History I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of NAS of Ukraine

Based on various sources (documents and publications of the «Sokil-Batko» (The Falcon-father) society in Lviv; the epistolary heritage of S. Haiduchok; publications, information messages and advertisements in the Lviv journals «Sokilski visti» (The Sokil news), «Dilo» (Businesses); educational and methodological works «Vidbyvanka» (Volleyball); documents and photos from a private archive) S. Haiduchok's contribution to the formation and development of volleyball in the Ukrainian community of Lviv is researched. With the involvement of previously little-known documents, materials and photos, his biography in the 1920s was reconstructed. The lower limit was determined - S. Haiduchok's interest in volleyball, the upper limit - the publication of the work «Vidbyvanka».

Attention was drawn to the fact that with the active participation of S. Haiduchok as a physical education teacher at the branch of the Academic Gymnasium in Lviv, volleyball was popularized in the activities of the «Sagaydachny» sports club, the Plast clubs and branches. It is emphasized on his important work as an organizer and judge of volleyball competitions, which were held in the sports hall at Ruska, 20 and Sq. «Sokil-Batko» in Lviv.

The history ofthe writing of the educational and methodological work «Vidbyvanka», which became the first Ukrainian textbook on this sport in Galicia, is considered. It was established that Ivan Boberskyi, Ilko Kalichak, Daria Navrotska, Ivan Mryts and other figures of Ukrainian physical education helped him in his scientific research. Attention is drawn to special sports terms and phrases proposed by S. Haiduchok for use in Ukrainian volleyball discourse. It is proven that he took an active part in the development and popularization of volleyball in various youth organizations of Lviv, which eventually led to the fact that in the 1930s, volleyball gained popularity and became one of the leading sports played by Ukrainians at that time.

Keywords: Stepan Haiduchok, Galicia, Lviv, vidbyvanka (volleyball), physical education, sport, competition.

Андрій СОВА

ВНЕСОК СТЕПАНА ГАЙДУЧКА У СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК ВОЛЕЙБОЛУ У ЛЬВОВІ (1920-ті РОКИ)

На основі різнопланових джерел (документів і видань товариства «Сокіл-Батько» у Львові; епістолярної спадщини С. Гайдучка; публікацій, інформаційних повідомлень і реклами у львівських часописах «Сокільські вісти», «Діло»; навчально-методичної праці «Відбиванка»; документів та світлин із приватного архіву) з'ясовано внесок С. Гайдучка у становлення і розвиток волейболу в українських середовищах Львова. Із залученням раніше малознаних документів, матеріалів і світлин реконструйовано його біографію у 1920-х роках. Визначено нижню межу - зацікавлення С. Гайдучка волейболом, верхню - друк праці «Відбиванка».

Звернено увагу на те, що за активної участі С. Г айдучка як учителя руханки у філії Академічної гімназії у Львові волейбол популяризувався у діяльності спортивного гуртка «Сагайдачний», пластових гуртках і куренях. Наголошено на його важливій роботі як організатора та судді волейбольних змагань, які проводили у спортивній залі на Руській, 20, та пл. «Сокола-Батька» у Львові. haiduchok volleyball lviv

Розглянуто історію написання навчально-методичної праці «Відбиванка», яка стала першим українським підручником із цього виду спорту в Галичині. Констатовано, що в наукових пошуках йому допомагали Іван Боберський, Ілько Калічак, Дарія Навроцька, Іван Мриц й інші діячі українського тіловиховання. Звернено увагу на спеціальні спортивні терміни та словосполучення, які запропонував до вжитку в українському волейбольному дискурсі С.Гайдучок. Доведено, що він взяв діяльну участь у розвитку і популяризації волейболу в різних молодіжних середовищах Львова, що врешті-решт привело до того, що у 1930-х роках відбиванка набрала популярності і стала одним із провідних видів спорту, якими займалися українці того часу.

Ключові слова: Степан Гайдучок, Галичина, Львів, відбиванка (волейбол), ті- ловиховання, фізичне виховання, спорт, змагання.

1939 was a turning point in the activities of Ukrainian athletic and sports associations in Lviv and in Galicia in general. From the beginning of the Second World War and the arrival of the Bolsheviks in Western Ukraine, all public organizations were liquidated, and their members were persecuted and arrested. The publications of Ivan Boberskyi, Stepan Haiduchok, Petro and Taras Franko, Oksana Sukhoverska, Yaroslav Blagitka, Eduard Zharsky and other leading figures of Ukrainian physical-sport education of the first third of the 20th century were prohibited. Only after the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of Ukraine's sovereignty was finally opened to Ukrainian scholars' access to special book and archival collections. For their basis, unfamiliar or even unknown pages of Ukrainian sport history of the first half of 20th century began opened. Among them, the history of volleyball, which the Ukrainians called «vidbyvanka».

Ukrainian physical-sport education professor Stepan Haiduchok (1890-1976) made a great effort to establish and develop «vidbyvanka» as a new sport in Galicia. There are publications by the author of this article about certain aspects of his life, in particular about his childhood and the formation of his worldview (Sova, 2019), pedagogical work on the eve of the First World War (Сова, 2022), activities in the Ukrainian sports club at the Academic Gymnasium (Сова, 2021a), in the gymnastics society «Sokil-Batko» (Сова, 2021b) in Lviv. About volleyball in the life of S. Haiduchok there are no special thorough publications in Ukrainian historiography. Therefore, an article was prepared, the purpose of which is to comprehensively analyze the work of S. Haiduchok in the 1920s, in particular, his contribution to the formation and development of volleyball in the Ukrainian environment of Lviv. The chronological boundaries of the study cover the 1920s, the territorial - Lviv.

The source base for writing the article was the documents and publications of the sport society «Sokil-Batko» in Lviv; his epistolary legacy, personal file, which is kept in the archive of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; publications in the Lviv magazines «Sokilski visti», «Dilo»; his educational and methodical work «Vidbyvanka» (1930); documents and photos from a private archive. The methodological basis is the principles of historicism and objectivity.

Professor of Ukrainian physical-sport education S. Haiduchok throughout his life studied the experience of the German, Swedish, Czech (Sokol), English and French national gymnastics systems, popularized various sports among the Ukrainians of Lviv and Galicia. He is the author of Ukrainian theoretical and methodological works devoted to various aspects of physical education and sports. Among them, the following books were published: «Vilni vpravy» (1913), «Vpravy vilnoruch» (1923), «103 vezhi» (1925), «Vpravy vil'noruch ch. 1-4» (1927), «Vidbyvanka» (1930), «Vpravy vil'noruch ch. 5» (1932), «Svobidnyi druchok» (1935), «Dolivkovi vpravy» (1936), «Piv stolittia sokilskykh vydan» (1937), «Vplyv fizychnoho vykhovannia na vdachu nashoi molodi» (1938), «Vilnoruchni vpravy. Muzheski, zhinochi j khlopiachi z pisniamy ta notamy» (1940; co-authors: Ivan Boberskyi, Daria Navrotska) and others. «Tourist's Guide to the Western Regions of Ukraine» (1947) and «Ivan Franko's Views on Tourism» (1949) remained unpublished (ОС Гайдучка).

For the calculations of author, S. Haiduchok, has wrote about 200 publications (he also signed pseudonyms and cryptonyms: «Blue bou», «Blue boy», «Haksten», «G.», «USK», «Starchyna UGA», «Stepan na Borovim», «M. T.», «Rusyn») in Ukrainian and foreign periodicals, magazines, almanacs, calendars, encyclopedias («News from Zaporozhye», «Gotovi», «Dilo», «Iliustrovana Ukraina», «Molode zhyttia», «Narodne slovo», «Nasha Batkivschyna», «Novyi chas», «Svitlo i tin», «Sichovi visty», «Sokilski visty», «Sport», «Ukrainskyi sokil» etc.).

Stepan Haiduchok became interested in «vidbyvanka» (volleyboll) in the early 1920s. It was a time when, despite all kinds of prohibitions s and obstacles, Ukrainian athletic and sports associations resumed their activities in the Ukrainian lands of Galicia and Volhynia, occupied by Poland, and created new organizations that nurtured athletics and sports. and created new organizations that nurtured athletics and sports. Stepan Haiduchok devotedly worked in this field, in particular in the societies «Sokil-Batko», «Plast», «Karpatskyi leschataroskyi klub» (Karpatskyj ski klub), sports society «Ukraine». He has repeatedly acted as an organizer and judge of «vidbyvanka» (volleyball) competitions. Thus, on June 13, 1929, on the stadium «Sokil-Batko» (now there is no stadium, and its territory belongs to Stryiskyi park) sports competitions took place, in which 105 competitors (athletes) participated, representing the following societies: «Sokil-Batko», «Sokil III», «Sokil IV», «Sokil» iz Kleparova, «Sokil» iz Zhydacheva, «Sokil» zi Stanyslavova (now - city Ivano-Frankivsk), «Sokil» from Mykolaiv, «Ukrainian student sports club», sports society «Ukraine», Women's Ukrainian Sports Club (ZHUSK - «Zhinochyj ukrainskyi sportovyi kruzhok»)», «Sports Club of Ukrainian Girls» (SKUD - «Sportovyj kruzhok ukrainskykh divchat») (Сокільські спортові ігрища, 1929; Спортова Секція «С.-Б.», 1929). There 48 athletes competed in athletics, 36 - in «vidbyvanka», 22 - in ball competitions. The chief referee was S. Haiduchok, who had several referees under his command. In the «vidbyvanka», the results were as follows: ZHUSK-SKUD - 21:30, «Sokil-Batko»-«Sokil IV» - 28:26, «Sokil-Batko» (senior students)-«Sokil-Batko» (members) - 20: 27. Two photos from these competitions were placed in the August 1929 issue of «Sokilski Visty», the publiching company of «Sokil-Batko» (Спортові ігрища, 1929).

Stepan Haiduchok, as a teacher of physical activity at the branch of the Academic Gymnasium in Lviv, was in charge of the «Sagaidachny» sports club, as well as he took care of scouting clubs and kurens. Among their members, he promoted various sports: «kopanyj miach» football (soccer), athletics, weightlifting, jiu-jitsu, batting, etc. Members of the «Sagaidachny» sports club, under the close supervision of S. Haiduchok, practiced this game on the activities-sports square «Sokil-Batko». A lot of photos that record the moments of the game of «vidbyvanka», volleyball teams and Stepan Haiduchok as the organizer and judge of the competition are today preserved in the private archive of Lesya Krypyakevich (Левків, Сова, 2021, с. 89-94, 96-102). The photographs, dated 1927-1929, record players of volleyball teams, in particular those of Lviv: Sport Clubs «Sagaidachny», «Sokil-Batko», «Sokil IV», the Gymnasium of the Basilian order of nuns and a branch of the Academic gymnasium, the Ternopil «Sokil» (Левків, Сова, 2021, с. 88-102).

In 1928, volleyball reaches a qualitatively new level of development in Ukrainian gymnasium environments. This opinion is confirmed by such facts as, for example the competitions in this type of sport, which took place on June 27, 1928 at the square «Sokil-Batko» between the teams of the Academic Gymnasium. On this occasion, Taras Franko noted in the magazine «Dilo»: «On June 27, 1928, a sports day for the youth of the academic gymnasium was held on «Sokil-Batko» Square. There was a rehearsal in the morning, and the performance began at 3:30 in the afternoon with a review of all the practitioners (more than 200 people). Then, groups of students from the lower classes, led by their senior classmates from the higher classes, occupied the entire square and showed various fun and movement games that are part of the school physical education program . In the volleyball game between the 6th B and the 5th B, the senior class won 14:15, 15:8 and 15:9. ... The list was arranged quickly, without long preparation, but still had a rich and varied program; all planned points went smoothly one after the other and the youth showed what they can do. I think that the viewers were also satisfied. True, there were not enough parents and professors, but this can be explained by the troubles connected with the end of the school year» (Т. Ф., 1928).

Participants of vidbyvanka's competitions(volleyball). From left to right: 1st row: Magotsky, Roman Shukhevych, Mykhailo Tril, Rybachek, Hamula, Tymish Bilostocki; 2nd row: NN, Antin Ivakhniuk, Pidlisetskyi, Nazar, NN, Kharyna; 3rd row: Vorobets, Vretsona, Fedak, Valchek, Gavur, NN, Mrits; 4th row: NN, Starosolskyi, Ronish, Sherstylo, Voronka; 5th row: Yaroslav Terletskyi, Yaroslav Rak, Hamula, Nydza, Boitsun, Professor Stepan Haiduchok; 6th row: NN, Mykola Doberchak, V. Hamula, Zenon Hnateyko, Volodymyr Slipko, Professor Daria Navrotska, Professor Pavlo Zymak. Part of the competitors in sports uniforms of the «Sagaidachny» sports club, The names and surnames of the girls are unknown. Lviv, «Sokil-Batko» sports hall, str. Ruska, 20. 1920s. Source: Сова, 2019, с. 665

In addition to his own experience gained at the branch of the Academic Gymnasium and the «Sokil-Batko» organization, S. Haysduchok studied diverse literature on this type of sport and related topics, which was published in English, German, Czech, Ukrainian, Polish and Russian languages. Many books and magazines on physical-sport education and sports were sent to him by his teacher, the father of Ukrainian physical education, Professor Ivan Boberskyi, who lived in Canada in the 1920s and had connections with various organizations and individuals. In particular, in a letter dated March 30, 1922, S. Haiduchok wrote to I. Boberskyi: «Whenever you dispose of any extra money, order us in England, Sweden, France, Germany a few books about physical activities, sports, scouting - fuller editions, you will pay for them yourself them and let them end up in our hands as the second part of the library [the first part of the Sokol library is the books donated by I. Boberskyi - A. S.]. As much as you can, renumber [subscribe - A. S.] some good German magazine that discusses physical education. You have friends abroad; they will help you with this case. - We don't know what happens in that direction in foreign countries. It looks like a beggar about what I am writing. I myself would try to do this, and look, I add to my salary from class grants, in order to live on it» (ЦДІАЛУ-1, арк. 8-10 зв.). Stepan Haiduchok, writing «to us», meant the leadership of the «Sokil-Batko» organization, to which he belonged. By the way, during 1908-1918, I. Boberskyi was the head of the Sokol organization in Galicia (Сова, 2017b).

In addition to Ivan Boberskyi, Stepan Haiduchok also corresponded and consulted with Ilko Kalichak, Daria Navrotska, Ivan Mryts and other active figures of Ukrainian physical education, in particular regarding the publication of a future separate edition dedicated to the «vidbyvanka». On one of the few photos from the mid-1920s from the history of «vidbyvanka» in Lviv (there is no exact date on the photo, but various sources indicate 1925), participants and organizers of competitions from this sport, which took place in the «rychivna» (gymnastics hall) «Sokil-Batko» at the address of st. Ruska, 20. Among the organizers in the photo we see professors Stepan Haiduchok, Daria Navrotska, and Pavlo Zymak (Сова, 2019, с. 665).

Finally, on November 6, 1929, the manuscript of «Vidbyvanka» was completed (Гайдучок, 1930, с. 8). In the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, a document called «Agreement» was found, which regulated the publication of this work and the copyright to it (ЦДІАЛУ-2, арк. 10). It was concluded by the leadership of the «Sokil- Batko» organization in Lviv and S. Haiduchok. In view of the importance and uniqueness of this source, we publish its content: «THE AGREEMENT was concluded on the one hand between Pobr(atym) Professor Haiduchok Stepan, and on the other hand, between the Head of the «Sokil-Batko» in Lviv on November 4, 1929.

1. Pobratym Prof. Haiduchok Stepan gives the right to Ruhankove T(ovaryst)vo «Sokil-Batko» in Lviv to print his textbook «Vidbyvanka» in the amount of 2,000 copies.

2. As an author's fee, the author receives a quota of 200 zlotys per word on the day of handing over the manuscript, two hundred zlotys.

3. Upon publication of the textbook, the author receives 30 copies.

4. Pobr(atym) Prof. Haiduchok Stepan hands over the manuscript, taking into account all the notes of correspondent referent D(aria) Navrotska.

5. The author prohibits making corrections without agreement with him.

6. The book must be issued by the T(ovaryst)vo no later than January 1, 1930.

7. In case of non-compliance with the conditions after two months from January 1, 1930, the author may dispose of the manuscript arbitrarily.

8. The author must submit the manuscript no later than November 10, 1929».

At the end of the copyright agreement, the head of «Sokil-Batko» Mykola Zayachkivskyi, the director of «Falcon-Father» Mykola Levytskyi and Stepan Haiduchok put their signatures.

Subsequent events showed that the signatories kept their agreements and fulfilled their obligations. Stepan Handuchko's work «Vidbyvanka» appeared in the Printing house of the «ublishing union «Dilo». The circulation of the book was 3,000 copies (Звіт, 1930).

From time to time, S. Haiduchok informed I. Boberskyi, who lived in Winnipeg, about the work on the work «Odbyvanka». So, in a letter dated December 31, 1929, he wrote: «I will write you this much news: ... 2) The correction of the «vidbyvanka» (volleyball), which I have already done, I read it, you can hope that it will be printed in a month» (ЦДІАЛУ-1, арк. 138).

In March 1930, Athletic commission of the «Sokil-Batko», which was responsible for educational and methodological developments in the organization, published brief information and characteristics of «Vidbyvanka» in the Sokil magazine «Sokilski Visty»: «Finally, the long-awaited textbook for playing Odbivanka appeared. The textbook «Vidbyanka», elaborated by Pobr(atim) Prof. S(stepan) Haiduchok very conscientiously, moreover, is written in an approachable form in such a way that the widest circles of our sports youth, and above all our «Sokilski hnizda» can fully benefit from it. «Vidbyvanka» begins with a brief outline of the historical development of the game of volleyball. Further, the author divides his book into several sections, such as: 1. Grische, accessories, players 2. The team in the game and the rules. 3. Training of players. 4. Notes for the team. 5. Judge, report. 6. Competition. The textbook itself consists of 37 pages, decorated with 14 illustrations. 3,000 copies were printed. The price for one copy is 80 sot(yk) (with postage, forwarding - 90 sot(yk)). The game of chopsticks was invented around 1894 by American firefighters in the United States. The game of «vidbyvanka» is very pleasant and healthy, moreover, it does not require a large area or expensive equipment. A ball for 18 zol(tych) a net for 12 zol(tych), two pillars, an area of 16x8 m - and everything is ready for the match. If you add the fact that men, women, and children can play backgammon from the age of13, then everything speaks for getting up to speed with this game as soon as possible. Our wish is for the whole region to be covered with hundreds of wives of vibyvanka, who will compete with each other, because as the author of «Vidbyvanka» says: «Competing in movement games is: to gain willpower, gain self-confidence, test the strength of the team and learn to win». (Руханкова Комісія, 1930). According to the quote, the work of S. Haiduchok had a light writing style, and this sport aroused great interest among Ukrainian youth circles and, most importantly, did not require large financial costs.

Stepan Haiduchok dedicated this edition to the athletes who were members of the Ukrainian Sports Club (created by Ivan Boberskyi in 1906 on the basis of the Academic Gymnasium in Lviv (Sova, 2017a)), who died in the whirlwind of events of the First World War and in the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1917-1923 (Гайдучок, 1930, с. 2).

Stepan Haiduchok's work «Vidbyvanka» consists of eight parts. The first one briefly presents the history of the origin of this sport (Гайдучок, 1930, с. 3-8). The author, among other things, wrote about Ukrainian prisoners of war, who played and popularized «vidbyvanka» on the territory of Czechoslovakia in the early 1920s. Next, the history of vidbyvanka in Lviv and Halychyna is described. In particular, he mentions Stepan Slezak, a member of the sport societies «Ukraine», who in 1925 tried to spread this sport in the Ukrainian environment of Lviv. In 1927, «Plast» began promoted «vidbyvanka», and in 1928, volleyball teams were created under the «Sokil-Batko» association in Lviv and other sokil's centers in Galicia. This review ends with a list of used sources.

In the following seven parts of «Vidbyvanka», including «Game, Equipment, Players», «Team in Play and Rules» (with sub-sections «Timed Mistakes», «Set Change», «Ball in Play», «Game Time Mistakes and calculation of points won», «Players and referees must understand», «Game play and winnings»), «Player training», «Remarks for the team», «Referee», «Report», «Competition», advice is given on where and how to set up playgrounds, characteristics of sports equipment, competition rules, technical and tactical features of the game, etc.

The work is illustrated with photographs that allow beginners to see how to serve, receive and hit the ball correctly. There are also photos of Ukrainian batting teams of that time, including «Dnipro», «Khyriv», «Plast», «Sokil-Batko», «Sokil IV» Most of them in the publication required a professional approach, especially the moments in movement where the athletes received and hit the ball. With this in mind, S. Haiduchok ordered a professional photographer. Unfortunately, it has not yet been possible to establish his surname. The photos harmoniously complement the text of the publication. However, on two of them, the photographer did not manage to capture the moments in time. There is about how to properly «put out the ball» (make an offensive kick from top to bottom) and «to brick to extinguish» (to repel an offensive kick from top to bottom) (Гайдучок, 1930, с. 29-30). Publishers later had to drop the ball on these photos.

There are a lot of special sports terms and phrases on the pages of «Vidbyvanka», such as: «pull your arms up» - block, «vibyvanka» - volleyball, «hrach» - player, «hrysche» - court, «druzhyna» - team, «zagryvka» - serve, «zariadzhennia» - decision, «the ball goes flat» - the ball flies in a straight line, «napadach» - striker, «open hand» - hand removed for a shoot, «pivhrajka, hrajka» - game, «pidborkuvaty miach» - hit the ball, «pobidzhu- vaty» - win, «pobochyny» - side lines, «pomich» - defender, «providnyk» - captain, «pro- viriuvaty syly» - check preparation for the game, «protyvna druzhyna» - opponent's team, «rozpynaty sitku» - tighten the net, «rukhivnia» - sports hall, «svobidnyj prostir» - free zone, «ustavka» - location, «usunuty hracha chasovo» - remove the player temporarily, «iak najvyhidnisha postava» - as the most advantageous position (Левків, Сова, 2021, с. 74-77), etc. At that time, S. Haiduchok used this vocabulary, which spread in Ukrainian sports circles both in Galicia and far beyond its borders. Today, it certainly needs separate explanations.

The cover of Stepan Haiduchok s book «Vidbyvanka» (Lviv, 1930). From the book collection of Andrii Sova

The distribution of Sokol publications, in particular «Vidbyvanka» and other works of S. Haiduchok's, was carried out by the trade section «Sokil-Batko», which was located at the address: Lviv, st. Ruska, 20. «Vidbyvanka» was repeatedly ordered by Ukrainian societies and individuals in the USA, Canada, and Czechoslovakia. On this occasion, many letters have been preserved in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, as well as information in the press. For example, in 1930, the magazine «Sokilski Visti» reported: «S(okil)-B(atko) published: 1) «Vidbyvanka» by Pobr(atym) S(tepan) Haiduchok's and 2) «Ruhanka and sport of the Ukrainian emigration in the Czechoslovak Republic» (Ilko Kalichak). Both booklets will be distributed to all societies in the near future» (Видання, 1930).

Thus, S. Haнduchok's interest in «vidbyvanka» took place at the beginning of the 1920s. I. Boberskyi, I. Kalichak, I. Mrits, D. Navrotska and other figures of Ukrainian physical-sport education helped him in scientific research and practical application. With the participation of S. Haiduchok as a physical education teacher at the branch of the Academic Gymnasium and an active public figure, primarily as a member of the «Sokil- Batko» volleyball was popularized in gymnasium environments, plast's studies groups and kurens, and sports societies of Lviv. He carried out important work as an organizer and judge of volleyball competitions, which took place in the sports hall at Ruska, 20, and Square of «Sokil-Batko» in Lviv. The result of activity in the formation and development of volleyball is the educational and methodological work of S. Haiduchok's «Vidbyvanka» (Lviv, 1930), which became the first Ukrainian textbook on this type of sport in Galicia.

ДЖЕРЕЛА ТА ЛІТЕРАТУРА