ZUNR (West Ukrainian people’s republic) in encyclopaedic editions

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ZUNR (West Ukrainian people's republic) in encyclopaedic editions

Stepan Borchuk

Doctor of Historical Sciences Professor of the Department of World History at Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University

Maryana Zasypko

Candidate of Historical Sciences Assistant of the Department of World History at Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University

The encyclopedic editions that cover the topic of ZUNR are analyzed in this article. The main focus is on the Soviet encyclopedic editions “Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia” and “Soviet Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine” in which the authors covered the history of ZUNR under the crushing Soviet propaganda way. These articles describe the position of the Soviet authorities regarding the history of the ZUNR and the independence of Ukraine. Historical aspects of statehood are revealed, but as destructive and crushing for the Soviet apparatus. The unilateral nature of these articles was characterized as they covered ZUNR policy from a subjective point of view. The tendency of repetition of encyclopedic texts on ZUNR that passed from one Soviet edition to another is revealed.

Changes in the emphasis on the study of the history of ZUNR with the restoration of Ukraine's independence have been observed. Significant attention is focused on modern encyclopedic projects, which cover the history of ZUNR and have become a kind of quintessence and business card of all previous scientific work on the subject of ZUNR. Examples in changing the emphasis in ZUNR research by modern researchers are given.

The basic conceptual bases of national historiography concerning the history of ZUNR are formulated. In the article, the author emphasizes the position of changing the assessment of the state policy of ZUNR officials to the state policy. Domestic researchers in new encyclopedic editions re-submit ZUNR history and most of the stigmatized spots have been cleaned up and fairly introduced into national encyclopedic editions.

The article emphasizes the need to develop new archival data that will become available in the archives of the Catholic University of Rome. Declassification of these materials will make it possible to review articles in encyclopedic editions of already independent Ukraine. Make their own adjustments and add to existing present historical material.

The author emphasizes that encyclopedic science is an important field of historical disciplines, because it covers a large amount of material in an accessible abbreviated form.

Key words: Western Ukrainian People's Republic 1918-1919, national democratic revolution, «Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia», «Soviet Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine», «Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine», «Western Ukrainian People's Republic 1918-1923. Encyclopedia», Ukrainian Galician Army.

Степан Борчук, Мар'яна Засипко

ЗУНР в енциклопедичних виданнях

Проаналізовано енциклопедичні видання, у яких розкрито тему ЗУНР. Основну увагу приділено радянським - «Українській радянській енциклопедії» та «Радянській енциклопедії історії України», де автори висвітлювали історію ЗУНР під нищівним радянським пропагандивним кутом - у наведених статтях описано позицію радянської влади щодо історії ЗУНР і незалежності України. Розкрито руйнівні й нищівні для радянського апарату історичні аспекти державництва. Констатовано однобічність цих статей, оскільки вони висвітлювали політику ЗУНР зі суб'єктивного погляду. Розкрито тенденцію повтору текстів, які мігрували з одного радянського видання в інше.

Простежено зміну акцентів у дослідженні історії ЗУНР із відновленням незалежності України. Увагу зосереджено на сучасних енциклопедичних проектах, які висвітлюють історію ЗУНР і стали своєрідною квінтесенцією й візитівкою усього попереднього наукового доробку з цієї тематики. Наведено приклади зміни акцентів у дослідженні ЗУНР сучасними дослідниками. Сформульовано основні концептуальні засади вітчизняної історіографії. Наголошено на позиції зміни оцінки політики діячів ЗУНР на державницьку. Констатовано, що вітчизняні дослідники в нових енциклопедичних виданнях по-іншому подають історію ЗУНР і більшість клеймованих плям очищено та справедливо введено в національні енциклопедичні видання.

Наголошено на необхідності опрацювання нових архівних даних, що стануть доступними в архівах Католицького університету в Римі, розсекречення матеріалів яких дасть змогу переглянути статті в енциклопедичних виданнях уже незалежної України, внести в них корективи і доповнити наявний історичний матеріал.

Наголошено, що енциклопедистика - важлива галузь історичних дисциплін, оскільки висвітлює велику кількість матеріалу в доступній скороченій формі.

Ключові слова: Західноукраїнська Народна Республіка, національно-демократична революція, «Українська радянська енциклопедія», «Радянська енциклопедія історії України», «Енциклопедія історії України», «Західноукраїнська Народна Республіка 1918-1923. Енциклопедія», Українська Галицька армія.

November 2018 marks the 100th anniversary of the proclamation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, and in January 2019, 100 years since the signing of the ZUNR and UNR Act. In recent years, a number of fundamental collective and individual works have been published, and a unique multi-volume collection of documents and materials covering the various aspects of the struggle for the restoration and preservation of Ukrainian statehood in Western Ukraine in 1918-1923 has been published. An important event was the completion of the digitization of the archives of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic in Rome. Since July 2017, the staff of Archival Information Systems has been working on the restoration, scanning and preservation of an archive stored at the Ukrainian Catholic University in Rome. A wide range of researchers are looking forward to accessing the electronic resource that AIS is working on together with the Ukrainian Catholic University, where archival materials will be presented (including, but not limited to, publications (newspapers and brochures from the ZUNR Press Library), photos, maps and artifacts (clothing, coins, seals, etc.). The project is supported by the Eastern European Research Institute. Viacheslav Lipinskiy (Philadelphia, USA) . The electronic archive will, to a certain extent, make it possible to remotely work with a powerful array of information for young scientists, as well as to expand the already extensive source base for the study of ZUNR history. Among the leading cohort of researchers, O. Karpenko, V. Velykochiy, T. Halytska-Didukh, M. Kugutiak, M. Lytvyn, I. Monolatiy, B. Savchuk and O. Pavlishin and many other scientists made a significant contribution to the discovery and source-based analysis of monuments from the historical past of the events of the Ukrainian Revolution in Western Ukraine. A number of the most important researches which, through the prism of documents and materials, cover the history of the ZUNR state from the moment of its origin to the end of its existence, came to the Carpathian region. Today historiography has thousands of publications on ZUNR.

Given such a significant development on this topic, as well as the regular updating of the source database, it has long required historians to update and present to the general public a summary encyclopedic format of information on ZUNR history. It was the public request, as well as the anniversary dates, that gave impetus to the project «Western Ukrainian People's Republic 1918-1923». Encyclopaedia The first volume of the three planned is now expected to be released. The project was initiated and implemented by scientists of Precarpathian National University named after I. V. Stefanyk in cooperation with scientists of academic and educational establishments from different regions of Ukraine. The work will become a kind of quintessence and a business card of all previous scientific work on ZUNR topics.

Analyzing the previous encyclopedic tradition, it is worth noting that objective coverage of this topic in the USSR was simply impossible, since the topic was tabooed by the Soviet leadership for a long time and one of the first and quite brief attempts made in the mid-1950s in the period of de-Stalinization were blocked and were not further developed. Therefore, the end of the 80's can be considered as a point of reference in the versatile study of ZUNR history. And of course, great opportunities for researchers opened with the restoration of Ukraine's independence in 1991. In 2000 two thematic collections of scientific articles devoted to the 80th anniversary and 90th anniversary of ZUNR were published as a peculiar result of the scientific search, published by the Institute of Ukrainian Studies. I. Krypiakevych NAS of Ukraine .

One of the Soviet visions of the history of ZUNR, presented in the encyclopedic edition, should be noted in the fifth volume of the seventeen-volume Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia (URE), published in 1961, which contained the article «Western Ukrainian People's Republic» by author V. Malanchuk. A characteristic feature of the publication was that the name of this state entity was put in quotation marks - apparently with the purpose of demonstrating the author's over-humiliating attitude to ZUNR and its historical experience. Many criticisms are also raised by the presentation of the material itself. Thus, at the very beginning of the article it was stated that the ZUNR emerged on 1 November 1918 in Eastern Galicia as a result of the «military coup of the Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists» during the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and lasted until July 1919. In the usual spirit of Soviet historiography, the author claimed that the ZUNR was «the body of class violence by the bourgeoisie against Western workers, one of the instruments of international imperialism that created» sanitary border «around the country of Soviets. Representatives of the National Democratic Party (renamed in March 1919 as the «Labor») party, which expressed the interests of the bourgeoisie and held the office of the Austrian government for many years, occupied the main positions in the bureaucratic apparatus of the ZUNR. The president, and later ZUNR dictator, was the fierce bourgeois nationalist E. Petrushevich, members of the State Secretariat - K. Levitsky and other reactionary figures».

Analyzing the internal and foreign policy of ZUNR, V. Malanchuk claimed that it had «a completely reactionary anti-national character», the government of the republic «defended the interests of landowners and capitalists», «strengthened the gendarmerie, instituted military courts», «brutally dealt with the peasants who seized the land of lordsland», etc. The presentation of the material itself is overburdened with propaganda cliches and ideologized statements that do not clearly meet the standards of encyclopedic vocabulary: «The rulers of the puppet ZUNR were agents of the Entente, enemies of the Ukrainian people. The war between the armed units of the ZUNR - UGA («Ukrainian Galician Army») and the military units of Pan-Poland, which sought to occupy Western Ukrainian lands, was accompanied by a series of treasonous actions by the Zunrian rulers and the UGA command. The ZUNR government twice rejected the proposals of the Soviet government to jointly fight against the Polish occupiers twice during 1919. The agreement signed in January 1919 in Kyiv on the entry of the ZUNR into the Petliura UNR was an amalgamation of counter-revolutionary forces to fight against Soviet power». west ukrainian republic encyclopaedic

V. Malanchuk emphasized the «active struggle» of «the broad working masses» of Eastern Galicia against the «counter-revolutionary ZUNR» (in particular, the Drohobych armed uprising), their powerful movement under the slogans of the socialist revolution, for reunification with Soviet Ukraine». The author justifiably claims that «the nationalist counter-revolution with the help of the Polish invaders managed to immerse the revolutionary speeches of workers and peasants in the blood at that time». In support of this unsubstantiated thesis, Khrushchev's similarly assertive statement was made in a speech of October 29, 1949, that «bourgeois nationalists opened the gates to Western Ukraine to Poland».

V. Malanchuk's article is so overburdened by cliches, ideologisms and subjective, deliberately negative propaganda rhetorical statements that even the ending came out in the spirit of Soviet classical agitprop: «The short and glorious existence of the ZUNR is one of the most disgraceful pages of the treacherous path of the Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists, their servitude in the face of international imperialism». These and other authorial judgments partly correspond to the moods in which the history of the Soviet vision of ZUNR happened.

It should be noted that such a negative context is found in «URE» not only in V. Malanchuk's article. The director of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR O. Kasimenko in the article «Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism» mentions with a negative the «so-called ZUNR» in volume 15 of «URE». The author stated: «Together with the Petliur Directory, the counter-revolutionary» West Ukrainian People's Republic, created by bourgeois nationalists in Western Ukrainian lands, acted as a body of class violence of the bourgeoisie against the Western Ukrainian labor and anti-labor countries .

The mention of ZUNR is also found in the last volume 17 of the «URE» - the «Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic». This is why the section «History» of this section contains the section «Ukrainian SSR in the Period of Foreign Intervention and Civil War (1918-1920). Its author was the corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences of Ukraine M. Suprunenko, who adhered to the official assessment of the role and importance of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic: «The bourgeois nationalists, who in October 1918 created the» Ukrainian National Council «in Lviv and colluded with foreign imperialists, began on the workers' path to reunification with Soviet Ukraine. Proclaimed in Eastern Galicia in November 1918, the so-called Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was in the oppression of the working masses a worthy heir to the Habsburg Empire. The ZUNR government maintained close contact with the bourgeois-nationalist counter-revolution in the Dnieper Ukraine, and in January 1919 the Zootrunners and Petliurists openly formed a bloc against Soviet power in Ukraine.

The anti-national actions of the ZUNR were especially evident in 1918-1919 during the Ukrainian-Polish war. Fearing the rise of the revolutionary movement of the masses, the Zunri fought hostile, participants of ZUNR were leading aggressive actions against the aggression of bourgeois-landlord Poland, and in the summer of1919 stopped them altogether .

In a peculiar manner and in accordance with the party line of hypertrophied coverage, the revolutionary and communist movement in the region acquired: «A new phenomenon in the revolutionary movement of Western workers was the formation in 1919. The Communist Party of Eastern Galicia (KPSG), as well as the Soviets of Workers `and Soldiers' Deputies in Stebnik, Drohobych, Boryslav, Kosovo, Stryi, and Kolomyia. One of the most striking revolutionary speeches in Eastern Galicia was the armed uprising of the Drohobych workers in April 1919, led by Communists V.F. Kotsk, I.M. Kushnir, G.I. Mihats. The uprising was brutally suppressed.

The occupation of Eastern Galicia in the summer of1919 by bourgeois-landlord Poland had not broken the desire of Western Ukrainian workers to reunite with their brothers, who heroically defended the conquest of the Great October in the throes of the Civil War .

The seventeenth volume of «USE» also mentions ZUNR. In the article «Lviv region» «so-called ZUNR» is mentioned in the section «Brief information about historical events and monuments» exclusively in the context of the Drohobych uprising, namely: «In April 1919, an armed uprising broke out in Drohobych against the counter-revolutionary ZUNR government, which led the government to pass for some time into the hands of the Revolutionary Committee».

The next encyclopedic publication, which summarized the political vector on ZUNR topics, was the four-volume edition of the Soviet Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (SEUH). The author of the article «Western Ukrainian People's Republic» was also made by V. Malanchuk where some information had already been mentioned by the author in 1961. ZUNR, as before, declared itself the author of a «puppet state created by Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists» in November 1918, whose president and later dictator was «fierce bourgeois nationalist» E. Petrushevich. The author has in no way changed his attitude to ZUNR, so he takes the basic formulation in quotation marks. Thus, in addition to the National Democratic (People's Labor) parties represented in the «government», mention was made of representatives of «petty bourgeois radical, social democratic and peasant-radical parties». The author states that in January 1919, the ZUNR «government» signed an agreement with the Petliur Directory on the entry of the ZUNR into the Petliur «state» «for the purpose of uniting the forces of the Ukrainian counterrevolution to fight the Soviet rule» .

Comparing V. Malanchuk's two articles in USE and SEIU, one immediately realizes that in the last encyclopedic project in the bibliography the reference to the work of I. Bogodist «Fighting the Workers of Galicia for Soviet Power in 1918-1920» disappeared. Instead of it, the author resorts to self-citation and «canonization» of his own work «History of one betrayal» and the work of I. Kompaniets «The position and struggle of the working masses of Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia in the early twentieth century (1900-1919)11.

The fourth volume of SEIU contains the article «Ukrainian Galician Army» the author of which is unknown to us because the article was submitted without signature. The UGA was characterized as a «military formation of the counter-revolutionary» Western Ukrainian People's Republic, which protected the «class interests of the Ukrainian bourgeoisie on Western lands». The author tells the reader that in the first half of 1919, the army fought with Polish troops trying to occupy Eastern Galicia, but because of «the treacherous policy of the ZUNR rulers, who carried out the will of the Entente and its own command, was defeated». The article focuses on the fact that UGA units were used to suppress the revolutionary speeches of the Western Ukrainian workers, and later in the troops of the Petliur Directory they opposed the Soviet power in Ukraine and for some time helped Denikin. However, the author notes that UGA soldiers repeatedly rebelled against the «counter-revolutionary ZUNR regime», and the remnants of the Galician army in the early 1920s moved to the side of the Reds, from which formed three brigades of the Red Ukrainian Galician Army (RUGA) .

Thus, the encyclopedic editions of the «Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia» and the «Soviet Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine» have for some time canonized the main vector of ZUNR history research in Soviet historical science. Touting the history of liberation competitions with the phrase «so-called ZUNR», «so-called government», «rebellion», «counter-revolutionary coup», «reactionary activity of Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists - supporters of international imperialism» and more. The main glorification line was the «struggle of the workers» against the «counter-revolutionary ZUNR gove'rnme'nt» .

The ZUNR's history has been objectively covered only since the late 1990s. Although not in the encyclopedic format, it is worth mentioning the edition of «Ukraine through the Ages», edited by Academician V. Smoliy. The concept of the whole series, including the tenth volume, which has a section on ZUNR, turned out to be very successful. The work «Ukrainian Liberation Competitions 1917-1921» authored by O. Rubliov and O. Reyent, contains a section on ZUNR. The text is accompanied by a citation of the most important sources and hard-to-read works for the average reader, though without proper bibliographic references. Well-chosen illustrative material, light and yet scientific style made it possible for the average reader to have access and ease of perception.

The rather extensive section is divided into fifteen paragraphs, which detail the issues of the emergence, development and defeat of ZUNR. The author rightly emphasizes the vain hopes of the local Ukrainian political leadership, which gave hope for the legitimate solution of the Eastern Galician issue and obtaining the sanction for the creation of the Western Ukrainian state from the hands of the Viennese officials. He points out that «the political elite of other peoples of the monarchy have unconditionally embarked on the path of building their own statehood, establishing contacts with the Entente states, forming» shadow cabinets, «creating their own armed forces. The Austrian (up to the last moment) orientation of Galician-Ukrainian politicians, in addition to discrediting them in the eyes of the victorious states and, accordingly, reducing the chances of adequate representation in the post-war geopolitical system of Europe, hampering their own urgent measures for preparation and re-election the edge and deployment of the infrastructure of future statehood».

O. Rublev's research and a number of publications on ZUNR topics, as well as cooperation with other experts on this subject, made it possible to publish an article in the modern, leading humanitarian edition «Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine». In the third volume of the encyclopedia contains the publication «Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR)», which belongs to the pen of the leading researchers M. Lytvyn and O. Rubliov . The given article was published in 2005, it still remains one of the best thematic publications of the encyclopedic format. The authors set out a modern scientific view of the history of ZUNR from the standpoint of liberation competitions: «The Ukrainian state was formed in November 1918 on the Western Ukrainian lands that were part of Austria-Hungary. In October 1918, the defeat of the Austro-German bloc in World War I and the national liberation movement of the enslaved peoples caused the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy into several independent states». «The researchers emphasize that «in these circumstances, the decisive steps towards the revival of national statehood began to be taken by the Ukrainian population of Eastern Galicia. At the end of September 1918, the Ukrainian General Military Commissariat (UGMC) was formed in Lviv, which began the preparation of an armed speech. In October, the head of the UHGC was appointed a centurion of the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Shooters D. Vitovsky. October 18-19, 1918 in Lviv, at the constituent (assembly) of Ukrainian deputies of the Austrian Parliament, ambassadors (deputies) of the Galician and Bukovyna Seimas, representatives of national political parties of Galicia and Bukovina, the clergy and students formed the Ukrainian National Council (to be included in the encyclopedia in the volume «Ukraine-Ukrainians»), which became the political representative body of the Ukrainian population of Austria- Hungary. On October 19, in accordance with the right of peoples to self-determination, the UNRada proclaimed the Ukrainian state throughout the Ukrainian ethnic territory of Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathian Ukraine, elected President of the Council E. Petrushevich and decided to produce a Democratic Constitution».

The article in the «Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine», in fact, summed up the scientific achievements of many researchers. But, given the recent achievements in the historical field, the publication of the edition «Western Ukrainian People's Republic 1918-1923. Encyclopedia «will be a good opportunity not only to recapitulate the experience of the Ukrainian state-making at that time, to pay attention to the achievements and allowances, but also to analyze some tendencies of modern historiography in covering this issue». After all, the problem of the study of genocide of Ukrainians in the cultural and spiritual sphere, objective coverage of the history of ZUNR remains relevant today. In doing so, we proceed from the basic principle that historical science, along with other functions, continues to play an important role in shaping national consciousness. Moreover, at different levels and from different backgrounds, there are persistent attempts to destroy the historical memory of the Ukrainian nation and national traditions.

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