Women in the International Musicological Society

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Women in the International Musicological Society

Baumann Dorothea, PhD (Musicology), Privatdozent, University of Zurich; Co-chair of the IMS Study Group for the History of the IMS

Аннотация

Женщины в IMS

Бауманн Доротея, доктор музыкологии, приватдоцент, Цюрихский университет; сопредседатель рабочей исследовательской группы IMS по истории IMS

Женщины играли важную роль в Международном музыковедческом обществе с момента его основания в 1927 году В то время как генеральным секретарем и казначеем были мужчины (вплоть до Мадлен Регли, казначея с 1983 по 2018 год, и Доротеи Бауманн, генерального секретаря с 1994 по 2019 год), секретарями, выполнявшими основную часть ежедневной административной работы, с самого начала были женщины. С 1961 года женщины появляются и в Директории: это Эдит Герсон-Киви (Израиль) и Женевьева Тибо Контесс де Шамбур (Франция). С 1997 года число женщин в Директории увеличилось, женщины были избраны и вицепрезидентами. Во второй части данной работы (которая является началом более масштабного исследования) приводятся биографические сведения о группе женщин из Швейцарии, России, Франции, Монако и Израиля, которые вступили в IMS в ранний период его существования -- с 1928 по 1963 год. Их жизнь отражает социальные возможности женщин, а также ситуацию с музыковедением и музыкальными библиотеками в их странах. Лишь одна из швейцарских участниц того раннего периода имела докторскую степень по музыковедению, а двое были профессиональными музыкантами, две россиянки были библиотекарями и музыковедами, хорошо известными в СССР, некоторые из французских участниц стали всемирно известными учеными и музыковедами-библиотекарями. Примечательно, что многие из этих женщин познакомились друг с другом благодаря своему интересу к старинной музыке, поскольку некоторые из них были студентками или друзьями Ванды Ландовской (1879-1959).

Ключевые слова: Международное музыковедческое общество, женщины -- члены IMS, 1928-1973, права женщин, Швейцария, Франция, Россия (СССР), Израиль (Палестина), музыковеды, профессиональные музыканты и педагоги, музыкальные библиотекари, старинная музыка, Ванда Ландовска.

Abstract

Women have played an important role in the International Musicological Society (IMS) since its foundation in 1927. While the the first women to rise to the position of Treasurer and Secretary General were Madeleine Regli (Treasurer from 1983 to 2018) and Dorothea Baumann (Secretary General from 1994 to 2019), women had been instrumental from the very beginning as secretaries carrying out the daily administrative work of the IMS. Women appeared in the Directorium from 1961, starting with Edith Gerson-Kiwi (Israel) and Mme Genevieve Thibault Comtesse de Chambure (France). From 1997 the number of women in the Directorium increased and women were also elected as Vice Presidents. The second part of this paper (which forms the basis of a larger study), explores the biographical details of early female members from Switzerland, Russia, France, Monaco, and Israel who joined the IMS between 1928 and 1963. Their lives reflect the social possibilities afforded to women and also shed light on the state of musicology and music libraries in their respective countries. During this early period, only one of the female members from Switzerland had a PhD in musicology, while two others were professional musicians. The two Russian women were a librarian and a musicologist respectively, both well known in the Soviet Union, while several of the French women who joined became known internationally as musicologists and music librarians. It is surprising that many of these women met due to their mutual interests in early music; several of them were students or friends of Wanda Landowska (1879-1959).

Keywords: International Musicological Society, women members, 1928-1973, women's rights, Switzerland, France, Russia (USSR), Israel (Palestine), musicologists, professional musicians and teachers, music librarians, early music, Wanda Landowska.

When the Internationale Gesellschaft fur Musikwissenschaft (IGMw)¹ was founded in 1927 in Basel in order to establish new opportunities for scholarly exchange in musicology in a fragile world, it was a mainly European Society with 181 members from 22 countries and only 7 non-European countries with few members. The statutes of the new society requested that the «four countries at the forefront of musicology, Germany, France, England, Italy, be members of the Directorium, and three of them in the Bureau.»² The Secretary General (until 1948 the position was simply called Secretary) and the Treasurer needed to be Swiss by residence because the IMS had and still has its headquarters in Basel (Switzerland). By 1928 seven countries had 10 or more members: Germany 41, Switzerland 33, Spain 19, France 12, Belgium 12, Italy 11 and the United States with Canada 10. The representation of women in the early years was astonishingly high and impressive in many respects. After an introduction on women with official positions in the IMS, biographical and professional background is given for a group of early women members from Switzerland, Russia, France, Monaco and Israel who entered the Society between 1928 to 1963.¹

Women played an important role in the International Musicological Society since its foundation in 1927. While the Secretary General and the Second Secretary were men until my election in 1992, the Secretaries doing the main part of daily administration from the beginning were women (Marta Walter (1927-49), Huguette Zimmermann (1959-83) and Elisabeth Kung (1985-94)). Although Marta Walter (1896-1961) served the IMS for 22 years she never became a member of the Society following the typical Swiss and Basel tradition of understatement. She studied singing in Basel and Geneva but was not active as a singer. She assisted Wilhelm Merian already before the foundation of the IMS in 1927 in order to prepare the administration of the new society and also assisted him in his work for the Basler Nachrichten, even working as a music critic. She also fulfilled special search requests for the music department of the University Library of Basel. This biographical information was preserved only thanks to a small collection of her papers, published in 1967 on behalf of the Schweizerische Musikforschende Gesellschaft to whom in her last will she had left a considerable donation.

The first woman treasurer with the longest term of office was Madeleine Regli (1983-2018). Madeleine Regli, 36 Years of Being the Treasurer of the IMS, in: IMS Newsletter 6/2 (2019), 7-8; Dorothea Baumann, 25 Years of Being IMS Secretary General, in: IMS Newsletter 6/2 (2019), 7-8. Women appeared in the Directorium from 1961: Edith Gerson-Kiwi (Israel) and Mme Genevieve Thibault Comtesse de Chambure (France), followed by Zofia Lissa (Poland) in 1967, Maria Rika Maniates (USA) in 1972, and three women in 1987 (Maricarmen Gomez Spain, Margaret Bent and Bonnie Wade USA). From 1997 the number of women in the Directorium increased and women were also elected Vice Presidents (see table 1 at the end of this paper). The Society still is expecting a woman President.

Women members, in the first printed membership lists of 1928 and 1930 came from 13 countries. Mitteilungen IGMw 1.1 (1928) 10-13; Mitteilungen IGMw 2.3 (1930), 71-78. Until 1930 the total number of members (men, women, and corporate members) nearly doubled from 181 to 353, the number of countries augmented from 22 to 28, while the number of women members increased from 12 to 28 (see table 2). Who were these women of the first years? Do we know why they joined the society? Some of them were unmarried, some married to a male IMS member, some were professional musicians, music teachers and musicologists, some music amateurs, and some possibly also supported the Society with donations. It was difficult to find biographical information for woman members of the early years. As we shall see many of the early women members of the IMS knew each other and some of them were close friends.

The membership directory of 1928 lists 5 women from 33 Swiss members, increasing to 9 from 64 in 1930. This is notable since Swiss women gained full civil and voting rights only in 1971. In 1927 members of the Basel chapter of the Internationale Musikgesellschaft (founded in 1899 in Berlin) and of the Societe Union Musicologique (active from 1921 to 1926)¹ obviously convinced as many Swiss colleagues as possible, and also women, to become members of the new Internationale Gesellschaft fur Musikwissenschaft (IGMw). As a result, Switzerland had more women members than any other country although it was only the second largest national group after Germany with 41 members (1 woman) in 1928 and 65 (5 women) in 1930. The 5 Swiss women listed in the membership directory of 1928 could be further identified as follows: Marthi (later Martha) Hamm -- Stoecklin, married to Adolf Hamm, cathedral organist in Basel since 1906; Frl. Marie His (1859-1946), Martin Kirnbauer, A «Prelude» to the IMS, in: The History of the IMS (1927-2017), 11-19. Unmarried women were even in the membership directory addressed as «Frl.» (Fraulein). active in Basel, music teacher, alpinist, intellectual and founding member of the Verein Freundinnen Junger Madchen H.P.H. [Hans-Peter His -- Miescher]: Marie His, in: BaslerNachrichten 105 (9.3.1946), Staatsarchiv Basel, StaBS PA 633d B 3-20: Diverse Zeitungsartikel uber Marie His (1859-1946), see Christiane Sibille, Autorinnen in den Publikationen der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft (1899-1914), in this publication.; Frl. Dora Rittmeyer (1902--1974), Dora Julia Rittmeyer-Iselin, in: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz, (HLS), musicologist, studied in Basel, Munich and Berlin where she did her PhD on Biagio Marini (1928, printed 1930), in 1929 married the lawyer and politician Alfred Iselin from St. Gallen, first active in Basel, then in St. Gallen as a concert critic, campaigner for women's rights and co-founder of the Centre Europeen du conseil international des femmes (CECIF); Frl. Ilse Schaefer, secretary in Basel; Bertha Schmitz-Graf of unknown profession in Zurich. The membership directory of 1930 lists 5 new women, 4 of whom were from Basel: Frl. Dr. Edith (Henriette) Boegler (born in 1900) who shortly before 1924 moved to Basel from Schliengen near Lorrach (Germany) after having sold the inherited castle of Liel; Edith Henriette Boegler, in: Wurttembergisches Staatsarchiv, Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany). Dora Merian, wife of Wilhelm Merian (1889--1952), Wilhelm Merian, in: SchweizerMusiklexikon, ed. by Willi Schuh et al., Zurich 1964, 253. who from was Privatdozent and from 1930 Extraordinarius at the University of Basel, organizer of the first international musicological congress after World War I in 1924 in Basel and since 1927 Secretary General of the IGMw and, in 1933, co-founder of the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis; Frl. T. von Radowitz in Basel; Frau Dr. med. M. L. Schelbert in Zurich; and Frl. Antoinette Vischer (1909--1973), pianist and harpsichordist, who studied with Wanda Landowska from 1931. Vischer, Antoinette, in: HLS, https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/034983/203-07-31/. As a patron she commissioned compositions for harpsichord from important contemporary composers such as Hans Werner Henze, Gyorgy Ligeti, Mauricio Kagel and Isang Yun.

In 1929 the IMS Directorium elected the important Russian composer and musicologist Boris Assafieff (1884--1949), head of the music department of the State Institute of Art History (Reichsinstitut der Kunstgeschichte) in Leningrad, as a representative of his country. He joined the society in 1930 together with Prof. Semjon Ginsburg, secretary of the same institution, and Alexandre Nikolsky from Moscow as well as two women colleagues from Moscow. Together with Georg Orlow, director of the Library of the State Conservatory (Staats-Kon- servatorium) in Leningrad and Prof. M. Iwanow Boretzky from Moscow, listed as members already in 1928, the total number of members from the Soviet Union in 1930 increased to 7. Obviously, the USSR was interested in sending members with important official positions to the International Musicological Society.

It seems the reason may have been different for the two women who joined the society in 1930. At least we do not know of any official reason for their membership. But both women had a personal or at least professional relation to Wanda Landowska. Zenaide Saawelowa (Zinaida Phillipovna Sovyolova) from Moscow (1862-1943), musicologist and bibliographer, studied at the Moscow Conservatoire with Boleslav Yavorky and from 1910-1919 she was librarian and fellow of the Sergei Taneyev Music Library. In 1913 she translated Wanda Landowska's book Early Music into Russian. She gained her PhD in musicology in 1941 at the age of 79! The younger of the two, Anna Abramovna Chochlowkina (Khokhlovki- na) Zolotarevskaya (1896-1971), studied piano at the Conservatoire in Petrograd from 1915-1917, moved to Moscow and from 1920-1930 was a fellow of the State Institute of the Arts. In 1928 she did her piano diploma at the Moscow Conservatoire, from 1929-1930 studied musicology and from 1932-1940 taught History of Music at this institution. In the mid-1930s she was music editor at the Central Radio in Moscow. The IMS membership of both women ended during World War 2.

If we move along the timeline and look at the first post-World War 2 membership lists from 1950/52 and 1955/56, the following facts deserve attention (see table 2): Due to the war the total number of members decreased from 353 in 1930 to 256 in 1950, but in the year of the Utrecht congress in 1952 there were 321 members. Except Switzerland, Poland and Russia, countries with women members before the war (Germany, Spain, France, Great Britain) maintained or even increased their women membership in 1950-1952.

Among the countries with increasing woman membership is France with women who played an important role as musicologists or music librarians (see table 2). The eldest of this group of colleagues was Yvonne Rokseth (1890-1948), Obituary by Genevieve Thibault in: Revue de musicologie 1948 with bibliography by Francois Lesure; obituary by Leo Schrade in: Journal of the American musicological society 1949; Catherine Parsoneault: «Aimer la musique ancienne«, Yvonne Rihoiiei Rokseth (1890-1948), in: Women Medievalist and the Academy, ed. by Jane Chance, The University of Wisconsin Press 2005, 339-351. IMS member from 1928, musician, composer, musicologist and librarian (diplome technique in 1934), from 1935 at the Bibliotheque nationale, where she founded the music department in 1942. Yvette Fedoroff and Simone Wallon, Le Departement de la Musique: Naissance et premiers pas, in: Etudes sur la Bibliotheque nationale et temoignages: reunis en hommage a Therese Kleindienst, secretaire general honoraire de la Bibliotheque nationale, ed. by Michel Nortier, Paris, Bibliotheque nationale, 1985, 85-96. In 1937 she became maitre de conferences at the theological faculty of the University of Strasbourg which in 1939 moved to Clairmont-Ferrand. With the German occupation in November 1943, she escaped to Paris where she lived clandestinely until the liberation in August 1944. She returned first to Clermont and then to Strasbourg where she reorganized the musicological institute and library. On 23 August 1948, three years after her husband's death, she suddenly died perhaps exhausted due to the war's deprivations.

Nanie Bridgman (1907-1990) joined the IMS in 1950. Christiane Spieth-Weissenbacher and Jean Gribenski: Nanie Bridgman, in: New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed. London and New York 2001, vol. 4, 351-352. From 1945-1972 she was curator at the music department of the Bibliotheque nationale in Paris, co-founder of RISM in 1953 and active in several IMS and IAML commissions. From 1972-1982 she was a member of the IMS Directorium. From 1932-1936 she studied singing at the Conservatoire in Paris. In 1944 she graduated in art history and in 1946 received her upper degree in musicology at the University of Strasbourg with Yvonne Rokseth. She was a member of the Societe franQaise de musicologie from 1945.

Solange Corbin de Mangoux (1903-1973), Dominique Patier, Gerard Le Vot, Marie Gallais: Solange Corbin, in: Cahiers de Civilisationme- dievale (1974), 87-93; Solange Corbin et les debuts de la musicologie medievale, ed. by Christelle Cazaux-Kowalski, Jean Gribenski and Isabelle His, Rennes 2015; Marie-Noil Colette, Notice pour l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes EPHE, in: Ecrire l'histoire, 2018. a musicologist who specialized in Medieval church music, joined the IMS in 1952. She studied at the Ecole pratiques des Hautes Etudes, wrote her thesis about medieval religious music in Portugal, wrote her licence es lettres in 1946 with Paul-Marie Masson and completed her studies with Jacques Handschin in Basel and Don Mohlberg and Higini Angles in Rome. She did research at the CNRS from 1946. She was a teacher at the Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes as charge de conferences from 1950-1959 and 1959-1973 as directeur d'etudes. Her doctoral dissertation on neumatic notation in the provinces of Lyon, Rouen, Tour and Sens (1957) and her second dissertation on the liturgy of the Deposition from the cross remained unpublished. In 1961 she founded the musicological institute at the Centre d'etudes superieurs de civilisation medievale at the University of Poitiers where she taught until 1972. She was the founder of the ensemble Collegium musicae antiquae. Her special fields were music notation and traditions of liturgical texts.

The French musicologist Genevieve Thibault, Comtesse Hubert de Chambure (1902-1975) joined the IMS in 1963.¹ She studied piano with Lazare Levy and fugue and organ with Nadia Boulanger. At the Sorbonne she obtained her licence es letters and the diplome des etudes superieures in 1919--1920. From 1919--1935 she studied musicology with Andre Pirro. From 1923 she developed an interest in old instruments and in 1925 initiated with Lionel de La Laurencie, Georges Le Cerf and Eugenie Droz the Societe de Musique d'Autrefois. In 1953 she initiated the Annales musicologiques of this society and in 1967 founded the Centre d'lconographie Musical in Paris. 1961-1973 she was keeper of the instrument museum of the Paris Conservatoire and 1968 became president of the Comite International des Musees et Collections d'Instruments de Musique (CIMCIM). She privately collected old instruments and Renaissance music manuscripts and editions. She was lecturing at the Sorbonne from 1955. In 1959 she was vice-president of the Societe FranQaise de Musicologie and from 1968-1971 president. From 1961-1964 she was a member of the IMS Directorium and in 1972 co-founder of the Repertoire international d'lconographie musicale (RIdIM).

Two new countries started being represented in the IMS by a woman: Israel was represented by Edith Gerson-Kiwi (1908-1992) who joined the society in 1950, and from 1961-1977 was a member of the IMS Directorium. Christiane Spieth-Weissenbacher and Jean Gribenski: Genevieve Thibault, in: New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed. London and New York 2001, vol. 25, 390-393. Israel J. Katz: Edith Gerson-Kiwi, in: New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed. London and New York 2001, vol. 9, 765-766; Jehoash Hirshberg, Edith Gerson-Kiwi, in: Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 2nd ed., Personen, vol. 7, Kassel etc. 2002, 813-814. Ruth Katz, «The Lachmann Problem»: An Unsung Chapter in Comparative Musicology, Jerusalem 2003; After studies at the Sternsche Konservatorium in Berlin she obtained a diploma as concertpianist from the Leipzig Musikhochschule in 1930, went to Paris to study harpsichord with Wanda Landowska at the Ecole de musique ancienne in 1931, went back to Germany to study musicology with Gurlitt at the University of Freiburg and Kroyer in Leipzig. In 1933 she completed her doctorate under Besseler in Heidelberg. Unable to get it printed due to the antisemitic legislation by the Nazi government she fled to Italy. In 1934 she taught at the Liceo Musicale in Bologna and studied paleography and library science at the University of Bologna. In 1935 she was able to receive the British permission to emigrate with her parents to Palestine. During the years 1936-1939 she served as research assistant to the ethnomusicologist Dr. Robert Lachmann (1892-1939) at his Phonographic Archives for Oriental Music. In 1942 she was admitted as teacher of music history at the Palestine Conservatory in Jerusalem. She established a collection of ethnological recordings named The Phonograph Archives of the Palestine Institute of Folklore and Ethnology. The institute was closed but the collection was re-established in 1950 as The Archives for Oriental and Jewish Music and in the late 1980s transferred to the National Sound Archives of the Jewish National and University Library. In 1947 Gerson-Kiwi began her own field research. She became senior lecturer at the new musicology departments of the Hebrew and the Tel-Aviv Universities and in 1969 professor at Tel-Aviv University. In 1963 she established the Museum of Instruments of the Rubin Academy of Music in Jerusalem. In addition to the IMS she served on the executive boards of the IFMC, the International Institute of Comparative Studies of Music and Documentation, the Society for Ethnomusicology and of the Israeli Musicological Society (1976-1979 chairman, then vice-chairman and later treasurer). She left an invaluable collection of about 10,000 ethnomusicological recordings along with documentary films and manuscripts which was donated to the Felicja Blumenthal Music Center in Tel Aviv. Gerson-Kiwi was one of the founders of Israeli musicology.

The other country was Monaco, represented from 1953 by Mme Louise Hanson-Dyer (1884-1962), Jim Davidson, Lyrebird Rising. Louise Hanson-Dyer of LOiseau-Lyre 1884-1962, Melbourne University Press, 1994; obituary by Francois Lesure in: Revue de musicologie 1962 a wealthy Australian music patron. Born as Louise Berta Mosson Smith, married to James Dyer in 1911, became member of the IMS in 1930, founded LEdition de 1'Oiseau Lyre in Paris in 1932, moved to England after her second marriage to Joseph B. Hanson in 1939, and, in 1945, to Monaco. She edited the complete works of Francois Couperin Le Grand (1933 on the occasion of his bicentenary) and, with Henry Prunieres, the works of Lully (incomplete). Yvonne Rokseth was the editor of Polyphonic Music of the Thirteenth Century (1935-1939) and Leo Schrade edited the complete works of Guillaume de Machaut (1956-1957). Hanson's second wife Margarita Hanson continued EEdition de l'Oiseau Lyre and was a member of the IMS from 1972-1996.

The membership statistics and the number of women members also show an increase of male and female national members in relation to a congress place or to the nationality of the President: With the Oxford congress in 1955 and Paul Henry Lang, full professor at Columbia University in New York elected President, the membership increased from 321 to 571 mainly due to 156 Americans (including 16 women), 103 German members (4 women) and 83 British members (5 women). The Salzburg congress in 1964 brought another increase of membership to a total of 843 members (96 women) from several European countries. In 1972, the year of the congress in Copenhagen with Eduard Reeser from the Netherlands becoming President, membership reached 1368 (188 women) from 38 countries.

Although this paper is just the beginning of a larger study, the look at women and their biographies in the early years of the Society reflects the situation of women as well as the situation of musicology and music libraries in the different countries. While only one of the early Swiss woman members had a PhD in musicology and two were professional musicians, the two Russian women were librarians and musicologists well known in the USSR but five of the early French woman members became internationally known musicologists and music librarians. A surprising result of this study is that several of these women met due to their interest in early music, several because they were students or friends of Wanda Landowska (1879-1959). Landowska taught in Basel from 1920 and in 1928 gave a benefit concert to support the IMS but she never became an IMS member.

Table 1

Table 2 Member statistics 1928--1972 (countries with women members)

The numbers in brackets show the total number of members, while the numbers without brackets are those of women members.

musicology women social librarie

Bibliography

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