Modern historography periodization of the holodomor of 1921-1923 in Ukraine

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Poltava State Agrarian Academy

Modern historography periodization of the Holodomor of 1921-1923 in Ukraine

Annotation

The article presents the periodization of modern Ukrainian historiography development devoted to the Holodomor (Famine) of 1921-1923 on the territory of Ukraine. It is proved that modern historiography has a number of features that give grounds to distinguish three periods in its development. The first period is 1991 - the end of the 1990's; the second one is from 2000 to 2019. Each period is distinguished by new scientific approaches, a deeper understanding of the history of the tragedy, the introduction of new archival documents for scientific circulation and logical that, at last, the historiography of the topic replenishes the works of strictly historiographical content, the appearance of which became possible thanks to accumulated historical facts, published collections of documents and new developments of regional content.

Keywords: Ukraine, the Holodomor of 1921-1923, historiography, periodization of historiography.

1923, 1932-1933, 1946-1947 becomes urgent. In addition to scientists, state officials and public representatives pay attention to this topic. An example of indifference to the issue of global tragedy in the field of humanity was the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 18 August 2017 No. 550-p On Approval of the Plan of Measures for 20172018 in connection with the 85th Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine [1]. Undoubtedly, the tragedy of the events of the 1930's, in its scale and consequences, is difficult to comprehend even to contemporaries, given the wide access to information. However, the Holodomor of 1921-1923 is no less significant disaster for millions of Ukrainians, after a little over 95 years, and soon our country will commemorate the 100th anniversary of this tragedy. Historiography of this topic has not exhausted itself despite the presence of a significant number of historians' works, and the authorities do not pay enough attention to it.

Since at the present stage of human development, the subject of famine does not disappear from the leading editions of the world, and every seventh person on the planet is starving now [2] - this topic and its significance for Ukraine will always have the right to debate. Historiography as a science is intended to show the existence of significant changes in the research of specialists and the increase of knowledge on various aspects of this problem. Therefore, as of today, Ukrainian and foreign historians always draw attention to the tragic pages of the past in order to avoid the tragedy for the future, which adds relevance to this topic.

Taking into account the undeniable relevance of the topic, we aim to highlight the periodization of modern historiography of the Holodomor 1921-1923 and to show qualitative changes in the research of this topic by scientists at the present stage of the development of historical science.

The works of modern scholars can be divided into several groups, taking into account the analyzed aspects. Currently, it is possible to distinguish works, which highlight the causes of the Holodomor of 1921-1923, its course, regional peculiarities and consequences. The historians' interest in the individual components of the Holodomor, in particular, such as the distribution and its consequences for the Ukrainian village, the reaction of the international community to this event, etc., should also be noted.

We should emphasize that, as a result of declassified archival data, contemporary historians began to wonder about the scale of famine both in Ukraine and abroad, and the number of deaths from it. While in the early 1990s Ukrainian historiography was characterized by the emergence of the first collections of documents and materials devoted to famine [3], in the mid-1990s fundamental works emerged to study the course of this catastrophe and provide first international assistance to the Ukrainian population. The leading place in the studies belonged to S. Kulchytsky [4], [5]. Due to the growing interest of the scientists in the topic, especially with the support of the Institute of History of Ukraine, on the initiative of S. Kulchytsky and O. Movchan, historians made changes even in educational and reference literature, updating its contents. Significant were the publication of P. Panchenko on the history of the First Soviet Famine [6]. In the end, they began to publish works devoted to the demographic consequences of the 1921-1923 famine [7].

However, understanding the causes of this problem was impossible without realizing the need to examine the internal policies of Stalinism in general. This gave impetus to generalizing works on the history of Stalin's terror, sponsored by V. Danilenko, V. Kasyanov, S. Kulchitsky, O. Movchan, P. Panchenko.

In the second half of the 1990s the first dissertation work on the famine course began to appear on the territory of Ukraine. Historians have tried to comprehensively study the causes of this tragedy, have linked them with the political and economic situation. They began to focus on the reaction of the world community to the events in Ukraine. In particular, it is worth recalling the candidate's research by B. Dramaretskyi [8]. Based on an integrated approach, M. Shytiuk published several works in which he attempted to find common causes for all the famine-minded people of the XX century on the territory of Ukraine, linking them with repressions of the Soviet totalitarian system, [10].

Investigations devoted to the migration of the population during the famine years were initiated by T. Pron, but at first they concerned only the South of Ukraine [11].

We should note that in the 1990s, historians were still far from comprehensive study of regional peculiarities of the famine, in-depth study of personalities involved in tragedy, etc. Consequently, the 1990s can be considered the first stage in the study of the famine in modern Ukrainian historiography. This period was characterized by the appearance of the first collections of declassified documents, writing educational and reference books, taking into account the new data acquired by the historical science, the publication of the first scientific studies on the narrowly problematic aspects of the tragedy. Therefore, the first period in general gave an impetus to the considerable interest of Ukrainian scholars in the study of the rest of the Holodomor of Soviet times in Ukraine.

In 2000, A. Veselova, V. Marochko, O. Movchan published a compilation of documents devoted to the Holodomor of 1921-1923, 1932-1933, 19461947 [12]. Historians have used a comprehensive approach to highlighting the components of various famines in Ukraine, and at the same time, thanks to the method of comparative analysis, they have been able to demonstrate the magnitude of the tragedy and the decisive role of Soviet power in these processes. And if in the first historiographical period historians began to focus on the food policy of Soviet power in Ukraine and its criminal consequences for the population [13], then since the 2000s the general vector of scientific interest has already been directed towards studying large topics in the direction of understanding the tragedy of all the Holodomors that took place in Ukraine and the policy study of "military communism" in general [14].

In this period, V. Petrov [15], O. Bakovetskaya [16], I. Nikolayev [17] and other Ukrainian historians managed to deepen their analysis of the regional peculiarities of the famine. An important place in historical science belongs to the multidimensional edition Rehabilitated by History, which, thanks to the hard work of historians, was published during the 2000s and contained important personalized data for all regions of Ukraine [18], [19], [20]. A special place in this scientific and documentary series of books is dedicated to the historians by the work of the Black Book of Ukraine, which contains correspondence, reports, published archival materials, numbering about 800 pages and referring to starving provinces [21].

The important components of the Holodomor were deeply studied by Yu. Kotlyar, devoted to the work of ethnic losses in Ukraine, the question of cannibalism and international decisions of the world community on the consequences of the famine [22]. Such a qualitatively new level of research was due to a deep understanding of the scholars of the scale and depth of the tragedy.

Particular attention is needed by the work of this period, devoted to the study of the international humanitarian organizations' activities that have supported the famine in Ukraine. It is noteworthy that historians managed to implement even a historiographical and source-study analysis of studios that contain information about their work [23]. In this context, a number of O. Shcherbakova's studios is worthy of attention, because she did not only study the work of international organizations during the Holodomor of the 1920s but also managed to compare it with the course of various famines in Ukraine [24], [25]. In fact, the historian has created fundamental works on this topic.

Modern historians have deepened into the problems of the Holodomor passing through the prism of the church values requisition by the Soviet authorities. Special attention was devoted to the history of the peasantry and the sowing campaign of 1921, which became one of the causes of the HoLodomor [26]. Consequently, modern historical science has been enriched with narrowly problematic works that deepen understanding of the causes and consequences of the Holodomor of 1921-1923. A qualitatively new Level in the 2000s came out on regional history of famine, and in this context, the works of M. Shytiuk relate to Problems of Holodomor in Mykolaiv region [27].

Consequently, the 2000s eventually gave rise to a series of scientific works, which, according to trends and depth of comprehension of the tragedy of the Holodomor, give us the right to distinguish them in the second period and to assume that the historiography of this period came to a qualitatively different level of study of this tragedy.

At present, the historiography of the Holodomor indicates the development and increase of knowledge. After all, a definite result of the study can be considered the emergence of purely historiographical studies from the outline of the problem, which suggests a much deeper understanding of the historians of the past, and the possibility of studying such works on the basis of a wide array of published sources. In particular, the work of V. Kirilenko Modern Ukrainian historiography on the problem of studying the famine of 1921-1933 in the southern regions of Ukraine [28], in which the historian attempted to comprehend the contribution of scientists to the development of this topic in relation to the South of our country, is illustrative. He emphasized the significant contribution of the historians from the Mykolaiv School of Science to the topic development, which who for a long time worked under the direction of Professor Shytiuk. At the same time, the scientist noticed the new approaches of contemporary historians to the study of the Holodomor regional peculiarities of the period. Theses of historiographical content began to be devoted to the subjects of Ukrainization, recalling the famine of 1921-1923 as the background of this policy [29]. We emphasize separately that the work of historiosophical and historiographical content of V. Shkvarets, E. Gorburov, K. Gorburov was devoted to events in Mykolaiv region, which became culminating for the famine topics at the regional level [30]. scientific history tragedy holodomor ukraine

As a result, we should emphasize that modern Ukrainian historiography is characterized by qualitatively new, meaningful works, in which the tragedy of the Holodomor is understood through the prism of the political situation, religious, economic, etc. Modern historians have refuted the old Soviet approach, according to which the only cause of the Holodomor was an extremely unfavorable economic situation and bad weather conditions. The emphasis is done on deliberate plans of the authorities in clearly recognizing the consequences of the overproduction of the Ukrainian village as a whole. Due to a qualitatively new study of regional content, Ukrainian scholars have shifted the emphasis on covering only the Holodomor in the Volga region throughout the territory of Soviet Ukraine and showed its devastation for the southern regions. Of course, the historiographical survey carried out does not exhaust all the works available in Ukraine devoted to the tragic events of 1921-1923. It can be stated that the topic of the Holodomor of a particular period still needs further attention of historians, since the tragedy has been properly studied not in all regions of Ukraine. There is also a lack of problem works devoted to the activities of the Red Cross in Ukraine, being contained in foreign sources.

References

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