Russian students at the Netherlands universities in early modern times - a pilot project

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Russian students at the Netherlands universities in early modern times - a pilot project

Stefan Kiedron

ITniwersytet Wrodawski

The universities in the Northern Netherlands, to start with the first Calvinist academy of Leiden in Holland (established 1575), earned in a relative short time great fame all over Europe. They gathered within few decades very many students from many European countries: from Sweden over German lands till France -- and from Scotland till Russia. The students who by the enrolment gave their nationality as `Russus', were of course not that many as students from other European countries -- still, it is interesting to observe their presence in Holland or Friesland in the early modern times. This article is an attempt to sketch the presence of Russian students in this period. Among more than hundred names of students from Russia (mostly from Moscow and St.Petersburg, but also from Vyatka -- today's Kirov, or from Astrakhan) who in the 17^th and, much more intensive, in the 18^th centuries came to study in the Northern Netherlands, one can find as important figures as Alexander Kurakin, Boris Golitsyn or Vassily Kolokol- nikov.

Keywords: Russian students, Universities of Northern Netherlands, University of Leiden, Peter the Great, Alexander Kurakin, Laurentius Blumentrost.

Стефан Кедрон

Вроцлавский университет

РУССКИЕ СТУДЕНТЫ В НИДЕРЛАНДСКИХ УНИВЕРСИТЕТАХ В РАННЕЕ НОВОЕ ВРЕМЯ -- ПИЛОТНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ

Университеты в Северных Нидерландах, в первую очередь кальвинистский Лейденский университет Голландии (создан в 1575 г.), за сравнительно короткое время добились большой известности в Европе. За несколько десятилетий в них успело поучиться множество студентов из других европейских стран: от Швеции и Германских земель до Франции и от Шотландии до России. Студентов, которые при записи в университет указывали свою национальность как `Russus', было, разумеется, не так много, как студентов из других европейских стран, -- тем не менее их присутствие в Голландии и во Фрисландии в раннее Новое время является интересным предметом для изучения. Данная статья представляет собой попытку собрать информацию об этих студентах. Среди более чем сотни имен студентов из России (в основном из Москвы и Петербурга, но также из Вятки и Астрахани), учившихся в XVII-XVIII веках в Северных Нидерландах, можно обнаружить такие важные имена как Александр Куракин, Борис Голицын и Василий Колокольников.

Ключевые слова: русские студенты, университеты на севере Нидерландов, Лейденский университет, Петр Первый, Александр Куракин, Лаврентий Блю- ментрост.

PREFACE

university netherlands student russian

The universities in the Northern Netherlands acquired European fame in the 17th and 18th centuries. When the first of them, the universities of Leiden, was founded in 1575, no one could have guessed that. And yet: a few decades later this university became famous all over Europe and thousands of foreigners came to study here [see Otterspeer, 2000]. And at the end of the 17th century, in the years 1697-98, came to Holland” the Grand Embassy” (Великое посольство; Velikoye posolstvo) of the Russian Tsar Peter the Great [see eg Karpov, 1997]. One of the results was greater numbers of students from Russia who came to study at universities in the Northern Netherlands from the beginning of the 18th and especially in the second half of this century.

In 1425, with the pope's permission, the Low Countries got the first university in Leuven in Brabant. In 1559, a second university of applied sciences arose in the French-speaking Flemish town of Dowaai: the Universite de Douai -- distinctly counter-reformed in nature. King Philip II wanted to liquidate the protestant 'rebellion', which was growing especially in Flanders and Brabant -- which, as is well known, he failed to do. The Calvinists, led by William of Orange, became lords in Holland, Friesland and Zeeland. They later formed the Republic of the United Netherlands (together with Utrecht, Groningen, Overijssel, Gelderland and Drenthe). To consolidate this new state, Willem decided to form his own 'ka¬ders'. That was possible -- through his own university education, of course without the papal permission.

The first Calvinist university in the Northern Netherlands was founded by William of Orange in Leiden in 1575. A year after his death, in 1585, Friesland received the academy in Franeker. The third university was that of Groningen in 1614, and the fourth that of Utrecht, founded in 1636. Meanwhile, in 1632, also arose (as a competitor in Holland against the University of Leiden; besides: each province was only allowed to have 66 one university) -- the Athenaeum Illustre in Amsterdam, which functioned as a university of applied sciences. And in 1648 the university was founded in Harderwijk in Gelderland. So within a relatively short time, the Northern Netherlands immediately had six colleges -- in a very small area. Unique in Europe

FACULTIES AND NATIONALITIES

All these universities were, of course, religiously (or: ideologically) directed against the Roman Catholic Church. But they had adopted the former Medieval university structure--with four faculties. The most important of these was that of the Sacro-Sancta Theologia, in second place came the Facultas Utriusque Juris: the faculty of canon and civil law. These two faculties would form the backbone of the new Northern Netherlands state. Naturally, the theology taught here was that of the Calvinists; and the law taught here that of the officials of the Calvinist state. The third faculty in the traditional hierarchy was that of medicine. The fourth, lowest, was that of the liberal arts, the Artes Liberales (also called the Faculty of Philosophy).

The most important and most famous -- in all of Europe -- was the University of Leiden. In certain periods of the 17th century there were even more foreigners here than Dutch. Of the approximately 25,000 students in the first 100 years of existence, approximately 57% came from abroad [Otterspeer, 2000, p. 267]. The heyday was the years 1625-1650; Holland then seemed like a paradise in the midst of so many wars in Europe. The numbers of foreign students vary from about 5,700 [Colenbrander, 1925, p.278] to about 7,000. half of them were Germans, then the English and then the French. There were also relatively many Danes, Swedes, Hungarians and Poles [Ot¬terspeer, 2000, p. 267].

There were also many foreign students at the other universities in the north of the Netherlands, albeit in much smaller numbers -- also because fewer students were generally enrolled there. In addition, which is not surprising with the then North Dutch world expansion, there were students from distant, exotic countries, e.g. in Utrecht an “Indo-Batavus” (ie someone from East Indib) or a “Japona-Indus” (ie someone from Japan ) or a student “in insula Curacao natus”.

As said: Leiden gave priority -- the other universities followed. The names of the students can be found in the Alba Studiosorum of the individual universities [Album Studiosorum Academiae Lugduno-Batavae, 1875; Album Studiosorum Academiae Franekerensis, 1968; Album Studiosorum Academiae Groninganae, 1915; Album Studiosorum Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae, 1876; Album Studiosorum Academiae Gelro-Zutphanicae, 1906] but these sources should certainly be approached with caution. Enrolling in a university came with many privileges -- both financially and socially, so many people wanted to get on the university registers. On the other hand, the data of the students (whether they actually studied or just 'figured') were not always precisely written down by the Rec¬tor Magnificus. He had written down each student's name and origin as he heard it. In determining the nationality -- as it was felt in the early modern period -- he also started from the information of the freshly arrived guests.

So we find, for example, in the Leiden Album Studiosorum... names of “Afanaci Russus” instead of. Athanasius or from “Michael de Narrihkin” instead of. “Naryshkin” -- the first was a famulus (servant) of the Russian aristocrat “Nicolas de Borissov”, referred to only by his first name -- Афанасий -- the other was a representative of the powerful family of Narishkin. The stated nationality was also not always clear. One student called himself “natione Bohemus, educatione Polonus”, another wanted to be registered as “Polonus Neophyta” (so: a Polish Jew). There was also a “Ruthenus”; he came from the Prussian Konigsberg, present-day Kaliningrad. Another student from this region called himself “Tilsa-Prussus”, so he came from the town of Tilsit, today Sovietsk. Another one was “Anglo- Belga” -- and yet another called himself “Batavus educatione, Moscovita natione.”

RUSSIAN STUDENTS

This is how we now come to Russian students. The very first student who can be called a 'Russus' came to Leiden University in early May 1605. He called himself “Joannes Hueperus Moscovita ex urbe Moscou”, was 18 years old and studied medicine [Album Studioso¬rum Academiae Lugduno-Batavae 1875 , p. 78]. Leiden had to wait almost 20 years for another student from these parts: on January 16, 1624, he registered in Leiden.

Album Studiosorum... a Jacobus Stellingwerf. He called himself “Moscovita”, was 20 years old and studied at the lowest faculty: Philosophia. More than 12 years later, on September 29, 1636, two 20-year-old Muscovites were enrolled in medical studies: Valenti¬nus Bilius and Hans Westhoff. Five years later, on August 4, 1641, Hermannus a Stellingwerf Moscovita, aged 17, was registered as a student of Letters and Mathematics (a son of Jacobus?). In 1675 the already mentioned “Batavus educatione, Moscovita natione” came to the Frisian Franeker -- it was Arnoldus ab Hulst who a year later also registered in Harderwijk in Gelderland; a 'Peregrinatio academica' at several universities was not unique at that time [see e.g. Kiedron, 1994]. On 7 November 1686 Andreas Albanus Moscoviensis, 28 [years old], Mat[hematices studiosus] was registered in Leiden and on 27 February 1688 Fridericus Ernestus Koenigch Russus. 20, P[hilosophiae studiosus] -- the first student to call himself "Russian" [Album Studiosorum Academiae Lugduno-Batavae 1875, p. 695].

So for the “Great Embassy” of Peter the Great, 9 students studied in the Northern Netherlands, all from one city: Moscow. That is not much, compared to the thousands of foreigners from other countries who mainly came to Leiden. That would change with the arrival of Tsar Peter to Holland in August 1697. As early as 1698, Franeker published Jacobus Ewouts de Jongh, who called himself Wologda-Russus -- so he was not from Moscow. In 1699 someone from Moscow had enrolled at the University of Groningen: Carolus Jacobus Eisenberg. He studied theology -- absolutely unique for a Russian in the Northern Netherlands. A Calvinist theology, that is. A year later he had also registered for the same field of study at Franeker University (Album Studiosorum Academiae Franekerensis; Album Studiosorum Academiae Groninganae).

Many more Russians came to Dutch universities after the second legation of Peter the Great in the years 1716-1717. The Tsar had now built up a network of contacts in the Netherlands -- thanks to Prince Boris Kurakin (1676-1727), his official representative [Wagemans, 2013, p.23; Pikuza, 2016, p.11]. The Kurakin family was leading in what was then Russia -- next to the Narishkin family; Natalya Kirillovna Narishkina (1651-1694) was the mother of Tsar Peter the Great. We will see members of these families as students in Leiden. Besides Prince Kurakin there was a second important person: the Dutchman Johannes van den Burg (1633-1731), his right-hand man. He had been in the service of the Tsar from 1707 and later functioned as a correspondent on Dutch affairs. He often sent messages to Russia about Dutch “newspapers” that were specially registered there as “от Фанденбурга” -- van VandenBurg [Maier, Shamin, 2011, p. 95]. The result of these developments was that students from Russia came to the Netherlands relatively quickly and in relatively larger numbers -- certainly compared to those of the 17th century -- as we report in the Leiden Album Studiosorum.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century we find here names of Franciscus Ardinois ex Moscovia, age 18, registered on March 27, 1711; Laurentius Blumentrost Moscovita, age 23, M[edicinae studiosus], registered March 15, 1713; on June 1717: Sergius de Mitrof [Dimi¬trov?] Moscovita, 20, J[uris studiosus], Alexander Jovanus Moscovita, 20, J[uris studiosus] and Alexius de Mitrof [Dimitrov?] Moscovita, 20, J[uris studiosus ]; October 13, 1717: Gotfriedus Defense Line Moscovita. 24, M[edicinae studiosus].

In the 1820s, members of the most important Russian aristocratic families registered in Leiden. On February 22, 1721, Epaphroditus Moussin Pouchkin, Eques Russiae, 20 years old, Mat[hematices studiosus] came here. He was an ancestor and namesake of Epaphrodit Stjepanovich Mussin-Pushkin (1791-1831), one of the participants, as a naval officer, in the Decembrist uprising in 1825. On October 6, 1721, Johannes Mardwinof, 21 years old and a student of mathematics, was published in the Album. enrolled, and on June 20, 1721, another mathematics student, 21-year-old Athanasius Greck from Moscow.

On December 3, 1723 'lheodorus Apraxin Moscovita, 20 years old, J[uris studiosus] was registered in Leiden, representative of another very influential Russian family. One of his ancestors, Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin (1661-1728), was governor of the then only port in Russia, Arkhangelsk, and later president of the Russian Admiralty. A later descendant of this lineage, Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin (1792-1862), had crushed the Decembrist revolt of 1825 (mentioned above in connection with Epaphrodit Mussin-Pushkin) -- and was promoted to major general by the tsar.

The last three Russians to come to Leiden in this decade were not Muscovites. On December 13, 1725, Adamus Antonius Brzijski [Borzewski?] became Zamoscio-Russus. 26, M[athematicae studi¬osus] inscribed -- a nobleman from the Polish city of Zamosc who considered himself Russus (or: Ruthenus?). On July 18, 1726, the Leiden Rector MagnificusNicolaus Romswinckel Archangela-Russus, 20 years old, appeared J[uris studiosus] -- from distant Arkhangelsk on the White Sea. And on February 1, 1727, Philippus Permekof Astracano-Russus, 26 years old, came Mat[hesis studiosus] -- now from southern Astrakhan not far from the Caspian Sea.

The first Russian to come to Leiden in the 1930s opened a long line of medical students. It was Henricus Meuxen Moscoviensis, aged 23, enrolled on April 2, 1732. Students at the medical faculty were also: on December 7, 1733 Joannes Gothofredus Gregorii Moscoviensis, aged 21, in October 1734 Abrahamus Ens Petropolitanus, aged 20 old -- the first Russian from St. Petersburg, on September 3, 1738 Otto Barckhuysen Moscua-Russus, aged 24, and on October 9 of the same year Jacobus Daniel Rutgers Muscovia-Russus, aged 20.

In the 1940s, too, Russian students saw medicine in Leiden: on 13 August 1743 Andreas Sevasto Moscovita, age 20; on September 17, 1745 Frans Klanke Moscua-Russus, aged 20, on August 1, 1747 Henricus Bacheracht Petropolitanus, aged 20, and on September 12, 1747 Rudolphus van Jever Moscoviensis, also aged 20. The 1950s were “opened” on September 14, 1750, by Georgius Thomas Asch Petropolitanus who, at the age of just 21, had already “M[edicinae] Dr.” was -- and was enrolled in “Hon[oris] e[rgo]” at Leiden University. On October 13, 1751, Alexius Protassof, 36 years old, arrived. On February 14, 1752, "ex Parva" the 25-year-old Johannes Poletyka, on July 18, 1753, the 26-year-old Constantinus Scepin from Wiatca/Vjatka, present-day Kirov -- he was the only Russian student to study Botanica and two years later, on 10 September 1755, re-registered. On March 13, 1755, a 21-year-old Fromholt Johan Bruinings Russus appeared in Leiden -- but he was only a famulus of the 18-year-old Dutchman Gulielmus Cornelius van der Mast Delphensis. This Delft citizen left a year later, in May 1756, by ship “Hope” to Batavia in East Indid -- and only returned two years later, in 1758 (see “Willem Cornelis van der Mast”, Open Archives). a few 'Dutch' sounding “Russi” who all studied the 'practical' subject of medicine: on 11 November 1756 Nicolaas van Amstel Moscovia-Russus, 18, on 29 December 1757 Alexius Protazof Petropoli¬tanus Russus, on 28 July 1758 Johannes Fredericus Mout Petropolitanus , 33 and on August 1, 1759 Christophorus Andreas de Melle Petropoli-Russus, 21.

The 1960s are very rich in Russian students in Leiden: the first is, on August 29, 1760, Martinus Kleuetscoj (Клеветской) Petropolitanus, age 18 -- he studies theology, a very unique choice for a Russian. On September 12, 1761, a group of 8 Russians, all medical students, arrived: Johannes Peschkouwskoi Russus, 27, Johannes Laskewitz Russus, 32, Sila Mitrophanoff Russus, 29, Josephus Tymkouwski Russus, 29, Thomas Tuchorski Russus, 27, Petrus Pogoretsici. Russus, 29, Alexius Sydorou Russus, 25, and Cassyanus Jagelski Russus, 24. On July 5, 1762, Stephanus Fialkowski Russus and Ko¬sma Roschalijn Russus join, and on August 23, 1762, Joannes An¬dreas Wiekhoff Petropolitanus. More than three years later, the latter is still busy with his medical studies in Leiden: he had published his treatise Specimen physiologicum inaugurale de alimentorum in chylum mutatione here in 1765.

The enrollments of the following students in this decade also mention medicine as the field of study: 14 July 1763 Simeon Zibelin Muscovia-Russus, Petrus Weniaminoff Muscovia-Russus, 17 May 1765 Gregoire Sobolewsky Russus, 26, 2 December 1766 Anthonius Abramoff Petropolitanus, 20, September 1, 1767 Jean Abraham Bouhagavef Petropolitanus, October 24, 1769 Johannes Roesslein Russus, 22. An exception is Jean Cacheleff Muscovia-Russus, 17 years old, registered on April 28, 1769, who is studying law.

On July 14, 1770, “Alexander de Borisof Equestris ordinis Russus” came to Leiden to study law. He was accompanied by a Consiliarius and three famuli, including the Russian Toufaeff de Metrie. Borisof's age was not mentioned but we know how old he was: 18 years. For it was the later Vice-Chancellor, Prince Aleksandr Borisovich Kurakin (1752-1818), late descendant of Boris Kurakin, the ambassador of Peter the Great, himself also an ambassador in Napoleon's time -- he had taken part in the negotiations of the Peace of Tilsit in 1807.

Representatives of other aristocratic Russian families also came to Leiden. In the Leiden Album Studiosorum... we find names of Prince Stephanus Kalitchoff (16 October 1770, law student, with famulus Stephanus Demidoff), Nicolaus de Meiherinow Petropolitanus (22 February 1771, also law student, 19 years old, together with three famuli, including Nicolaus Boehm Russus, 25, and Niquitti Alexandroff Russus, 23) and two young princes Leon and Mi¬chael Wolkonskoy from Moscow (1 March 1771, Leon 17 years, Michael 16 years, both law students), sons of Prince Mikhail Nikitich Wolkonsky (1713-1788), in the same year 1771 'city commander' (Градоначальник) of Moscow. A day later, four “famuli Principum Wolkonskoy” were entered: Gavrilla Bissonof Moscovita, 29, Ivan Soubotin Moscovita, 19, Bariss Retchougin Moscovita, 21, and Jean Reimann Regiomontanus (i.e. from Koningsbergen, today Kali¬ningrad), 35.

On December 6, 1773 Andreas Italinskij Russo-Transsulanus, age 30, a medical student, came to Leiden. On July 28, 1774, two high-ranking aristocrats who had both registered for law school immediately arrived: Prince Nicolas de Borissov (thus: Kurakin) with two famuli (Albert Lokwart Praga-Bohemus, 30, and Afanaci Russus -- so Афанасий, 25) and Michael de Narrihkin (thus: Narishkin) with two famuli (Martin Lebel Borussus and Nicola Russus). The Narishkins were related to the Kurakins--and to the Wolkonskis. And: they were all 'Comiti Russi'. This was also reflected in their household with famuli or consiliarii; the bourgeois culture of the Protestant Dutch or Frisians certainly differed from this.

More nobles came from Russia. On August 16, 1774, Nicolaus Oseretsky Moscua-Russus was enrolled in the study--and that's new--of Chemia & Physica. Two months later, Nicolaus Comes de Romanzoff, 21, and his brother Serge Comes de Romanzoff, 20, both law students, arrived. (with two famuli: Jean Sauvage Gallus, 33, and Cosmus Michailoff Russus, 26). Then, on November 21, 1774, there are two students of Chemiae: Nicetas Sokolof, 26, and Basilius Zujeff, 21. And on February 7, 1775, Basilius Antonsky enrolls -- for the so rarely chosen (Calvinist) theology.

In March 1775, Princes from St. Petersburg again came to study law: Stephanus Apraxin and Alexin Princeps Kourakin. Stepan Stepanovich Apraksin (1757-1827) later became cavalry general, Alexei Borisovich Kurakin (1759-1829) was a younger brother of Aleksandr Borisovich Kurakin, later he became Minister of the Interior of Russia and was, of course, with the Apraksins familiar relative. The two princes had a large court in Holland. Alexandre Guilliaume de Moissy “Advocatus in Curio Parisiensi, et Ephorus supra inscriptorum Nobilium duorum juvenum”, as well as the famuli Matphjeus Tartarinof Russus, Peter Prale Vinnensis and Jacobus le Brun Genevensis, were enrolled at the university. On July 31 of the same year Carolus Fridericus Butzow Petropolitanus, 26, M[edicinae studiosus], and on August 29 Carolus Comes de Sievers Russus, 17, J[uris studiosus] -- along with Johan von Lysander Curlandus, Ephorus Comitis et Contubernalis , 27, and two famuli: Michael Peterson Livonus, 28, and Caspar David de Bruin Haganus, 17. Karl Joa¬chim Sievers (Сиверс, 1758-1800) was grandchild of Joachim Johann von Sievers (1674-1753), from 1725 captain in the Russian army, and son of Karl Efimovich Sievers (1710-1774), chief marshal to Tsarina Catherine II. The Sievers were important representatives of the so-called Остзейское дворянство (Ostzeeyskoye dvorjanstvo) -- the “Baltic nobility” in the service of the Russian Tsar.

A large number of Russian nobles arrived in 1777. On April 22, Andre Baro von Freedericksz Petropolilanus, 18, J[uris studiosus], registered (together with famulus Gustaf Inkenberg Kemsola-Russus, 40). On June 14, Basil Princeps Hawansky, 19, J[uris studiosus] and his younger brother Petrus, 15, who -- fourth of all Russians -- had chosen theology, and their 49-year-old French Ephorus Leonard Auguste Fremont arrived. Alengona-Normandus. Three more famuli joined them on October 25, 1777: Carolus Pilati Tridentinus (thus from Trent), 44, and Paramond Tomanowsky Moravia-Russus (an interesting combination of origin), 35. Two days later a third famulus, Jaques Collet Haga-Batavus, 18. And on August 2, 1777, 16-year-old Vladimir Cheremettew (Шереметев), Moscovia-Russus, was registered as Juris studiosus, representative of ddn of the oldest noble families in Russia.

At the end of the 1970s, we still see five Russians in Leiden. The first of these is the Basilius Zoujew Petropolitanus, 25, M[edicinae studiosus], registered on September 22, 1778 -- again, after four years (see November 21, 1774). Vassily Fyodorovich Zuyev (1754-1794) was later a renowned biologist and member of the Academia Petropolitana, the first Russian academy of sciences in St. Petersburg. The following Russians were: on September 15, 1779 DanielSamoi'low, 35, M[edicinae studiosus], on November 11, 1779 TheodosiusKourika, 30 (also medicine), on December 18, 1779 Basilius Skoczkowsky, 29, law student, and TheodorusPolytkowsky, 24, student medicines.

Also in the eighties relatively many Russians came to Leiden. First came in January 1780 another prince: Alexius Schachhowsky Petropolitanus, 19 years old, J[uris studiosus]; two weeks later his famulus Alexander Fedorov, 25, arrived. The family of Shachovskoi (Шаховской) belonged to the most prominent Russian families and came from the Rurikids who supplied the Russian tsars until the late 16th century.

On November 25, 1780, three princes from the famous Golitzyn family (Голицын, also: Galitzyn) were registered at Leiden University, all three for law: the brothers Michel Galitzin, 15 years old, Boris Galitzin, 14 years old. , and Alexis Galitzin, 13 years old. Together with them came the Ephorus Jacob Socologorsky, 34 years, and two fa¬muli : Andre Smirnoff, 24 years and Jean Daniel Feifer, 28 years. Mikhail Golitzyn had registered for law school one more time: on September 10, 1784, together with his Ephorus Pierre Jean Maslenot ex Galliae provincia Lorraine.

Mikhail Andreevich Golitzyn (1765-1812) later became steward in Petersburg. Boris Andreevich Golitzyn (1766-1822) was already a member of the Preobrashensky Regiment -- the Tsar's bodyguard. For his later services to the Tsar during the Polish uprising of Tadeusz Kosciuszko in 1794, he was awarded the Order of Saint George. During Napoleon's campaign to Russia in 1812, he took part in the Battle of Borodino. Alexei Ivanovich Golitzyn (1767-1807) was later also a high-ranking officer, but also engaged in literary activities -- he had, among other things, translated Voltaire's works into Russian.

Another important Russian nobleman in Leiden was Grego¬rius Comes Razoumowsky Petropolitanus, age 22 -- who (from December 24, 1781) was the first Russian to study the Historia naturalis. Grigorij Kirillovitch Razumovskij (1759-1837) mainly devoted himself to mineralogy and Zoology, he became an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, but lived from his studies in Western Europe, especially in Paris and Lausanne, where in 1782 the Oeuvres de M. le comte Gregoire de Razoumowsky were published.

On March 12, 1782 Henricus came from Ahnrop Russus, 20, J[uris stu¬diosus], and a day later his famulus Jurgen Johan Stafenau Livonus, 23 years old. In July 1786 Johannes Octiawo Tschijzewsky, 22, appeared in Leiden to study medicine, in September the brothers Alexander (17) and Joannes dAblesoff (16) came to study law. And more than two years later, on November 1, 1788, Basilius Kolocolnicow, age 27, and Maximus Newsorow Russus, age 26, both came for medicine. Vasily Yakovlevich Kolokolnikov (Колокольчиков, 1761-1792) and his friend Maksim Ivanovich Nevsorov (Невзоров, 1762-1827) both came from clergy families, studied in Leiden for a few years and both had the degree of Dr. med. achieved. After their return to Petersburg, they became members of a secret Jacobin club, presented mystical ideas from the Rosicrucians--and ended up in a mental asylum. At the end of the 18th century, the Leiden Album Studiosorum... still mentioned Henricus XIII, Comes ac Dominus de Flavia, Ruthenus, who on 16 May 1789, together with his Gubernatori Wilhelmus Hartwigh de Campen, Johannes Block, Hermannus Smit and Christophorus Thal came to study. Hendrik XIII (1747-1817) was a Count and Lord of Plauen in Germany (so: not 'Flavia' but 'Plavia' in Latin) from the House of Reuss in Thuringen, therefore 'Ruthenus' -- but not of Russian origin.

In the 19th century, students who were referred to as 'Russus' were no longer so numerous in Leiden. On October 13, 1806 Boguslaus became Sa¬muel de Kurnatowski ex Izabelin ad Grodow in Lithuania Polon. Russ, age 23, enrolled in theology. The fact that Boguslaw Kurnatowski (1783-1820) was called Lithuanian, Pole and Russian at the same time meant that he lived as a Pole in Lithuania, which came to Russia after the division of Poland. It is not surprising that he studied Calvinist theology -- he was a pastor of the Reformed congregation in Vilnius.

We find an interesting registration on September 26, 1840: it concerns the 20-year-old law student Amir Hacoob Howannes [Jacob Jo¬annes] ex Urbe Tiflis Russ[iae] Asiat[icae] Metrop[oli]. On September 27, 1871, we see another Guilielmus van Bijlandt e Petropoli Russus, age 18, and on October 2, 1872, a Demetrius Ludovicus van Bijlandt Petropolitanus, age 17. They are apparently brothers and they both study law.

And -- to complete the list -- there were two more first wives who studied at Leiden University. They were registered on October 24, 1873, and they were both from Russia. The first was Olga von Stoff (1850-?) and the second Fanny Berlinerblau (1852-1921). They had first studied medicine in Zurich from 1870, but in 1873 the Russian government had banned the study at this university. Then they decided to go to Leiden. The Rector Magnificus immediately enrolled them as the first female students. Only: the professor of gynecology did not want to teach women. So they left immediately: to Bern, where they also obtained their PhD. Fanny Berlinerblau then went to Boston, America, where she later made a career [Otterspeer, 2005, p. 75].

CONCLUSION

When we compare the data from the Dutch Alba Studiosorum, especially that from Leiden, with the general European developments, we see that students from Russia in the 17th century only came here occasionally -- but that in the 18th century they important part of the academic community. Leiden had reached the largest number of students in the years 1625-1650: more than 11000. After that the numbers decreased, to about 6700 in the periods 1701-1725, 1726-1750, 1751-1775 and 1776-1800 respectively. about less than 6000 and just under 3900 students to just under 2700 students (Wansink 1981: 7). So at the end: four times less.

But if we compare these numbers with those of the students who have declared their nationality as 'Russus', we see a clearly growing development. At the beginning of the 17th century there were only 2 students who called themselves 'Russus', in the second quarter of that century 3, in the time 1651-1675 gddn and in the period 1676-1700: 2. Then there was a clear change: the 'Great Embassy' of Peter the Great 'caused' the arrival of Mddr Russian students throughout the 17th century, namely: 10, and in the years 1726-1750 there were 12 students. The period 1751-1775 can be described as an explosion of the 'Russian presence'. At that time, 60 students from Russia came to Leiden. A second major wave formed the years 1776-1880, namely 30 Russian students. Thus, out of a total of 114 names of students from Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries, almost 90 (ie almost 80%!) were registered in the second half of the 18th century. When one considers that the general number of foreign students in the late eighteenth century -- as mentioned -- declined very sharply, the "Russian presence" at this time was striking.

LITERATURE

1. Album Studiosorum Academiae Lugduno-Batavae... MDLXXV-MDCCCLXXV, o.r.v. Willem du Rieu, Hagae Comitum apud Martinum Nijhoff MDCCCLXXV.

2. Album Studiosorum Academiae Franekerensis [Album of Students of the Franeker University] (1585-1811, 1816-1844), o.r.v. S. J. Fockema Andreae en Th. J. Me- ijer. Franeker, T. Wever, 1968.

3. Album Studiosorum Academiae Groninganae. Groningen, J. B. Wolters, 1915.

4. Album Studiosorum Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae MDCXXXVI-MDCC- CLXXXVI. Ultraiecti apud J. L. Beijers et J. van Boekhoven, 1876.

5. Album Studiosorum Academiae Gelro-Zutphanicae MDCXLVIII-MDCCCXVIII, cura D.G. van Epen, Hagae Comitis 1906.

6. Colenbrander H. T. De herkomst der Leidsche studenten. Pallas Leidensis, Leiden, 1925, pp. 273-303.

7. Karpov G. M. Velikoe posolstvo i pervoe zagranichnoe puteshestvie Petra I [Grand Embassy and the First Journey Abroad of Peter the Great]. Kaliningrad, lan- tarny skaz Publ., 1997. (In Russian)

8. Kiedron S. Voorwaarts naar het land van de orakels! Oosteuropeanen aan Noordnederlandse universiteiten na de Opstand. De zeventiende eeuw, 1994, no. 10 (1), pp. 73-78.

9. Maier I., Shamin S. M. Obzory inostrannoi pressy v Kollegii inostrannykh del v poslednie gody pravleniia Petra I [Reviews of Foreign Press in College of Foreign Affairs in the last years of Peter the Great's Reign]. Rossiiskaia istoriia [Russian History], 2011, issue 5, pp. 91-112. (In Russian)

10. Otterspeer W. Groepsportret met Dame I. Het bolwerk van de vrijheid. De Leidse universiteit, 1575-1672. Amsterdam, 2000.

11. Otterspeer W. Groepsportret met Dame III. De werken van de wetenschap. De Leidse universiteit 1776-1876. Amsterdam, Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 2005.

12. Pikuza D. De Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk in Nederland. Verleden en heden. Afstu- deerscriptie. Wroclaw, 2016, in voorbereiding.

13. Vagemans E. Tsar' v Respublike. Vtoroe puteshestvie Petra Velikogo v Gollandiiu (1716-1717) [The Tsar in the Republic.The second visit of Peter the Great to Holland (1716-1717)]. St. Petersburg, Evropeiskii dom Publ., 2013. (In Russian)

14. Wansink H.Politieke wetenschappen aan de Leidse universiteit 1575-±1650. Utrecht, HES Publishers, 1981.

15. Willem Cornelis van der Mast, op 14 mei 1756 in dienst van Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie. Openarchieven. Available at: https://www.openarch.nl/show.php ?archive=ghn&identifier=10df6c2f-f815-4c15-8241-33554e50976c&lang=nl (geraadpleegd op 26.04.2016).

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