Political situation and independence movements in smallest horde Kazakh khanate (1790-1824)

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Baku State University (Azerbaijan, Baku)

Political situation and independence movements in smallest horde Kazakh khanate (1790-1824)

Kavik M.H.H.

PhD student, General History Program

Summary

little horde colonial policy

The Kazakh, who won a great victory in Anirakai against their arch-enemies, the Jungars in 1729, could not benefit from the blessings of victory and could not form a political union again. In 1730, after the application of Smallest Horde Khan Abulkhayr Khan to be subject to Russia, the political situation in Smallest Horde became the struggle zone of hostile leaders. The separation policy of the Russian was effective in the formation of this political situation and there were constant anti-Russian riots. After Nurali Khan became the khan of Smallest Horde in 1748, Kazakh khans started to rule the people like Russian officials. Russian intervention in Kazakh internal affairs has continued increasingly since 1790. Against the intervention of the Russians, Sirim Batir, Karatai Sultan, Joloman Tilenshi riots and Aringhazi authority is the action that formed one after another against the khans appointed by Russia and the Russian colonial politics. However, these riots could not prevent the occupation of Smallest Horde by Russia. Thus, Russia completed an important phase of the Eastern Operation, which started to occupy Turkistan.

In this article, the steps taken by Russia to turn Smallest Horde into a province of its own between the years 1790-1824 and the period until the abolition of the khanate in 1824 are presented. As a result, the fragmentation of the Smallest Horde and the effect of this situation on Central Asia are evaluated.

Key words: Smallest Horde Kazakhs, Sirim Batir, Sultan Karatai, Sultan Aringhazi, Joloman Tilenshi.

Анотація

Казахи, який здобув велику перемогу в Аніракаї проти своїх ворогів-джунгарів у 1729 році, не зміг скористатися благословеннями перемоги і не зміг знову створити політичний союз. У 1730 р. Після подання ханом Малої Орди хана Абулхайра на підпорядкування Росії політична ситуація в Малій Орді стала зоною боротьби ворожих лідерів. Роздільна політика росіян була ефективною для формування цієї політичної ситуації, і постійно відбувалися антиросійські заворушення. Після того, як в 1748 році хан Нуралі став ханом Маленький Орди, казахські хани почали правити народом, як російські чиновники. Російське втручання у внутрішні справи Казахи продовжує зростати з 1790 року. Проти втручання росіян, безладів Сіріма Батіра, Каратая Султана, Джоломана Тіленші та влади Арінгазі відбувається дія, яка формується одна за одною проти ханів, призначених Росією, та російської колоніальної політики. Однак ці заколоти не могли перешкодити окупації території Малої Орди. Таким чином, Росія завершила важливий етап Східної операції, яка почала окупувати Туркестан.

У цій статті представлені кроки, зроблені Росією для перетворення Найменшої Орди у власну провінцію між 1790-1824 роками та періодом до скасування ханства у 1824 році. В результаті оцінюється фрагментація Малої Орди та вплив цієї ситуації на Центральну Азію.

Ключові слова: Найменші ординські казахи, Сірім Батір, Султан Каратай, Султан Арінгазі, Джоломан Тіленші.

The Kazakh decided to unite their armies in 1726, after the great catastrophic years that began in 1723 with the “Aqtaban Shubirindi” incident. The combined Kazakh armies triumphed over their arch-enemies, the Jungars, in 1726 and 1729. The Jungar victory did not result in the Kazakh reuniting and forming a powerful central khanate. In 1730, when Abulkhayr Khan could not be elected as the “Great Khan” of the Kazakh, he retreated to the lands of Smallest Horde and, after declaring himself as Smallest Horde Khan, the Kazakh could not come together again and establish a central administration.

Abulkhayr Khan applied to the Russian Empire in 1730 and brought him to Russian occupation, which was an irreversible result in Kazakh history. After he was killed by Barak Sultan, who was an enemy of Abulkhayr Khan in 1748, Smallest Horde Khan became Nurali Khan. Nurali Khan tried to manage the khanate more like a Russian officer than a Kazakh Khan [11, p. 186]. Nurali Khan's pro-Russian activities caused discomfort among Kazakh lords and batirs. Sirim Batir was the most influential name in Smallest Horde from 1783 until 1800. When Nurali Khan died in 1790, Esim Sultan the son of Nurali Khan, was elected Smallest Horde Khan in the meeting organized by Kazakh notables. However, this situation was not welcomed by Russia and Erali Sultan the brother of Nurali Khan, was elected at the meeting where Russian officials were present.

The khanate of Erali Khan (1790 - 1794) was approved by Russia in 1791. Erali Khan, which was the Smallest Horde Khan at the request of the Russian, was not accepted by the majority of the Kazakh people. The strongest opponent against Erali Han was Sirim Batir, as in the period of Nurali Khan. Sirim Batir ended his struggle with the re-establishment of the khanate administration in Smallest Horde. With the signatures of Sirim Batir and the tribal chiefs, they informed the governorship of Orenburg that they opposed Erali Khan because Erali Khan, who was elected as a khan, represented a small group of Kazakh people and was not elected by the alliance of the lords. The reason for opposing Erali Khan was not only because he was descended from Abulkhayr Khan (At this time, there was hatred among the Kazakh people for the pro-Russian activities of Abulkhayr Khan and his son Nurali Khan), a sensitive issue for the Kazakh, due to his advancing age, was that they thought they would not be able to maintain Kazakh-Russian relations. Sirim Batir and his supporters wanted Qaip Khan's son Abulghazi to be elected as a khan. When the request of Sirim Batir and the tribal leaders was ignored by Russia, Sirim Batir resumed its attacks on Russian border fortresses. In addition, he migrated south to seek help from Qaip Khan's son Abulhgazi, but this movement of Sirim Batir, caused some of his supporters to leave him. The result of Sirim Batir's movement to migrate south to get help from Abulghazi in Khiva was the decrease in his followers.

Erali Khan died in 1794 and his replacement was not assigned for two years. For two years, sultans, tribal leaders and batirs ruled independently from each other. Esim Sultan was selected as a khan in the meeting organized by Kazakh notables in 1796. Esim Khan (1796-1797) started to fight with the supporters of Sirim Batir immediately after the khan was elected and captured several operation leaders and handed them over to the Russians.

In the winter of 1795 - 1796, the jut (The situation where the animals perish as a result of the freezing of the snow due to extreme cold and the inability of the animals to dig the snow and reach the food.) disaster occurred in the Kazakh steppe. As a result of animal deaths, Kazakh people, whose economy depends on animal husbandry, fell into the grip of hunger. Even the wealthy Kazakh had very few animals left. During this period, several families united and started to stay in a tent. Other tents were used for clothing and warming needs - they were burned. Many Kazakh died due to hunger and cold.

Esim Khan continued to collect taxes on behalf of Russia in the winter of starvation and misery and fueled the people's hatred against him. In such a situation, Sirim Batir and his supporters assassinated Esim Khan. Sirim Batir entered the village of Esim Khan, which was close to the Russian border, in 1796 and killed him by sneaking into his village. Sirim Batir and his supporters killed only Esim Khan and left the village without touching anyone else [11, p. 268].

The murder of Esim Khan did not appease the people in Smallest Horde, moreover, political instability reached its peak. Frightened, Esim Khan's relatives fled to Russia. Endless internal conflicts in the Smallest Horde Kazakh were contrary to the plans of Russia, which wanted to occupy Horde completely. For this reason, Russia made new administrative arrangements and Orenburg, which was attached to Ufa and Simbirsk Governorate General, was given the status of Governor General again. O.A. Igelstrom, who was also accepted by the Kazakh, was appointed as the Governor-General of Orenburg. After Igelstrom was appointed as the governor, he immediately started working to appease the Kazakh Igelstrom knew the hatred of the Abulkhayr Khan lineage among the Kazakh and formed the Khanate Council in order not to rekindle this hatred. The Khanate Council, headed by Aichuvaq Sultan, son of Abulkhayr Khan, who was older, was formed with the participation of the tribal leaders, including Sirim Batir, whose rebellion operation surrounded the steppe. Thus, the administration did not gather in the hands of the Abulkhayr Khan lineage, and the representatives of the people became partners in the administration. The Khanate Council was formed under the chairmanship of Aichuvaq Khan with the inclusion of two representatives of all tribes and Tatar Mufti Huseyinov [12, p. 464; 13, p. 99].

The main purpose of Igelstrom's formation of the Khanate Council was that he wanted to end the struggle against the Abulkhayr Khan lineage that spread over many years. However, the events that followed gave him hopes to nothing. The Kazakh sultans and lords of the family of Abulkhayr Khan who gathered around Karatai, (The son of Nurali Khan's from his wife Kalmyk), applied to Igelstrom. The request of the applicants was that Karatai to be declared as a khan. Karatai and his supporters embarked on a struggle with Sirim Batir, whom they saw as the reason for the establishment of the Khanate Council when they applied for the khanate. Thus, Sirim Batir had to migrate to Khiva lands. Sirim Batir, after immigrating to Khiva, ceased to be mentioned for Kazakh and was killed in Khiva territory [9, p. 69].

As a result of the events, Russia, which had to re-establish the Khanate system, appointed Aichuvaq, who was very old, as a khan, not Karatai, which was a great supporter. Although the Russian government re-established the khanate system, it did not give up the Khanate Council. Another Abulkhayr Khan noble Bokenbai was appointed as the chairman of the Khanate Council. The members of the Khanate Council would always be with the khan and take the decisions together. The most important duty of the Khan and Khanate Council was to keep calm in Smallest Horde. In addition, he had duties such as immediately following the orders from Orenburg, rescuing Russian prisoners held in Kazakh lands, and ensuring the safety of Russian caravans. This situation in Smallest Horde reveals that Kazakh khans and lords are Russian officers.

Russia applied the policy of preventing any of the Kazakh, which it had been following since 1730, from getting too powerful. Russia artificially increased the number of khans in the Kazakh and took care to appoint obedient sultans. First, the people-supported Karatai Sultan was not appointed, then with the re-established khanate system, the Khanate Council was preserved in order to prevent the khan from being ruled alone [10, p. 79].

In 1799, the Orenburg Border Commission was established, implementing new administrative regulations to put the Smallest Horde under more strict control. The head of the Orenburg Border Commission became the Orenburg Commander-in-Chief and representatives were appointed, one of them being the sultan, representing the three great tribes of the Smallest Horde.

Russia's aim to occupy Kazakh lands was blocked for a short time by the anti-Russian movements of the Kazakh. The last steps taken by Russia, the re-establishment of the Khanate administration and the Orenburg Border Commission did not get the desired result. Karatai, who was not appointed as a khan by Russia, started to movement against Aichuvaq Khan and his revolt movement spread in the lands of Smallest Horde in a short time [14, p. 219].

The lands, which the Kazakh called Narinkum, remained empty after the Kalmyk migration in 1771. In 1801, Bokei Sultan, who took control of some Kazakh tribes who wanted to escape the atmosphere of political tension during the Aichuvaq Khan period, applied to Russia and stated that they wanted to settle permanently in Narinkum (Inner Region). The application of Bokei Sultan, which means the disintegration of the Smallest Horde, was a situation that Russia wanted from the very beginning, although it did not prevent Kazakh families from moving to the Inner Region, and did not immediately appoint Bokei Sultan as a khan. Although the Khanate, which is mentioned in the history books as the Bokei Horde or Inner Horde, was actually established in 1801 with the immigration of Kazakh families, it was approved by Russia and the official establishment date was 1812. Bokei Khan, who immigrated with 10,000 families, over time, and the population of the Bokei Horde became 20,000 families with Kazakh families who took refuge in him. Over time, the lands in the Bokei Horde were gathered in the hands of the rich, and Bokei Khan and his son Jangir Khan tried to collect the lands in their own hands, resulting in some Kazakh families wanting to migrate to their former homeland. However, both Bokei Khan and Russia prohibited the movement of backward migration and forced them to reside in the Bokei Horde territory. The Bokei Horde, whose political life was short, was abolished in 1847 with the death of Jangir Khan [6, p. 272].

In 1805, Aichuvaq Khan was retired from Russia due to his old age. In place of Aichuvaq Khan, Jantore, whose eldest son and known obediently by Russia, was appointed as a khan with the so-called election held near Orenburg. During the period of Jantore Han (1805-1809), Karatai Sultan did not recognize the appointment of khan and started a relentless struggle against him. Karatai's black propaganda against Jantore Khan was very effective and he started his attacks against Jantore Khan and the Russian border units along with the Jetiru tribes. Jantore Khan could not enter the Kazakh steppe because he was afraid of Karatai and had to reside in the Russian border line. Although the conflict between Jantore Khan and Karatai Sultan subsided with the intervention of the governor of Orenburg, Karatai did not give up the struggle. Karatai was declared as Smallest Horde Khan in 1806 by the notables of the Jetiru tribe. Russia sends troops to punish Karatai. Karatai foiled the purpose of the military unit by withdrawing to the inner parts of the Kazakh steppes against the Russian troops. Karatai has shown how dangerous it is for Russia by stopping the caravans coming from Khiva and Bukhara. Karatai, while fighting with Russia and Jantore Khan on the one hand, attacked the territory of the Bokei Horde to expand his domain on the other. The Governor of Orenburg attempted to murder Karatai, who was strengthened in the Kazakh steppe with the support of the Jetiru tribes, but failed. Karatai responded harshly by launching a total attack on the Russian border region against the fraud of the Orenburg governor. While Karatai was in the territory of the Bokei Horde, he was dispatched to a new military unit under the command of Borodin, but the Russian military unit was still unable to achieve a result [2, p. 258; 11, p. 273-274].

In 1809, Karatai launched a great attack against Jantore Khan and killed him. Karatai, who took refuge in Khiva after killing Jantore Khan, returned to Kazakh lands in 1810 and started the struggle again. Karatai, on which Russia sent military units again, managed to get rid of these military units. In addition, Karatai, who went to Orenburg in 1814 and met with the military governor, promised that he would be subject to Russia. Karatai, who did not give up his dream of khanate despite his promise, and his struggle lost importance over time [14, p. 218-222; 3, p. 293].

After the assassination of Jantore Khan, Russia did not assign a khan to Smallest Horde for three years. In this period, for the first time, Russia started occupation activities by directly military intervention into the Kazakh steppe. The road, built in 1810 in Iletsk, soon revealed the intention to build the Novoiletsk forward line. This situation was the reason for the anti-Russian movement to be started under the leadership of Joloman Tilenshi in the future [11, p. 227].

In 1812, Shirghazi son of Aichuvaq Khan, was appointed as a khan by Russia in Smallest Horde, whose khan was not appointed for three years after the murder of Jantore Khan. In the same year, Bokei Sultan, who was the president of the Khanate Council, as mentioned above, was affirmed as the khan of the Bokei Horde. Thus, Smallest Horde officially split into two [14, p. 220].

The end of Karatai's struggle did not strengthen the status of Shirghazi Khan and Smallest Horde, who were appointed as Khan. During this period, Aringhazi, a name more influential than Karatai, emerged among the Kazakh. Aringhazi was a descendant of Sarim Batir, who struggled with the noble khans of Abulkhayr Khan. In addition, his grandfather Qaip Khan was a khan in Khiva and Smallest Horde. Aringhazi, who was an influential name in the people, stopped the barimta (Barimta is an old tradition that has been practiced in Kazakh Turks until recently. It is the custom of the person who has been wronged to confiscate his property in order to bring the injured person to the court by force.) events and imposed severe punishments such as death penalty on those who did not obey his orders. He solved the problems among the people by using the religious courts. Aringhazi, which also regulates the tax system, took advantage of the weakness of Shirghazi Khan and became stronger in the region it dominated. The strengthening of Aringhazi soon revealed that some Smallest and Middle horde's tribes were subordinated to him. With the subjection of the Middle Horde tribes to Aringhazi, the Kazakh applied to the Orenburg Governor Essen, demanding that they chose Aringhazi as a khan with their free will and that Aringhazi was appointed as a khan in 1817. Although the request to give the khanate to Aringhazi repeated two years apart was conveyed to the Russian government by the Orenburg Governor Essen, the government did not want to give the khanate to Aringhazi. According to Essen, it was impossible to manage Smallest Horde with Shirghazi. The Russian government, Asian Affairs Branch has proposed to divide The Smallest Horde between Shirghazi and Aringhazi. But this offer was not accepted. Aringhazi, which the Russian did not give khanate, made the people of Bukhara accept to him khanate. Aringhazi was invited to Petersburg by the Russian government in 1822, where he was arrested and imprisoned in Kaluga Castle. The Aringhazi problem, which Russia could not solve, came to an end. Aringhazi, who died in 1833, was kept in Kaluga Castle until his death [14, p. 226].

With the imprisonment of Aringhazi, chaos reigned among the Kazakh. Shirghazi Khan's domination could not be strengthened either. A new armed resistance started against the Russian under the leadership of Joloman Tilenshi, the leader of Tabin tribe, one of the supporters of Aringhazi. The event that really accelerated the Tilenshi movement was the banning of the Kazakh people to enter the land where the Novoiletsk line was built [7, p. 51]. J. Tilenshi wrote to the Governor of Orenburg Essen repeatedly, demanding the return of the lands taken from the Kazakh and the release of Aringhazi, who had been arrested. The main demand of J. Tilenshi was that the Russian side violated the agreement agreed between Abulkhayr Khan and Tevkelev (Alexey Ivanovich (Kutlu Muhammed) Tevkelev, diplomat of Tsarist Russia, originally Tatar, who, with the support of Ebulhayr Khan, convinced the Kazakh lords to enter Russian nationality. For detailed information, see: Osman Yorulmaz, “Aleksey ivanovi? (Kutlu Muhammed) Tevkelev (§eceresi, idil-Yayik ve Kazak Tarihindeki Rolu)” -(Aleksei ivanovich (Kutlu Mohammed) Tevkelev (Genealogy, the Volga-Ural and its role in Kazakh history)) -, Bilig, V. 34, Ankara, pp. 117-144.) by banning the lands around the newly built Novoiletsk line to the Kazakh. When the Tilenshi's letters were ignored by the Orenburg Governor Essen, he began the independence movement, albeit hopelessly [5, p. 106].

According to the Joloman Tilenshi, the main problem among the Kazakh was the conflict of interests between the sultans, batirs and lords. For this reason, J. Tilenshi aimed to eliminate the sultans, batirs and lords. Since Aringhazi applied the same policy, J. Tilenshi was his supporter.

J. Tilenshi hated Shirghazi Khan, whom he saw as the cause of the conflict in Smallest Horde.

J. Tilenshi informed the Russian side that there was no public order among the Kazakh after Aringhazi was arrested. The view of J. Tilenshi that Aringhazi maintained order in the Kazakh steppe was not only his but also the common opinion of his prominent rulers. According to J. Tilenshi, the conflict in the Kazakh steppe could not be eliminated without Aringhazi [1, p. 158].

Despite all the insistence of J. Tilenshi, his demands were ignored, and even the Russian side did not reply. As a last resort, J. Tilenshi launched attacks on the Russian border lines in 1822. The Russian government's response to the attack of J. Tilencshi was to dispatch troops to the steppe. The military units that wanted to besiege J. Tilenshi failed in their activities. Kazakh migrated south to the Khiva side. J. Tilenshi, following the same route as the Kazakh people, withdrew to the Khiva. J. Tilenshi reminded Essen of the events and renewed the demand for the return of the lands [14, p. 228].

While J. Tilenshi hoped to agree with the terms of the Russian side, the Russian sent their new troops against him. Operations of the military divisions were organized during the winter months to prevent the possibility of the Kazakh from escaping. However, as a result of the great chase between the military units and J. Tilenshi in 1824, the troops did not succeed, except that they plundered a few Kazakh villages and rescued a few Russian prisoners. J. Tilenshi crossed the Emba river before the snow melted and the river waters rose. On the other hand, military units had to return to the border line due to the rising of the river waters, the steppe that turned into a swamp with the melting of snow, and the horses exhausted by rapid pursuit. Russia's policy of sending military troops did not yield positive results, and the Kazakh tribes migrated to the south and became subject to the Khiva. J. Tilenshi's movement failed. However, he managed to escape from Russian troops and participated in the rebellion of Serjan Kasimov, brother of the famous Kazakh Sultan, Kenesari Kasimov [13, p. 100; 4, p. 119].

While the J. Tilenshi operation was continuing, the Orenburg Governorate prepared a new plan for the administration of the Smallest Horde and submitted it to the Tsar's approval. According to the plan approved in 1824, the khanate was abolished in Smallest Horde and the selection of the khan was prohibited. Khanate lands were divided into three, Western, Middle and Eastern. Thus, the Smallest Horde was divided into four together with the Bokei Horde. Administrative regulations, the last step of the Russian occupation, revealed the fact that Smallest Horde is now a Russian province. Kazakh Sultans no longer have any authority. Even the most authoritative Bokei Horde Khan, Jangir Khan, could not interfere with punishment work worth more than 30 rubles [8, p. 249]. This situation in the Kazakh steppes has always continued with anti-Russian riots and new administrative regulations until independence in 1991.

As a result, after Nurali Khan and the Smallest Horde khans who acted like a Russian officer all khans appointed after them began to behave as him. The khans, which were appointed between 1790 and 1824, continued to collect taxes on behalf of Russia even in the difficult conditions the people were in to benefit Russia. In addition, Russia effectively used the segregation policy among the Kazakh during this period. Against Russia and the khans appointed by Russia, against men such as Sirim Batir, Karatai Sultan, Aringhazi who gained fame among Kazakh people, Russia protected the obedient khans and sultans.

The policy of getting closer to Russia, which started with the struggle for domination between the Kazakh khans and their lords, caused them to be subjected to Russian occupation. Russia abolished the Middle Horde Kazakh Khanate in 1822 and the Smallest Horde Kazakh Khanate in 1824. Thus, Russia's way to occupy the Central Asian khanates was opened and the in the middle of the 19th century, the Central Asian khanates were occupied.

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