Science and business: problem of ukrainian doctor’s choice in the life of the late 19th - early 20th century (the example of Y.Y. Trutovskiy)

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Scientists were interested in the interrelation of material and spiritual in human life since olden times. So, the correlation of science and business in the era of the Russian Empire's capitalistic development is of great theoretical value. From this point of view the destiny of Kharkiv doctor and local businessman Y. Y. Trutovskiy appears to be of great interest for a researcher.

The article aims to understand what the main interests of the person studied were, analyse his scientific philosophy and accomplishments in the sphere of science and business, outline the main direction of Y. Y. Trutovskiy's activity. His work as a doctor - psychiatrist, scientist, administrator, and entrepreneur are researched. Special attention is paid to science as sphere where he was talented but did not realise himself. From the point of view of the author, reasons for it are topical even in a contemporary society. Material problems of scientists and people at social service are outlined, low competitiveness of it in the comparison with private business profits is stressed.

Biographical approach is the leading one in this work. It permits to consider the personality of the doctor in complex, and in the historical context. For reconstruction of events and details of Y. Y. Trutovskiy's life the microhistorical approach has been used as well as the way of dealing with analyzing the history of everyday life, i.e. “history from below”. The work is also based on historical and medical regional studies.

The author comes to the conclusion that Y. Y. Trutovskiy got started as a talented and perspective scientist in the spheres of physiology and neurology but finally chose to be a representative of the layer of successful medical private practitioners, who finally left science and concentrated on his own business, the private mental hospital. In this case, the author touches the problem of values and life choice which is topical for Ukrainian scientists, especially the young ones.

The material of the study can be useful for professional historians and doctors, comprising specialists in the history of science, health and medical history, regional historians who are interested in the problems of the history of everyday life, microhistory, biography, etc., as well as in the upbringing work with students at medical universities.

It does not matter that the one should be of a great researcher. The majority of people included in science had no such great results. Some of them even left science for other activities. But destinies of these people are also of great importance. From this humanistic point of view destiny of well-known Kharkiv psychiatrist, physiologist, lecturer, and entrepreneur Yakov Yakovych Trutovskiy turns out to be of great interest for a researcher.

The study is an integral part of scientific research work with the state registration “Medical regional history of Kharkiv in personalities” (№ 0118U000933), which is conducted by the department of Social Sciences of Kharkiv National Medical University. It has been noted in the theme annotation, “the appeal to medical personality is of particular importance today - biographies of doctors, scientists, educators of the past and systematized coverage of their views sum-total”. It is widely-known that scientific biography and creative contribution of any public figure, educator, medic, scientist acts not only as an adherent of his scientific reflections, views, but also as an evidence of worldview, life credo which are unique repercussions of historical epoch social processes”. Thus, the objective of this work is to analyse Y. Y. Trutovskiy's accomplishments in the sphere of science and to understand how business influenced his further development.

The leading approach in this work as well as in the scientific research work mentioned above is biographical approach, due to which historical reality is studied in the time and space, broadly covers the problem in a large historical context, and also traditional methods of historical studies. Nevertheless, there is specific character related to the usage of microhistorical approach, which due to the sources found, permits to reconstruct details of Y. Y. Trutovskiy's life. Microanalysis deals with individuals and direct social interaction in everyday life and this is what is needed for a quality study of biography. In the article, as well as in any historical study, a specific approach is used. It is called “history from below”, when the “voice” is granted to an ordinary person [28, p. 27]. Involving of a considerable array of factual information meets requirements of historical medical regional studies, which are traditionally strong in Ukraine, although the number of the researchers is rather small [15, p. 18].

A rather large number of various works, as for a person whose scientific biography has been studied for the first time, was used to achieve the objective of the work. But all of the works concern separate aspects of Y. Y. Trutovskiy's life and his hospital by chance, in no case he was the object of research in the works, of course. Naturally, none evaluated correlation of his scientific and business activities. In general terms work of his private hospital has been highlighted by the coryphaeus of Kharkiv health history prof. I. Y. Robak [16]. There are some mentions about Y. Y. Trutovskiy in the context of history of medicine in the works by professor S. M. Kudelko [10], Y. A. Finkelshtein [5], P. T. Petriuk [13], etc.

In such a complex historiographical situation, the work uses a great extent on the sources. Among them there is business documentation of Kharkiv provincial government and Kharkiv provincial zemstvo council, mostly official letters and complaints, hospital inspection reports, etc. These documents have been accumulated mainly in the State archive of Kharkiv region and Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv.

Also, in the achievement of the objective of the work poor data of local periodicals (newspaper “Yuzhnyi krai” (“Southern region”)), lists of house owners of Kharkiv,” Russian Medical list”, reference books “Kharkovskyi calendar” (“Kharkiv calendar”), and “Ves Kharkov” (“The whole Kharkiv”) were of help. Meanwhile, activity of Y. Y. Trutovskiy in Kharkiv university can be studied only with indirect sources and only partially, as far as archive of the institution was almost completely destroyed during the World War II.

Start of the career. Trutovskiy's scientific career was inextricably tied with professional activities. In 1891 Y. Y. Trutovskiy graduated from the Medical Faculty of Imperial Kharkov University; he specialized in nervous and mental illnesses. But Trutovskiy started a professional career as a zemstvo doctor in the Konstantinograd district of his native Poltava governorate, and then continued it in Kherson zemstvo [4, f. 336, d. 1, n. 26, p. 69]. After the finishing of his short-termed political activity in the well-known Ukrainophillic Brotherhood of Taras, he concentrated on his career of a doctor-psychiatrist in Kharkiv.

Unlike most of his colleagues, as of 1907 Y. Y. Trutovskiy did not use the civil servant rights [24, O. 4. On. 155. ..216. H. 93-94], although even private doctors had right for this if they were at the state service before. Meanwhile, he was called in the “Kharkovskyi calendar” in 1905 a Privat-docent and Councillor of State [8, p. 67]. Reasons for such a situation are not known for certain, but we can express a hypothesis that it could be either a mistake in the periodical (it is not a rare thing), or he was deprived of the rank and civil servant rights as a result of failure of the First Russian revolution. In 1907, he was mentioned in the “Kharkovskiy calendar” but without the rank of Councillor of State [9, p. 65].

“Russian Medical list” enables us to reconstruct in general terms the career of doctor Trutovskiy. In 1893, he was mentioned to be working as a hospital physician of University psychiatric hospital [17, p. 249]. In 1900, he already was non-staff hospital physician of Kharkiv provincial zemstvo hospital [18, p. 322], which specialized on mental diseases and was the biggest institution of such type in the Empire. By 1901, he had become a free practice physician [19, p. 323]. Further on he was the Head of Private Psychiatric Hospital [20, p. 392] and Privat-docent of university [21, p. 405]. It should be noted that date of the document was not accurate and fell behind the real life, so exact dates cannot be defined for sure by the document. For the last time in the “Russian Medical list” Y. Y. Trutovskiy was mentioned as for May, 1 1914 as a Privat-docent and head of hospital [22, p. 473]. In the time following, no mentions have been found [23]. Upon Y. Y. Trutovskiy own statement, it can also be learnt that by the beginning of 1890s he worked as a hospital physician in the hospital of I. Y. Platonov [24, O. 4. On. 146. ..515. H. 6]. trutovskiy capitalistic scientist

Scientist. As for work in the university not much data has been kept for the reason mentioned above. The data permits to make a conclusion, that doctor Trutovskiy was rather professional and perspective scientist-physiologist and neurologist. First of all, prof. S. M. Kudelko mentions him as a colleague of such eminent scientists as K. Y. Danilevskiy, A. O. Popov, B. S. Greydenberg, A. M. Levkovskiy, S. M. Davydenkov, V. P. Protopopov, etc. at the department of Psychiatry and nervous diseases [10, p. 91].

Monograph by Y. Y. Trutovskiy “On the study of the physiological effects of frequent electric shocks on the heart, nerves, and muscles” is known [27]. He received a degree of doctor of medicine for it. The study, created at the Physiological Laboratory of Kharkov University, was widely approved by the scientific community, as far as it was contribution to the study of M. E. Vvedenskiy about physiological nature of tetanic movements of muscles [5, p. 113-144]. His previous works were devoted to close problems such as epilepsy caused by sounds [25] and Sydenham's chorea [26]. Both works were prepared during the time of Trutovskiy's service under the lead of professor P. I. Kovalevskiy in the University clinic. Trutovskiy was also a colleague of eminent Russian physiologist professor Vasiliy Yakovlevich Danilevskiy, at suggestion and under control of whom he used devices alternator and kimoreonom during patients' treatment [5, p. 113144].

Meanwhile, it should be admitted that between actualizing of his own scientific potential and business, private hospital, Trutovskiy chose the latter one. It should also be noted that according to the data of renowned doctor-psychiatrist and local history expert P. T. Petriuk, Y. Y. Trutovskiy was one of the students of professor Pavlo Ivanovich Kovalevskiy, as well as his business rival, an owner of private psychiatric hospital I. Y. Platonov [13, p. 61].

It is not known how a Ukrainophile student, who Trutovskiy was, and professor Kovalevskiy got along, as far as professor, an eminent intellectual, was one of the fathers of Russian nationalism. Anyway, I. Y. Platonov was the favourite student, his hospital was created with the help of professor Kovalevskiy, including the material help, and it became the clinical centre of University Medical department. There is no information about material or organizational help for Trutovskiy, neither about cooperation of his hospital with the Medical department. It is obvious that such a state of affairs somewhat oppressed Trutovskiy, as well as the fact that the rival hospital was more successful.

Private business. At the time of the state service, Y. Y. Trutovskiy received the salary in amount of 600 rubles per a year [4, O. 336. On. 1. fl. 26. H. 19]. And it was completely insufficient. Private business was much more profitable. So, perspective doctor organized his own private psycho-neurological hospital in liaison with M. G. Riasnianskiy, with the name of whom the hospital was associated for the first years of its existence [8, p. 187]. For the time of the hospital opening, Trutovskiy was a hospital physician of Kharkiv charitable institutions at Koniushennaya str., № 28 (that is Kharkiv provincial zemstvo hospital), and Mykhailo Hryhorovych Riasnianskiy was an assistant professor at the Kharkiv University Department of nervous and mental diseases [7, p. 11, 108]. Later Riasnianskiy concentrated on his own "Private institute of physical methods of treatment”, then he created his own multidisciplinary outpatient clinic at Pushkinskaya street. The old institution received a name “Hospital for nervous, mentally diseased, and alcoholics of doctor of medicine Y. Y. Trutovskiy, Privat-docent of Kharkiv University” [16, p. 222]. Nevertheless, the relations between the companions were not interrupted. Since the moment of the hospital opening, even in 1909, one out of two buildings of the hospital, building № 7 belonged to doctor M. G. Riasnianskiy and a nobleman B. G. Bobrovskiy and cost 19560 roubles, and building № 9 belonged to Trutovskiy and cost 4380 roubles [11, p. 296; 12, p. 444]. Doctor Buzhinsky was also involved in the opening of the hospital. From the very beginning Trutovskiy became administrator of the hospital, which treated nervous and mentally diseased people as well as epileptics.

Local periodical proves that opening of the institution became a great event in the life of city community. Consecration of the hospital took place at the noon of November, 27 1900 in the presence of governor Master of the Court G. A. Tobizen, provincial marshal of the nobility, many professors, doctors, and other invited persons [14].

During 1914 Y. Y. Trutovskiy continued to be a hospital administrator and owner [24, O. 4. On. 175. fl. 376. H. 1-7]. According to the results of an inspection, conditions for care delivery were of high class. But after the start of profitable business, Trutovskiy completely stopped the scientific activity, mining his talent into the ground.

Thus, Y. Y. Trutovskiy was a representative of population stratum of successful doctors and entrepreneurs, who, at last, stepped away from science and society service and concentrated on capitalistic business. Finally, he achieved success in his work as a businessman and administrator, but completely wasted his great scientific potential in exchange of a material success. Such problems are common for Ukrainian young scientists especially today, when business is much more attractive than science. This is precisely what is an eternal problem of values and life choice.

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