Guerrilla movement of the briansk region

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ПАРТИЗАНСКОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ БРЯНЩИНЫ. ГЕРОИ.

partisan movement bryansk region

GUERRILLA MOVEMENT OF THE BRIANSK REGION. HEROES.

From the beginning of occupation most of the people who appeared in the back at Germans got up before a difficult choice. On the one hand, feelings of sharp hatred to the enemy and patriotism, with another, sensation of fear for the families, native, close. Not everyone could define at once and irrevocably the line of conduct. The bloody mode of terror and violence established by Hitlerites made a choice the especially difficult. And those people who from the very beginning resolved to struggle for himself with fascists, deserve deep respect.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War among the Soviet military leaders there was no clear understanding of essence of the guerrilla movement, its place and a role in fight against aggressors. One didn't see in it a significant force, others stood up for creation of large guerrilla armies, but the prepared resolution on it was rejected by I. V. Stalin, as not answering to an essence of the guerrilla movement. The program of national fight against fascist aggression was for the first time stated in the directive SNK USSR and Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) of June 29, 1941.

The made decisions prepared in the conditions of approach of the German troops. There was no clarity in questions of management of people's movement, material support of guerrilla formations, preparation of special shots. The chief of the General Staff G. K. Zhukov in July, 1941 demanded formation and a zabroska on the territory occupied with the enemy, a large number of small diversionary groups for violation of rear enemy communications, means of communication, destruction of officers of the opponent. Emphasis in activity of guerrilla groups was placed on production of reconnaissance reports and bigger interaction with troops.

Then preparation for underground work and guerrilla fight and in the Briansk region began. According to the decision of the Oryol regional committee of AllUnion Communist Party (bolsheviks) for work many secretaries of district committees of party and Komsomol were left in the back of the enemy. With direct participation of the secretary of a city town committee of All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) - D. E. Kravtsov in Bryansk city guerrilla group 180 people were selected. In the summer of 1941 in all regions of area 72 guerrilla groups were created, by October is created 27 more. The places suitable for bases of future guerrillas were prepared. Unfortunately, the majority of the prepared bases for various reasons didn't become the centers of formation of guerrilla groups. Kravtsov's group in this regard was a happy exception, having settled down in the prepared camp near White Coast. In December, 1941 Dmitry Efimovich was lost, the group started being called as his name, and future Hero of the Soviet Union M. I. Duca became the commander. Bryansk rural regional guerrilla group which developed later into crew of Shchors, the secretary of Bryansk RK of All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) M. P. Romashin ordered. In Ordzhonikidzegrada the large group under command of the foreman of Red Professional Intern plant A. I. Vinogradov operating to the north of Bryansk was created. In July, 1942 in one of fights the commander was lost, and the group was called by his name. Guerrilla groups were created everywhere.

The guerrilla movement in the Briansk region can be divided into four main stages. In total in the Bryansk woods 139 guerrilla groups as a part of 27 guerrilla crews worked.

The first - the stage of origin and formation of the movement proceeding up to December, 1941. Sudden attacks, ambushes, destruction of means of communication were the main tactics. Of course, operations of this period in comparison with the subsequent powerful blows of guerrillas were modest. But the fact of fight against Hitlerites owing to what the fighting spirit rose was of great importance, the mood of civilians increased. However, it happened that the certain fighters trained for fight in the back at invaders tried to avoid active fight and to sit out far from the main events. The significant role in activization of the guerrilla movement in the Briansk region was played by special group «Mitya», under D. N. Medvedev's command, created generally from security officers and famous athletes.

Already at the first stage initial tactics of guerrillas changed. Instead of former «small pricks» diversions on the railroads of the opponent began to be made. In the order of the commander of the Western front of G. K. Zhukov tasks of concentration of forces of guerrillas on highway, iron and dirt roads were set.

Successful counterattack of the Soviet troops near Moscow in the winter of 1941-1942, approach of a front line to the Briansk region and the hopes for fast release from fascist occupation which appeared in this regard defined features of the second stage of the guerrilla movement. Bryansk guerrillas from small diversions, started passing to larger operations. In December, 1941 the settlement of Zhukovka was freed by forces of local guerrilla group and some days was kept by it. At the end of the month guerrillas of Suzemsky group together with A. N group. Saburova, destroyed in the regional center to 30 police officers, took fighting trophies, and also an echelon with the food.

On December 15, 1941 on the Art. of Neruss (in the Suzemsky area) commanders and commissioners of a number of the Bryansk woods of guerrilla groups which were in the southern part, and also secretaries of several underground district committees of party made the decision on coordination of the actions and created the joint headquarters (the commander - A. N. Saburov). Joint actions of several groups allowed to perform successful operations against garrisons of invaders in Suzemke, the Elbow, and then on February 2, 1942 by forces of six groups under A. N. Saburov, I. S. Senchenkov and A. D. Bondarenko's general management to crush fascist garrison in Trubchevsk.

On February 4 guerrillas crushed garrison of the opponent on the Art. Paluzhye (the Vygonichsky area), but the commander of F. E group was killed in this battle. Sagittarius. Large failures of the German troops in December, 1941 - January, 1942, especially to the West from Moscow, forced Hitlerite command to throw rear reserves and therefore in many settlements of the Briansk region at this time invaders didn't appear on the front, and the number of the left garrisons was small. It allowed guerrillas to broaden considerably under control territories and to create extensive guerrilla edges and zones.

From the second half of December, 1941 on an appeal of the underground party and Komsomol organizations inhabitants of many settlements of the Dyatkovsky area began to create groups and groups of self-defense. To the middle of February the movement became general.

By April, 1942 in the south of the Bryansk woods the second guerrilla edge was formed. Its territory stretched for 140 km from the North to the south and for 100 km from the West to the east, occupying the most part of Navlinsky, Suzemsky, Trubchevsky, and also some adjacent territories of Brasovsky, Bryansk, Vygonichsky, Komarichsky, Pogarsky, Pochepsky and Sevsky areas. In May, 1942 guerrillas of this edge controlled about 500 settlements. Besides the groups created from locals and which appeared here okruzhenets in April, 1942 arrived some more connections which were earlier settling down in the Hinelsky woods of the Sevsky area here.

On May 15, 1942 at the meeting of secretaries of underground district committees of party which took place in the settlement Harbour of the Navlinsky area and commanders of guerrilla groups the headquarters of the joint guerrilla groups were created. The security officer D. V. Emlyutin was appointed the commander of the joint headquarters, the commissioner - the secretary of Trubchevsky RK of AllUnion Communist Party (bolsheviks) A. D. Bondarenko.

On May 30 the resolution of the State Committee of Defense created Bryansk headquarters of the guerrilla movement. The first secretary of the Oryol regional committee of A. P party was appointed the chief of headquarters. Matveev who was at the same time the member of the Council of War of the Bryansk front.

By this time, besides two guerrilla edges, the extensive guerrilla zone in the territory of Kletnyansky and partially some adjacent districts of Zhukovsky, Dubrovsky, Mglinsky, Surazhsky was formed.

The device in the freed territories of airfields and the organization of systematic air transportation was important for strengthening of ties of guerrillas with «continent». The first guerrilla airfield was prepared at the end of March, 1942 at the village of Slobodishche in the Dyatkovsky area, then the airfields appeared at guerrillas of the Navlinsky area - at the villages of Vzdruzhnoye and Saltanovka, and in June, 1942 the large airfield was equipped at Smelizh of the Suzemsky area. Started delivering to guerrillas regularly ammunition, explosive, medicines, and from guerrilla edges took out wounded, members of families of guerrillas, children who were deserted after death of parents.

Thus, by the end of spring of 1942 guerrillas of the Briansk region made significant progress, having created two extensive under control edges and one zone, having performed some large operations against invaders and their helpers. The help to guerrilla groups from the population: arms ammunition, the food, medicines, I played a big role in fighting progress of guerrillas.

Seeking to discredit guerrillas in the opinion of locals, the German intelligence services began to create from criminals and other turncoats pseudo-guerrilla groups who were engaged in the population robbery. However such gangs masking under guerrillas in the territory of Navlinsky, Sevsky Suzemsky and some other areas, winter of 1941-1942 were destroyed by the real patriotic guerrillas. However, the opponent didn't stop similar trying later.

Meanwhile by May, 1942 the situation for guerrillas became more disturbing. Bombings of the freed territories amplified, round them large forces of chasteners began to collect.

At the beginning of June Germans by big forces fell upon Dyatkovsky guerrilla edge. In the conditions of a considerable superiority in strength of the opponent supported by tanks, artillery and aircraft, the guerrilla groups which were here were compelled to leave settlements and to go to the woods. Attempts «to comb» forests turned back considerable losses for invaders, and then they started systematic destruction of material resources of the guerrilla movement. Some of the groups which were in the Dyatkovsky guerrilla region were compelled to move to other areas.

The retaliatory operations of invaders performed in May-July, 1942 didn't achieve a main goal - to finish the guerrilla movement. Though in these fights guerrillas suffered serious losses. Even in this hard time guerrillas of the Briansk region weren't limited to defensive actions, more than once making large diversions, especially on roads.

The trip to Moscow of ten heads of the guerrilla movement and their three-hour meeting with the Supreme Commander I. V. Stalin and other heads of party and government which took place on September 1 became an event, considerable for Bryansk guerrillas.

Since fall of 1942 on the basis of instructions from the Center merge of separate groups began to be carried out to guerrilla crews. In the conditions of transition from small diversions to serious operations integration was in principle justified, but the tendency of formation of guerrilla connections by an example large army (divisions, cases) was wrong. Such connections lost maneuverability, unhandy in them were more difficult was to consider specifics of local conditions. That is why the chief of the Central headquarters of the guerrilla movement P. K. Ponomarenko didn't support offers of Bryansk headquarters on the organization of the guerrilla case, considering that it would lead to «depersonalization» of groups and «would mean elimination of the people's guerrilla movement. Before guerrillas as the main tasks deduction of the occupied territory and drawing were put at this time.

In October-November guerrillas began to come back to former places, to build dugouts, to break new camp, but the Suzemsky area with its airfield at the village Smelizh became a communication center with «continent» at this time.

Here on the eve of the 25th anniversary of October the song of the composer S. A. Katz on A. V. Sofronov's verses «Was heard severely Bryansk wood rustled». One of authors - the war correspondent and the poet Anatoly Sofronov executed it before the gathered guerrillas. The song pleased at once and soon became a peculiar anthem of Bryansk guerrillas (later - and the Bryansk region).

Explosion Blue mostasamy large operation of Bryansk guerrillas in the spring of 1943 was explosion of railway Goluboy Bridge through Desna at the settlement. Vygonich. It was carried out on March 8 by guerrillas of crew of Shchors with the participation of some other parts under the general command of M. P. Romashin. The movement by rail Gomel - Bryansk for a month was paralyzed.

In May, 1943 Hitlerite command conducted active preparation for summer approach of the troops on the Kursk arch. Prior to the operation it was decided to concentrate significant forces for final defeat of guerrillas on the Briansk region as this territory closely adjoining future theater of active actions, Hitlerites wanted to see completely under control. For carrying out retaliatory operations also rear parts, and even some temporarily removed from the front were involved. Only against the guerrillas acting in the Navlinsky and Suzemsky woods it was directed five German and one Hungarian division, large connections of collaborators, and also tank, artillery and air units.

Before others an attempt to crush parts of Rognedinsky, Bytoshsky and Dyatkovsky guerrilla crews which main forces were in the north of Zhukovsky of the area was made. Since April 26 fights at the villages of Pogorelovka (Berezhki), Priyutino, Kosilovo, Matryonovk and others were started. By May 20 Hitlerites seized here all settlements that became the tragedy for their inhabitants. At this particular time all were shot or burned (over 350) inhabitants of of Matryonovki and the settlement of Belyovo. Receding to the camps, guerrillas constrained ten more days Hitlerites.

Practically at the same time, on May 19-20, 1943, offensive actions of chasteners against guerrillas of the Kletnyansky zone and Navlinsko-Suzemsky edge began. In the very first days of fights they managed to occupy the majority of settlements of the Kletnyansky area. Guerrillas lost communication with «continent», experienced difficulties with ammunition, medicines, the food. Escaping from an environment, groups went to other places.

The 3rd and 4th Kletnyansky crews passed at first into the Zhiryatinsky area and when and there was a blockade threat, transferred the base in the Mamayevsky woods. From there the 3rd crew drank too much to the north of the Mglinsky area, but the opponent managed to press guerrillas to the river Iput where there was neither bridge, nor fords. On June 11 guerrillas had to overcome a wide and deep water barrier by swimming under the opponent's fire. Having lost about one hundred fighters and commanders in this fight, the 3rd crew nevertheless kept the main part of the structure. Some time it was in the east of Belarus, then returned to the Kletnyansky woods. Says about restoration of strength of guerrillas at least that fact that on July. 8 the 4th Kletnyansky crew «For the Homeland» and group of group of Chapayev rushed into the district of Zhiryatino, killed garrison, destroyed office buildings and warehouses, unbound prisoners and took rich trophies.

In May large retaliatory operation was performed and in the Navlinsky woods. Having sixfold superiority in manpower and full - in equipment, Hitlerites led resolute approach. In difficult fights guerrillas were compelled to leave the of camp and to depart to the South. Remained ammunition and the food less. People till some days didn't see hot food and had no rest. The considerable part of guerrillas was blocked between the villages of Glinnoye and Saltanovka and pressed to Navl's river. To ford widely spread river it appeared it is impossible, and under fire opponents guerrillas and civilians moving with them started being transported by swimming. Some hundreds of Soviet people were lost at this time. But also the guerrillas who began the movement to the Suzemsky woods weren't in safety, they were attacked again by chasteners, putting additional losses.

By the end of May suzemsky guerrillas also got to very difficult situation. Hitlerites occupied guerrilla airfield, hospital, camp, pressing the Soviet patriots to boggy places along Desna. The territory controlled by guerrillas was reduced to 1820 km on the front and 7-8 km in depth. On an outcome there was ammunition and the food. It was decided to break through on the night of June 1, 1943 positions of the opponent and a fan to remove groups to the east. Having concentrated on a 300-meter site of break of 70 manual machine guns and more than 250 machine guns, guerrillas managed to punch a gap in defense of the opponent at the settlement Proletarian (the Trubchevsky area) and to break through it. During bloody fights chasteners lost the killed more than three thousand soldiers and officers, but also losses of guerrillas were not smaller. The crews directing a striking force of break the commander «For the Homeland» G. U. Tkachenko, the commander of crew of Voroshilov of I. A. Gudzenko, the commander of group of Rudnev D. A. fell death brave. Androsov and other brave patriots. Without having achieved full success in destruction of guerrillas, Hitlerites decided to break their resistance hunger in blockade. Guerrillas and the escaped population ate any greens, berries, mushrooms; because of malnutrition dystrophy began to develop, there were many dysenteric patients. The help from «continent» was necessary, and in ten days the new airfield where at night the Soviet transport planes began to arrive was prepared, and in the morning all landing strip turned into a young lesok - for the purpose of masking established 1, 5 thousand firtrees here. Situation became easier, and bread and on guerrilla fields started ripening soon.

At the end of May - the beginning of June Germans made also attempt to block the guerrillas who were based on border of Bryansk and Dyatkovsky areas. The situation was complicated by existence of a large number of typhus patients among guerrillas. Group of Vinogradov and G. I. Orlov's crew decided to transfer the base to Serizhe's river, but here got under blow of other group of chasteners. During counterattack guerrillas managed to kill the general directing retaliatory operation and to take important documents that allowed, knowing plans of the opponent, to bring people in safe places.

Meanwhile, having done a difficult way from under Sevsk through the Suzemsky woods, having sustained blockade in the Ramassukhsky wood (in the south of the Pochepsky area) and having escaped from it, at the beginning of June, 1943 to the Sofiyevsky woods near Novozybkov there arrived the guerrilla crew of Suvorov created behind a front line and totaling about 2, 5 thousand people. Seeking to block the Sofiyevsky woods where, except crew of Suvorov, there was a crew of Pozharsky including group of Voroshilov under A. N's command. Subcudgels, Spartak group under N. S. Orlov's command and other formations, Hitlerite command were tightened here by over 35 thousand German and Hungarian troops, and also a regiment «Desna». The crew of Suvorov received the order to go to Belarus, but was late as N. N. Popudrenko's connection which came back at this time from raid needed rest and replenishment by ammunition. Having used it, Hitlerites closed on July 2 a blockade ring. In an environment there were about 10 thousand guerrillas. The blockade ring continuously contracted, and attempts to escape had no success. In one of such fights the commander of the Chernigov guerrillas N. N. Popudrenko who is posthumously awarded ranks of the Hero of the Soviet Union was lost.

Fascists appointed general storm of a small site of the wood where guerrillas crowded to July 8. However unexpectedly for them at 4 o'clock in the afternoon on July 7 guerrillas went for break. In short heavy fighting guerrilla submachine gunners and machine gunners paved all the rest the way from an environment. During break the German general, and also more than one thousand soldiers and the opponent's officers was killed.

Thus, the most considerable operations of May-July, 1943 on destruction of guerrillas of the Briansk region on scales ended for fascist command of failure.

The Central headquarters of the guerrilla movement gave the order on the beginning to the heat of Kursk fight of «massive universal attacks to the railroads for the purpose of their full disorganization and failure of operations of the enemy on fronts». The first experience of mass blasting railway rails was made in the Briansk region where the operation «Rail War» took place in the night of July 22, 1943. The second large-scale stage «Rail war» began on the night of August 4. In general war on rails, detained so necessary for the German troops on the Kursk arch of transportation. On protection of the railroads distracted to 10% of active armed German forces.

Huge help to guerrillas was given by the Soviet underground. In the territory of area about 30 underground groups worked. They collected data on the enemy, organized diversions, distributed leaflets (that was not less important - the lack of accurate information aggravated already serious psychological state of the population). In Bryansk communication with guerrillas was carried out by Valentina Safronova who voluntary remained in the city for underground work. The courageous girl made for production of the major data much. Know about the Seshchinsky underground not only in the Briansk region, but also in all country. There the international group which was headed by Anna Morozova and Konstantin Povarov worked. In its structure, except the Soviet people, there were Poles and Czechs. Members of group in the most dangerous conditions made diversions, collected and transferred valuable prospecting information.

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