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Such an intersting Arkhangel'sk

Pospelov N.A.

Arkhangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of European Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea.

The foundation of the city

The first mentioned as a trading settlement, belong to the IX century (836 year.)and on the basis of religious-social descriptions, and customs, it`s maybe was the earlier period In 1553 English Explorer Richard Chensler sailed on the White sea to St.Nicolo-Karelskogo monastery (O. Agra, now Severodvinsk). Since that time, roughly develop trade with the English and the Dutch at the mouth of the Northern Dvina. After were built many foreign factories, warehouses, barns, and merchants`s houses. The resulting settlement was called New Kholmogory. In connection with the threat of attack by Sweden on March 4, 1583, was signed a decree ordering about building the fortress. In 1584, opposite the fortress on the Bank of the Dvina river built a shipping pier. This year is the year of the founding of the city. The 26th of March in 1596, the new city on the Dvina river was first called Arkhangelsk city (how the monastery in it), and since the first August in 1613 the name was approved.

The history of the city

Early history arkhangelsk museum industry

The area where Arkhangelsk is situated was known to the Vikings as

Bjarmaland. Ohthere of Hеlogaland told from his travels circa 890 of an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to Snorri Sturluson, there was a Viking raid on this area in 1027, led by Thorir Hund.

In 1989, an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk. It was probably buried in the beginning of the 12th century, and contained articles that may have been up to two hundred years old at that time.

Most of the findings were made up by a total of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) of silver, many of them coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. The majority of the coins were German, but there was also a smaller number of Kufan, English, Bohemian, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins. It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia, the Baltic area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity.

Alternatively, like the Russian scientistswho published the find in 1992, one may see it as evidence of a stronger case of Russian colonization than previously thought.

Founding and further development

In 1584, Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At the time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called Pomors, were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans-Urals city of Mangazeya and beyond. In December 1613, during the Time of Troubles, Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski (Lisowczycy), who failed to capture the fortified town.

In 1693, Peter the Great ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophecy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul), and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded St. Petersburg in May 1703.

In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for the town (for so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to St. Petersburg. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was canceled.

Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. In the early years of the 19th century, the arrest and prolonged detention by Russian authorities of John Bellingham, an English export representative based at Arkhangelsk, was the indirect cause of Bellingham later assassinating British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval.

Arkhangelsk's economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted

Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army supported by the military intervention of British-led Entente forces along an Allied expedition, including a North American contingent known as the Polar Bear Expedition.

During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in the West as one of the two main destinations (along with Murmansk) of the Arctic Convoys bringing supplies to assist the Russians who were cut off from their normal supply lines. During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Arkhangelsk was one of two cities (the other being Astrakhan) selected to mark the envisaged eastern limit of Nazi control. This military operation was to be halted at this A-A line but never reached it as the German forces failed to capture either of the two cities and also failed to capture Moscow.

Arkhangelsk was also the site of Arkhangelsk ITL, or the Arkhangelsk Labour Camp, in the 1930s and 1940s.

Today, Arkhangelsk remains a major seaport, now open year-round due to improvements in icebreakers. The city is primarily a center for the timber and fishing industries. On March 16, 2004, fifty-eight people were killed in an explosion at an apartment block in the city.

During World War II, Arkhangelsk, along with Murmansk, were at the forefront of efforts to keep Allied supply lines open to the Soviet Union what became known as the Arctic Convoys. In all, 42 convoys delivered some 16 million tons of military supplies to Arkhangelsk, with the loss of many ships.

Arkhangelsk was conferred the status of “City of Military Glory” by the

President of the Russian Federation Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev on December 5, 2009, for “courage, endurance and mass heroism, exhibited by defenders of the city in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Motherland”. A ceremony was held in the Moscow Kremlin on January 12, 2010 at which the city was represented by the Mayor of Arkhangelsk, Viktor Pavlenko, and World War II veteran Serafim Nesmelov. At the ceremony Dmitry Medvedev noted that Arkhangelsk, which was founded by Ivan the Terrible has always been a forward area of national defence for Russia, and had contributed to the success of Peter the Great in the Great Northern War, and the sailors of the White Sea Flotilla contributed to the defence of the northern borders of the Soviet Union during World War II

Industry and Economics

Arkhangelsk is a large scientific and industrial center of North-West Russia -- a region rich in natural resources: forestry, fishery; there are also deposits of diamonds, oil, bauxite. There are concentrated the enterprises of wood processing, wood chemistry, pulp and paper (Solombala pulp and paper mill), fish, microbiological industry, mechanical engineering (Solombala machine-building plant)in it.

There are 7700 registered enterprises in the town, 2200 of them are large and medium. The leading role in the industry belongs to the forest industry. Forestry enterprises produce over 40 % of the total volume of products manufactured in the city. Wood, paper, cardboard, cellulose, and fish are still the basis of trade of Arkhangelsk with other regions of Russia and countries of the West.

The sights of the city. Arkhangelsk`s Museum of the fine arts

This Museum was founded in 1960 on the basis of the art collection of the City`s history Museum. The collection of the new Museum at that time contained about 1,500 exhibits, mostly by local artists and a small number of works of ancient art and several works of Russian artists, referred to the Arkhangelsk from Russian Imperial Academy of Arts in 1916 and the Russian State Museum in 1930.

Today's collection it`s thirty thousand works, representing different schools and stylistic trends of the centuries-old artistic culture of the Russian North. The Museum has a big collection of the works of the ancient Northern `s painting and wooden sculpture, old-Russian `s decorative-applied art; a rich collection of Northern `s folk art, including folk costumes, embroidery and weaving, carving and painting on wood, art metal and ceramics. The collection of Russian `s art from XVIII till XX century, includes works most of all famous Russian`s artists. A special place There are works of the Northern `s artists A. A. Borisov and G. S. Pisahov take a special place. Modern art is represented by works of artists in different fields, including Arkhangelsk `s masters. The Museum possesses the best collection of modern Kholmogory `s bone carving, famous art craft that has five centuries of history. In 1994 the Museum was transferred to several buildings-monuments of architecture of XVIII - XIX centuries in the historical part of the city. Based on these monuments and collections of the Museum of fine arts was established the State Museum Association "Art culture of Russian` s North" and the land on which the building of the Museum, received a status of protection-protected areas "Old Arkhangelsk".

Arkhangelsk regional Museum of local lore

Founded in 1937. At the time of Foundation this museum had a big collection of exhibits, in 60 - 80s it was replenished with many worthy efforts. Today in Museum`s collections around 170 thousand exhibits. Rich collection of the Museum in a concentrated form displays the characteristics and diversity of Northern`s nature, recreating vivid history from ancient times till the present day, the depth of time and the drama of it fate. Regional Museum has three branches: the historical Museum in the town of Mezen, the local history Museum in Pinega p. and literary-memorial Museum of F. A. Abramov in his homeland in the village of Verkola of Pinezhsky area.

Gostiny Dvor

Part of the Museum`s exposition is located in the monument of Federal value

"Gostiny Dvor". This is one of the few surviving in Russia, the unique monuments of Russian`s stone architecture of the XVIIth century. The courtyard was combined trading and defensive function, becoming the main core of the first sea port of Russia on the Northern` s borders. Today Gostiny Dvor is a Museum and exhibition complex with equipped exhibition space, concert and lecture halls.

The Museum of artistic development of the Arctic. A. A. Borisov

Since then, the promotion of the Russian state to the North, Arkhangelsk has always been a gateway to the Arctic the starting point for many expeditions whose purpose was the study and exploration of the Northern seas and lands. Went here on New Earth, and A. A. Borisov. The Museum aims to perpetuate the name of the artist and contribute their funds to the revival and maintenance of this Arctic mission of the city. The names of many famous Arctic explorers around the world but, unfortunately, Borisov, the first artist who has mastered the Arctic, know little even of his countrymen. The son of a peasant of Krasnoborsk uyezd, the outstanding artist, a student of I. Shishkin and A. Kuindzhi first in the world to have worked with brush and palette in the toughest conditions of the Arctic. His paintings were a valuable material for many researchers in the Arctic. More than 60 works by A. A. Borisov are in the Tretyakov gallery. The concept of the Museum is extremely interesting in its design and has no analogues in the world. The Museum of artistic development of the Arctic - not just another art gallery is an interactive art, cultural, educational and educative centre, where the works of many prominent artists, having mastered the Arctic, the art of the Nenets people, historical exposition with maps of sea travel Borisov, Nansen, Amundsen, Sedov, Rusanov and other polar explorers. The Museum also operates Arctic centre - a place of exchange exhibitions and international events, meetings, concerts; and Northern living - and at the same time a lecture hall, and computer lounge, and meeting place viewers to the artists, explorers, scientists.

Historical-memorial Museum of M. V. Lomonosov

The Museum is located in the wooden school building built in 1892 on the spot where stood the M. V. Lomonosov `s home. The Museum was built in a wooden school building was constructed in 1892 on the spot where stood the M. V. Lomonosov`s home. Over the entrance the inscription: "College named after Lomonosov 1868" (year of Foundation of the school, originally located in another building). In the 1930s it worked bone carving factory. Next to the building has been preserved pond dug by the scientist`s father Vasily Dorofeevich. The Museum will be able to talk in detail about the M. V. Lomonosov `s homeland and his scientific work.

The culture of the city

Mikhail Lomonosov came from a Pomor village near Kholmogory. A monument to him was installed to a design by Ivan Martos in 1829. A monument to Peter the Great was designed by Mark Antokolsky in 1872 and installed in 1914.

After its historic churches were destroyed during Joseph Stalin's rule, the city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like Merchant Yards (1668-1684) and the New Dvina Fortress (1701-1705). The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742-1744) was rebuilt in 2004.

In 2008, it was decided that the city's cathedral, dedicated to the Archangel Michael, which had been destroyed under the Soviets, would be rebuilt. The foundation stone was laid in November 2008 by the regional Bishop Tikhon. As of 2015, the walls are nearing completion, and the cathedral, situated near the city's main bus station and river port, is expected to be completed and consecrated in 2017.

An unusual example of local "vernacular architecture" was the so-called Sutyagin house. This thirteen-story, 44-meter (144 ft) tall residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Mr. Sutyagin and his family over the course of fifteen years (starting in 1992), without formal plans or a building permit, the structure deteriorated while Mr. Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by the city as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009. On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down,^[ and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009.

References

1. Архангельск // Города России: энциклопедия. -- М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 1994. -- С. 25-28. -- 559 с. -- 50 000 экз. -- ISBN 5-85270026-6.

2. Велувенкамп Я. В. Архангельск. Нидерландские предприниматели в России. 1550--1785. М., 2006.

3. http://pastar.ru/ - Старый Архангельск

4. http://www.arhcity.ru/

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